Edukiaren efektuak arrazoibide deduktiboan errazte efektua eta sineste-isuria
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Published
06/12/2024
Pello Huizi
Abstract
Deductive reasoning produces valid or invalid conclusions just by looking at the
Iogical form of the premises —that is, the content of the argument is logically irrelevant. How-
ever, several studies have shown that content does help in determining the performance of sub-
jects in solving deductive reasoning problems. This paper focuses on two content effects that
have been widely investigated in the literature: the thematic facilitation effect and the belief bias. The facilitation effect captures the idea that problems involving a concrete content are easier to deal with than problems including an abstract content. The belief bias refers to the systematic tendency to produce inaccurate results by relying on prior knowledge rather than on logic. Empirical evidence about the existence of these two kinds of content effects is presented in the first part of this paper. While the existence of a belief bias is largely recognized, evidence about the facilitation effect is not so clear. Next, some of the most important theories proposed to explain the content effects are introduced. The paper finally suggests that error —due to the content in this case— should be better analyzed as a way to progress rather than as a proof of human irrationality.
How to Cite
Huizi, P. (2024). Edukiaren efektuak arrazoibide deduktiboan: errazte efektua eta sineste-isuria. Gogoa, 24. https://doi.org/10.1387/gogoa.26078
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Keywords
deduction, inference, psychology, reasoning
References
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García Madruga, J. A. 1989. “Comprensión e inferencia en el razonamiento silogístico”. Cognitiva 2 (3): 323-50.
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Girotto, V., M. Gilly, A. Blaye eta P. Light. 1989. “Children’s performance in the selection task: plausibility and familiarity”. British Journal of Psychology 80: 79-95.
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González Marqués, J. 1984. “Razonamiento silogístico y razonamiento proposicional”. In J. Mayor (arg.), Psicología del pensamiento y del lenguaje. Madril: UNED.
González Marqués, J. 1985. “La influencia de materiales no emocionales en la solución de silogismos categóricos”. Informes de Psicología 3: 183-98.
González Marqués, J. 1991. “El razonamiento”. In J. Mayor eta J. L. Pinillos (arg.), Tratado de Psicología General. Vol. V. Pensamiento e inteligencia. Madril: Alhambra, 303-48.
Gordon, R. L. 1953. “The effect of attitude toward Russia on logical reasoning”. The Journal of Social Psychology 37: 103-11.
Griggs, R. A. eta J. R. Cox. 1982. “The elusive thematic-materials effect in Wason’s selection task”. British Journal of Psychology 73: 407-20.
Griggs, R. A. eta J. R. Cox. 1983. “The effects of problem content and negation on Wason’s selection task”. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 35A: 519-33.
Guyote, M. J. eta R. J. Sternberg. 1981. “A transitive-chain theory of syllogistic reasoning”. Cognitive Psychology 13: 461-525.
Henle, M. 1962. “On the relation between logic and thinking”. Psychological Review 69: 366-78. [Gaztelaniazko itzulpena: Delval, J. A. 1977. lnvestigaciones sobre lógica y psicología. Madril: Alianza].
Henle, M. eta M. Michael. 1956. “The influence of attitudes on syllogistic reasoning”. The Journal of Social Psychology 44: 115-27. [Gaztelaniazko itzulpena: Delval, J. A. 1977. lnvestigaciones sobre lógica y psicología. Madril: Alianza].
lnhelder, B. eta J. Piaget. 1955. De la logique de l’enfant a la logique de l’adolescent. Paris: PUF. [Gaztelaniazko itzulpena: 1972. De la lógica del niño a la lógica del adolescente. Buenos Aires: Paidós].
Janis, I. L. eta F. Frick. 1943. “The relationship between attitudes toward conclusions and errors in judging logical validity of syllogisms”. Journal of Experimental Psychology 33: 73-77.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1983. Mental models. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1985. “Logical thinking: does it occur in daily life? Can it be taught?”. In S.F. Chipman, D. W. Segal eta R. Glaser (arg.), Thinking and learning skills (Vol. 2). Hillsdale, New Jersey: LEA, 293-318.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1989. “Mental models”. In M. I. Posner (arg.), Foundations of Cognitive Science. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 469-99.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1990. EI ordenador y la mente. Introducción a la ciencia cognitiva. Bartzelona: Paidós.
Johnson-Laird, P. N., R. M. J. Byrne eta P. Tabossi. 1989. “Reasoning by model: the case of multiple quantification”. Psychological Review 96: 658-73.
Johnson-Laird, P. N., P. Legrenzi eta M. S. Legrenzi. 1972. “Reasoning and a sense of reality”. British Journal of Psychology 63: 395-400.
Kahneman, D., P. Slovic eta A. Tversky (arg.) 1982. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kaufman, H. eta S. Goldstein. 1967. “The effects of emotional value of conclusions upon distortion in syllogistic reasoning”. Psychonomic Science 7: 367-68.
Klein, G. 1998. Sources of power. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Lefford, A. 1946. “The influence of emotional subject matter on logical reasoning”. The Journal of General Psychology 34: 127-51.
Mandler, J. M. 1983. “Structural invariants in development”. In L. S. Liben (arg.), Piaget and the foundation of knowledge. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 97-124.
Manktelow, K. I. 2000. Reasoning and thinking. Hove: Psychology Press.
Manktelow, K. I. eta J. St. B. T. Evans. 1979. “Facilitation of reasoning by realism: Effects or non effects?”. British Journal of Psychology 71: 227-31.
Marková, I. 1982. Paradigms, thought, and language. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Markovits, H. eta G. Nantel. 1989. “The belief-bias effect in the production and evaluation of logical conclusions”. Memory and Cognition 17: 11-17.
Markovits, H. eta R. Vachon. 1990. “Conditional reasoning, representation, and level of abstraction”. Developmental Psychology 26: 942-51.
Morgan, J. J. B. eta J. T. Morton. 1944. “The distortion of syllogistic reasoning produced by personal convictions”. The Journal of Social Psychology 20: 39-59. [Gaztelaniazko itzulpena: Delval, J. A. 1977. lnvestigaciones sobre lógica y psicología. Madril:Alianza].
Newell, A. 1990. Unified theories of cognition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Newell, A. eta H. Simon. 1972. Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
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