Nación, estado y cultura: por una historia política y social de la homogeneización cultural
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Publicado
01-03-2013
Daniele Conversi
Resumen
Ampliando el concepto de «nacionalización de las masas», el artículo explora los procesos de homogeneización cultural como un patrón recurrente en la formación y expansión del «estado-nación» europeo hasta después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Sostiene que estas prácticas no se pudieron concebir de una manera sistemática antes de la Revolución Francesa y las guerras que la siguieron. De hecho, la homogeneización a gran escala apenas fue posible antes del siglo XX, debido al menor control burocrático y la falta de tecnología militar adecuada. Con París como epicentro mundial, el proceso se extendió radialmente hacia el este a través de ondas progresivas de occidentalización.
Identificando el nacionalismo como identidad dominante de la era moderna, el artículo ilustra con gran cantidad de ejemplos sus solapamientos con patrones recurrentes de homogeneización cultural, particularmente una vez que el nacionalismo fue adoptado por el Estado. Sostenemos que las tres condiciones entrelazadas (la homogeneización cultural, el genocidio y el nacionalismo) llegaron a su punto máximo durante las dos guerras mundiales y bajo el régimen totalitario construido sobre los intentos de prolongar los patrones de movilización de masas inducidos por la guerra.
En síntesis, el artículo afirma la necesidad de involucrarse en una historia social y política de la homogeneización cultural como un rastreo conjunto de largo alcance de los acontecimientos que afectaron profundamente a casi todos los aspectos de las sociedades modernas.
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Keywords
nacionalismo, estado, homogeneización cultural, genocidio
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