Pobreza energética en tiempos de precios altos de la energía
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Publicado
15-12-2022
Iñigo Antepara Lopez de Maturana
Resumen
En muchas ocasiones, quienes trabajan en pobreza sin adjetivos suelen preguntar si la pobreza energética es realmente algo diferente de la pobreza. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar diferentes aspectos de la pobreza energética y arrojar algo de luz sobre la discusión. A la hora de su definición, para países empobrecidos se suele usar el enfoque de capacidades, mientras que en países ricos normalmente se usan indicadores subjetivos o basados en gastos en energía. Los últimos trabajos de conceptualización vienen desde el Derecho a la Energía. La relación con los ingresos es central en todo análisis sobre pobreza energética, pero veremos que no es suficiente. La relación entre deudas y pobreza energética es también uno de los principales elementos a tener en cuenta. Además, analizaremos el efecto de las nuevas tecnologías: contadores inteligentes, algoritmos… Nos plantearemos en este punto si es adecuado hablar de pobreza energética como algo diferente de la pobreza. Aplicaremos todos estos conceptos preliminares en los tiempos actuales, de precios de la energía alta e inflación. Analizaremos el mercado de la energía, los fallos de mercado, qué políticas institucionales hay en marcha hoy en día contra la pobreza energética, y cómo se está tratando la pobreza energética en la transición del sistema energético. Destacaremos que otras políticas son posibles: soluciones fuera del mercado, o la desmercantilización de los servicios energéticos. Para concluir, mencionaremos la renta básica universal como solución a la falta de ingresos de los hogares en situación de pobreza energética, y el peligro de los discursos de la extrema derecha.
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Keywords
Pobreza energética, Enfoque de capacidades, Derecho a la Energía, Nuevas Tecnologías, Mercado energético, Renta Básica Universal
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