Nation, State and Culture: For a Political and Social History of Cultural Homogenization
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Published
01-03-2013
Daniele Conversi
Abstract
Expanding on the concept of «nationalization of the masses», the article explores the processes of cultural homogenization as a recurrent pattern in the formation and expansion of the European «nation state» until after World War II. It argues that such practices could not be systematically conceived before the French Revolution and the ensuing wars. In fact, large-scale homogenization was hardly practicable before the Twentieth century, mostly due to the lesser bureaucratic control and the lack of adequate military technology. With Paris as its global epicentre, the process radially spread eastward through waves of progressive Westernization.
While identifying nationalism as the dominant identity of the modern era, the article illustrates with a wealth of examples its recurrent overlaps with patterns of cultural homogenization, once nationalism is seized by the state. We maintain that the three intertwined conditions, cultural homogenization, genocide and nationalism, reached their peak during the two world wars and under the totalitarian rule built upon attempts to prolong the patterns of mass mobilization induced by war.
In synthesis, the article affirms the need to engage in a social and political history of cultural homogenization as a sweeping and far-reaching set of events which profoundly affected almost every aspect of modern societies.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
nationalism, state, cultural homogenization, genocide
References
Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2004): «In the name of the Cold War: how the Westaided and abetted the Barre dictatorship of Somalia», in A. Jones (ed.): Genocide,War Crimes and the West: History and Complicity. London: Zed Books,pp. 241-259.
Adams, David Wallace (1995): Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding: School Experience (1875-1928). Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
Akçam, Taner (2006): «The Ottoman Documents and the Genocidal Policies of the Committee for Union and Progress (İttihat ve Terakki) toward the Armenians in 1915», Genocide Studies and Prevention, 1, 2, pp. 127-148.
Altınay, Ayşe Gül (2004): The Myth of the Military-Nation: Militarism, Gender, and Education in Turkey. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1 ed. Álvarez, Álex (2001): Governments, Citizens, and Genocide: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approach. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Aly, Götz & Susanne Heim (2002): Architects of Annihilation: Auschwitz and the Logic of Destruction. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Arendt, Hannah (1958): The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Meridian.
Aron, Raymond (1954): The Century of Total War. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.
Asuero, Pablo Martín (2010): «La lucha contra el turco: de los almogá vares a Lepanto», in X.M. Núñez Seixas & F. Sevillano Calero (eds.): Los enemigos de España. Imagen del otro, conflictos bélicos y disputas nacionales, siglos XVIXX (Actas del IV Coloquio Internacional de Historia Polí tica, 5-6 de junio de 2008). Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, pp. 91-117.
Bartov, Omer (1991): Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bartov, Omer (1996): Murder in Our Midst: The Holocaust, Industrial Killing, and Representation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bartov, Omer (2000): Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide, and Modern Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bartov, Omer (2001): The Eastern Front, 1941-45: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Bartrop, Paul (2002): «The relationship between war and genocide in the twentieth century: A consideration», Journal of Genocide Research 4, 4, pp. 519-532.
Bauman, Zygmunt (1989): Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press/ Cambridge: Polity/Blackwell.
Beatty, Jack (2007): Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America (1865- 1900). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Berghe, Pierre L. van den (1990): «Introduction», in P.L. Van den Berghe (ed.): State Violence and Ethnicity. Niwot, Colo.: University Press of Colorado, pp. 1-18.
Bjørnlund, Matthias (2008): «The 1914 cleansing of Aegean Greeks as a case of violent Turkification», Journal of genocide research, 10, 1, pp. 41-58.
Bloxham, Donald (2003): «The Armenian Genocide of 1915-1916: Cumulative Radicalization and the Development of a Destruction Policy», Past and Present, 181, 1, pp. 141-191.
Bloxham, Donald (2008): Genocide, The World Wars and The Unweaving of Europe. London: Vallentine Mitchell
Bond, Brian (1986): War and Society in Europe (1870-1970). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1972): «Stages of totalitarian "integration" (Gleichschaltung): the consolidation of National Socialist rule in 1933 and 1934», in H. Holborn (ed.): Republic to Reich; the making of the Nazi revolution; ten essays. 1 ed. New York: Pantheon Books, pp. 109-128.
Branche, Raphaë lle (2004): «Torture and other violations of the law by the French army during the Algerian war», in A. Jones (ed.): Genocide, War Crimes and the West: History and Complicity. London: Zed Books, pp. 134-145.
Brandes, Detef (2009): «National and International Planning of the "Transfer" of Germans from Czechoslovakia and Poland», in R. Bessel & C.B. Haake (eds.): Removing Peoples. Forced Removal in the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 289-290.
Breuilly, John (1994): Nationalism and the State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2 ed. Bristow, Nancy K. (1996): Making Men Moral: Social Engineering During the Great War. New York: New York University Press.
Browning, Christopher & Lewis Siegelbaum (2009): «Frameworks for social engineering: Stalinist schema of identification and the Nazi volksgemeinschaft », in M. Geyer & S. Fitzpatrick (eds.): Beyond Totalitarianism. Stalinism and Nazism Compared. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 231-265.
Burleigh, Michael & Wolfgang Wippermann (1991): The Racial State (Germany, 1933-1945). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bushnell, O.A. (1993): The Gifts of Civilization: Germs and Genocide in Hawai'i. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Cabanes, Bruno & Edouard Husson (eds.) (2003): Les sociétes en guerre (1911- 1946). Paris: A. Colin.
Caplan, Jane (1988): Government without Administration. State and Civil Service in Weimar and Nazi Germany. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Carmichael, Cathie (2005): «The Violent Destruction of Community during the "Century of Genocide"», European History Quarterly, 35, 3, pp. 395-403.
Carmichael, Cathie (2009): Genocide before the Holocaust. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press.
Casanova, Juliá n (2011): Europa contra Europa (1914-1945). Barcelona: Crí tica.
Cesarani, David (ed.) (2002): Port Jews: Jewish Communities in Cosmopolitan Maritime Trading Centres (1550-1950). London/ Portland, OR: Frank Cass.
Chernilo, Daniel (2006): «Methodological nationalism and its critique», in G. Delanty & K. Kumar (eds.): The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism. London/Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, pp. 129-140.
Churchill, Ward (2004): «Genocide by any other name: North American Indian residential schools in context», in A. Jones (ed.): Genocide, War Crimes and the West: History and Complicity. London: Zed Books, pp. 78-115.
Clavero, Bartolomé (2002): Genocidio y justicia. La destrucción de las Indias, ayer y hoy. Madrid: Marcial Pons.
Connor, Walker (1972): «Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying?», World Politics: A Quarterly Journal of International Relations, 24, 3, pp. 319-355.
Connor, Walker (2004): «The timelessness of nations», Nations and Nationalism, 10, 1-2, pp. 35-47.
Conversi, Daniele (2006a): «Genocide, ethnic cleansing and nationalism», in G. Delanty & K. Kumar (eds.): Handbook of Nations and Nationalism. London: Sage Publications, pp. 320-333.
Conversi, Daniele (2006b): «Mapping the field: theories of nationalism and the ethnosymbolic approach», in A.S. Leoussi & S. Grosby (eds.): Nationalism and Ethnosymbolism: History, Culture and Ethnicity in the Formation of Nations.
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 15-30. Conversi, Daniele (2007): «Homogenisation, nationalism and war: should we still read Ernest Gellner?», Nations and Nationalism, 13, 3, pp. 371-394.
Conversi, Daniele (2008): «"We are all equals!" Militarism, homogenization and "egalitarianism" in nationalist state-building (1789-1945)», Ethnic and Racial Studies, 31, 7, pp. 1286-1314.
Conversi, Daniele (2009): «Art, Nationalism and War: Political Futurism in Italy (1909-1944)», Sociology Compass, 3, 1, pp. 92-117.
Conversi, Daniele (2012a): «Guerra y totalitarismo. Las orígenes bélicas del fascismo en «Il delitto Matteotti" de Florestano Vancini, 1973», in S.D. Pablo (ed.): La historia a través del cine. Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Servicio Editorial (in press).
Conversi, Daniele (2012b): «Modernism and nationalism», Journal of Political Ideologies, 17, 1, pp. 13-34.
Costen, M.D. (1997): The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Culbert, David (2006): «"Why We Fight": Social Engineering for a Democratic Society at War», in G.S. Jowett & V.O'Donnell (eds.): Readings in Propaganda and Persuasion: New and Classic Essayss. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, pp. 173-191.
Dadrian, Vahakn N. (1996): «The Comparative Aspects of the Armenian and Jewish Cases of Genocide: A Sociohistorical Perspective», in A.S. Rosenbaum (ed.): Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, pp. 139-174.
Davidson, Lawrence (2012): Cultural Genocide. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
Davies, Michael (1997): For Altar and Throne: The Rising in the Vendée (1793-1796). St. Paul/ Forest Lake, MN: Remnant Press.
Davis, Mike (2001): Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. London: Verso.
De las Casas, Fr. Bartolomé (1552): Breuissima relacion de la destruycíon de las Indias. Seuilla: En casa de Sebastian Trugillo, impressor de libros.
De Zayas, Alfred M. (1994): Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Del Boca, Angelo (2005): Italiani, brava gente? : Un mito duro a morire. Vicenza- Milan: Neri Pozza.
Deutsch, Karl W. (1953): Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationality. Cambridge, Mass.: Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/New York: Wiley, 1 ed.
Dikötter, Frank (2008): The Age of Openness: China before Mao. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Dikötter, Frank (2010): Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe (1958-62). London: Bloomsbury.
Ehle, John (1988): Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation. New York: Doubleday, 1 ed.Elkins, Caroline (2005): Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya. New York: Henry Holt & Co./ London: Pimlico.
Faraldo, José Marí a (2008): Europe, Nationalism, Communism: Essays on Poland. Frankfurt am Main; New York: P. Lang.
Fenton, Steve (2010): Ethnicity. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2 ed.
Fettweis, Christopher J. (2003): «War as catalyst: Moving World War II to the center of Holocaust scholarship», Journal of Genocide Research, 5, 2, pp. 225-236.
Fishman, Joshua A. (1982): «Whorfianism of the Third Kind: Ethnolinguistic Diversity as a Worldwide Societal Asset (The Whorfian Hypothesis: Varieties of Validation, Confirmation, and Disconfirmation II)», Language in Society, 11, 1, pp. 1-14.
Fishman, Joshua A. (1997): In Praise of the Beloved Language: Comparative View of Positive Ethnolinguistic Consciousness. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Fixico, Donald L. (2009): «The Federal Indian Relocation Programme of the 1950s and the Urbanization of Indian Identity», in R. Bessel & C.B. Haake (eds.): Removing Peoples. Forced Removal in the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 107-130.
Fleming, Michael (2010): «The ethno-religious ambitions of the Roman Catholic Church and the ascendancy of communism in post-war Poland (1945-50)», Nations and Nationalism, 16, 4, pp. 637-656.
Foucault, Michel (1979): Discipline and Punish: The Birth of Prison. New York: Vintage Books.
Gellner, Ernest (2006): Nations and Nationalism. London: Wiley-Blackwell/Oxford: Basil Blackwell/Ithaca: Cornell University Press [1st. ed , 1983], 2 ed. Gentile, Emilio (1999): Il mito dello Stato nuovo: dal radicalismo nazionale al fascismo. Bari/Roma: Laterza.
Gentile, Emilio (2008a): L'apocalisse della modernità: la Grande Guerra per l'uomo nuovo. Milano: Mondadori.
Gentile, Emilio (ed.): (2008b): Modernità totalitaria: il fascismo italiano. Roma/ Bari: Laterza.
Gerlach, Christian (2010): Extremely Violent Societies. Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gewald, Jan-Bart (1999): Herero Heroes: A Socio-Political History of the Herero of Namibia (1890-1923). Oxford/Athens: James Currey/Ohio University Press.
Gewald, Jan-Bart (2004): «Namibia (German South West Africa and South West Africa)», in D.L. Shelton (ed.): Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. New York: Macmillan Reference USA.
Gottesman, Itzik Nakhmen (2003): Defining the Yiddish Nation: The Jewish Folklorists of Poland. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Grégoire, Henri (1995): Rapport sur la nécessité et les moyens d'anéantir les patois et d'universaliser l'usage de la langue française. Nîmes: Arts et traditions rurales/C. Lacour [Original: Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1794].
Gré goire, Henri & Convention Nationale (1794): Convention nationale. Instruction publique. Rapport sur la né cessité et les moyens d'ané antir les patois et d'universaliser l'usage de la langue franç aise, par Gré goire. Suivi du dé cret de la Convention nationale. Imprimé s par ordre de la Convention nationale, et envoyé s aux autorité s constitué es, aux socié té s populaires, et à toutes les communes de la Ré publique. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
Griffin, Roger (2007a): Modernism and Fascism: The Sense of a Beginning under Mussolini and Hitler. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Griffin, Roger (2007b): «Tunnel visions and mysterious trees: modernist projects of national and racial regeneration (1880-1939)», in M. Turda & P. Weindling (eds.): «Blood and homeland»: eugenics and racial nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe (1900-1940). Budapest: Central European University Hancock, Ian (1991): «Gypsy history in Germany and neighboring lands: A chronology to the holocaust and beyond», Nationalities Papers, 19, 3, pp. 395-412.
Harff, Barbara (2003): «No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955», American Political Science Review, 97, 1, pp. 57-73.
Harff, Barbara & Ted Robert Gurr (1988): «Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases Since 1945», International Studies Quarterly, 32, 3, pp. 359-371.
Harries, Meirion & Susie Harries (1991): Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. London: Heinemann/New York: Random House.
Hastings, Adrian (1997): The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hilberg, Raul (1961): The Destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1 ed. Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1990a): Echoes of the Marseillaise: Two Centuries Look Back on the French Revolution. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1990b): Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth and Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1994): The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century (1914-1991). New York: Pantheon Books.
Hochschild, Adam (1998): King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Hovanissian, Anush (1998): «Turkey: a cultural genocide», in L. Chorbajian & G. Shirinian (eds.): Studies in Comparative Genocide. Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire: Macmillan Press, pp. 147-156.
Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.) (1986): The Armenian Genocide in Perspective. New Brunswick [N.J.]: Transaction Books.
Hovannisian, Richard G. (2007): «The Armenian genocide: wartime radicalization or premeditated continuum?», in R.G. Hovannisian (ed.): The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, pp. 3-17.
Hoxie, Frederick E. (1984): A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians (1880-1920). Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press.
Hughes, James (2007): Chechnya: From Nationalism to Jihad Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Huttenbach, Henry R. (1991): «The Romani porajmos: The nazi genocide of Europe's gypsies», Nationalities Papers, 19, 3, pp. 373-394.
Jones, Adam (2006a): Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. London: Routledge.
Jones, Adam (2006b): «Why gendercide? Why root-and-branch? A comparison of the Vende uprising of 1793-94 and the Bosnian war of the 1990s», Journal of Genocide Research, 8, 1, pp. 9-25.
Jones, Adam (ed.) (2008): Genocide. London: SAGE. Kaligian, Dikran M. (2008): «A prelude to genocide: CUP population policies and provincial insecurity (1908-14)», Journal of genocide research, 10, 1, pp. 77-94.
Kallis, Aristotle A. (2009): Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe. London: Routledge.
Karakasidou, Anastasia N. (1997): Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood: Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia (1870-1990). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kaye, James & Bo Stråth (eds.): (2000): Enlightenment and Genocide: Contradictions of Modernity. Bruxelles: Presses Interuniversitaires Européennes (P.I.E.)-Peter Lang.
Kinzer, Stephen (2006): Overthrow: America»s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. New York: Times Books/Henry Holt.
Kitromilides, Paschalis M. (1989): «"Imagined Communities" and the Origins of the National Question in the Balkans», European History Quarterly, 19, 2, pp. 149-192.
Klein, Janet (2007): «Kurdish nationalists and non-nationalist Kurdists: rethinking minority nationalism and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908- 1909)», Nations and Nationalism, 13, 1, pp. 135-153.
Krag, Helen (2 003): «Chechnya and the Caucasus», in F. Daftary & S. Troebst (eds.): Radical Ethnic Movements in Contemporary Europe. Oxford: Berghahn Books, pp. 71-83.
Kramer, Alan (2007): Dynamic of Destruction. Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kriwaczek, Paul (2005): Yiddish Civilization: The Rise and Fall of a Forgotten Nation. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Künzler, Jakob (2007): In the Land of Blood and Tears: Experiences in Mesopotamia during the World War (1914-1918): (Im Lande des Blutes und der Tränen). Arlington, Mass.: Armenian Cultural Foundation.
Künzler, Jakob (1999): Im Lande des Blutes und der Trä nen: Erlebnisse in Mesopotamien wä hrend des Weltkrieges (1914-1918). Zü rich: Chronos (1st ed., Potsdam: Tempel, 1921).
La Branche, Stéphane (2005): «Abuse and Westernization: Reflections on Strategies of Power», Journal of Peace Research, 42, 2, pp. 219-235.
Latouche, Serge (1996): The Westernization of the World: The Significance, Scope and Limits of the Drive Towards Global Uniformity Cambridge: Polity Press.
Lebrun, Franç ois (1985): «La Guerre de Vendée: Massacre ou Génocide?», L'Histoire, 78, pp. 93-99.
Levene, Mark (2000): «Why is the twentieth century the century of genocide?», Journal of World History, 11, 2, pp. 305-336.
Levene, Mark (2002): «Port Jewry of Salonika: Between Neo-colonialism and Nation-state», in D. Cesarani (ed.): Port Jews: Jewish Communities in Cosmopolitan Maritime Trading Centres (1550-1950). London/ Portland, OR:Frank Cass, pp. 125-154.
Levene, Mark (2003): «"Ni grec, ni bulgare, ni turc": Salonika Jewry and the Balkan Wars (1912-1913)», in D. Diner (ed.): Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts (Simon Dubnow Institute Yearbook). Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, pp. 65-97.
Levene, Mark (2005): Genocide in the Age of the Nation State: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide. London: I.B. Tauris.
Levene, Mark & Daniele Conversi (2013): «Subsistence Societies, Globalisation and Climate Change: Discourses of Vulnerability and Resilience», Journal of Genocide Research, pp. forthcoming (special issue on «Climate Change and Genocide», ed. by Jürgen Zimmerer).
Levene, Mark & Penny Roberts (eds.) (1999): The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books.
Lewkowicz, Bea (2006): The Jewish Community of Salonika: History, Memory, Identity. London: Vallentine Mitchell.
Lieberman, Benjamin David (2006): Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee Publisher.
Lyons, Maryinez (1992): The Colonial Disease: A Social History of Sleeping Sickness in Northern Zaire (1900-1940). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mann, Michael (2005): The Dark Side of Democracy. Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
May, Glenn Anthony (1980): Social Engineering in the Philippines: The Aims, Execution, and Impact of American Colonial Policy (1900-1913). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
Mazower, Mark (1995): «Historians at war (Greece, 1940-1950)», Historical Journal, 38, 2, pp. 499.
Mazower, Mark (1999): Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century. New York: A.A. Knopf (distributed by Random House)/ London: Penguin.
Mazower, Mark (2005): Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews (1430-1950). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
McCarthy, Justin (1983): Muslims and Minorities: Population of Ottoman Anatolia and the End of the Empire. New York: New York University Press.
McCarthy, Justin (1995): Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims (1821-1922). Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press.
McCarthy, Justin (2001): The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire. London: Arnold.
Melson, Robert F. (1992): Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Melson, Robert F. (1996): «The Armenian Genocide as Precursor and Prototype of Twentieth-Century Genocide», in A.S. Rosenbaum (ed.): Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, pp. 87-100.
Melucci, Alberto & Mario Diani (1983): Nazioni senza stato: i movimenti etniconazionali in Occidente. Torino: Loescher.
Melvern, Linda R. (2007): Un pueblo traicionado: el papel de occidente en el genocidio de Ruanda. Barcelona: Intermón Oxfam Editorial.
Moses, Dirk A. (2010): «Raphael Lemkin, culture, and the concept of genocide», in D. Bloxham & A.D. Moses (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 19-41 (ch. 11).
Mosse, George L. (1975): The Nationalization of the Masses. Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich. New York: H. Fertig, 1 ed.
Mosse, George L. (1985): German Jews beyond Judaism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1 ed.
Naimark, Norman M. (2001): Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Nairn, Tom (1977): The Break-Up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-Nationalism. London: NLB, New Left Books, 1 ed.
Núñez Seixas, Xosé Manoel (2007): Imperios de muerte: la guerra germanosoviética, 1941-1945. Madrid: Alianza. O'Rourke, Shane (2009): «Trial Run: The Deportation of the Terek Cossacks 1920», in R. Bessel & C.B. Haake (eds.): Removing Peoples. Forced Removal in the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 255-279.
Obolensky, Dimitri (1948): The Bogomils: A Study in Balkan Neo-Manichaeism. Cambridge: The University Press.
Pagden, Anthony (1982): The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Payaslian, Simon (2006): «The Destruction of the Armenian Church during the Genocide», Genocide Studies and Prevention, 1, 2, pp. 149-172.
Perdue, Theda & Michael D. Green (eds.): (1995): The Cherokee Removal: A Brief History with Documents. New York: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press.
Perdue, Theda & Michael D. Green (2007): The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears. New York: Viking.
Pohl, J. Otto (1999): Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR (1937-1949). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
Porter, Brian (2000): When Nationalism Began to Hate: Imagining Modern Politics in Nineteenth-Century Poland. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Powell, Christopher (2011): Barbaric Civilization: A Critical Sociology of Genocide. Montreal, QC: McGill-Queen's University Press.
Power, Samantha (2005): Problema Infernal: Estados Unidos en la Era del Genocidio. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Power, Samantha (2007): A Problem From Hell: America and the Age of Genocide. New York: Harper Perennial, 3 ed.
Prauser, Steffen & Arfon Rees (eds.) (2004): The Expulsion of the «German» Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War. Badia Fiesolana, San Domenico (FI): European University Institute, Department of History and Civilization.
Prestwich, Menna (1988): «The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes», History, 73, 237, pp. 63-73.
Purdy, Daniel L. (1998): The Tyranny of Elegance: Consumer Cosmopolitanism in the Era of Goethe. Baltimore, Md: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Rae, Heather (2002): State Identities and the Homogenisation of Peoples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006): The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation (1918-2005). Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Romaine, Suzanne (2002): «The Impact of Language Policy on Endangered Languages », International Journal of Multicultural Societies, 4, 2, pp. 1-28.
Rosenbaum, Alan S. (ed.): (1996): Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Roudometof, Victor (2001): Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Rummel, R.J. (1994): Death by Government. New Brunswick, U.S.A.: Transactions Publishers.
Schaller, Dominik J. & Jurgen Zimmerer (eds.): (2009): Late Ottoman Genocides: The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish Population and Extermination Policies. London: Routledge.
Schaller, Dominik J. & Jürgen Zimmerer (2008): «Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies: introduction», Journal of Genocide Research, 10, 1,pp. 7-14.
Schama, Simon (1990): Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Vintage Books/London: Penguin.
Schraeder, Peter J. (1986): «Involuntary migration in Somalia: the politics of resettlement », Journal of Modern African Studies, 24, 4, pp. 641-662.
Scott, James C. (1998): Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Scurr, Ruth (2006): Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. New York: Metropolitan Books/London: Vintage.
Secher, Reynald (2003): A French Genocide: the Vendée. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press.
Sengoopta, Chandak (2003): Imprint of the Raj: How Fingerprinting Was Born in Colonial India. London: Macmillan.
Shakya, Tsering (1999): The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet since 1947. New York: Columbia University Press.
Shaw, Martin (2003): War and Genocide: Organized Killing in Modern Society. Cambridge: Polity Press/ Blackwell.
Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999): «The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?», in M. Levene & P. Roberts (eds.): The Massacre in History. Oxford: Berghahn Books, pp. 149-162.
Shields, Sarah D. (2011): Fezzes in the River. Identity Politics and European Diplomacy in the Middle East on the Eve of World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shōichi, Amemiya (1998): «Self-renovation of existing social forces and Gleichschaltung: the total-war system and the middle classes», in Y. Yamanouchi, J.V. Koschmann & R. Narita (eds.): Total War and «Modernization». Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University East Asia Program, pp. 209-238.
Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove (2000): Linguistic Genocide in Education: Or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights? Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Smith, Anthony D. (1998): Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism. London: Routledge.
Smith, Anthony D. (2004): «Dating the nation», in D. Conversi (ed.): Ethnonationalism in the Contemporary World: Walker Connor and the Study of Nationalism. 2 ed. London/New York: Routledge, pp. 53-71.
Smith, Anthony D. (2010): Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History. London: Wiley- Blackwell, 2 ed. Solonari, Vladimir (2010): Purifying the Nation: Population Exchange and Ethnic Cleansing in Nazi-Allied Romania. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Stannard, David E. (1996): «Uniqueness as Denial: The Politics of Genocide Scholarship», in A.S. Rosenbaum (ed.): Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, pp. 163-208.
Steinmetz, George (ed.): (1999): State/Culture: State-Formation after the Cultural Turn. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Suny, Ronald Grigor, Fatma Müge Göçek & Norman M. Naimark (eds.) (2011): A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tilly, Charles (1985): «War making and state making as organized crime», in P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer & T. Skocpol (eds.): Bringing the State Back In. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.
Tilly, Charles (1992): Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1990. Cambridge, MA/Oxford: Blackwell, 2 ed.
Tilse, Mark (2011): Transnationalism in the Prussian East: From National Conflict to Synthesis (1871-1914). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tolman, William Howe (1909): Social Engineering: A Record Of Things Done By American Industrialists Employing Upwards Of One And One-Half Million Of People. New York: McGraw pub. co.
Toynbee, Arnold (1922): The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: a Study in the Contact of Civilizations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Traxel, David (1998): 1898: The Birth of the American Century. New York: Knopf, 1st American ed.
Uehling, Greta Lynn (2004): Beyond Memory: The Crimean Tatars' Deportation and Return. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2006): «When Persecution Bleeds into Mass Murder: The Processive Nature of Genocide», Genocide Studies and Prevention, 1, 2, pp. 173-196.
Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2008): «Seeing like a nation-state: Young Turk social engineering in Eastern Turkey (1913-50)», Journal of genocide research, 10, 1, pp. 15-39.
Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2011a): The Making of Modern Turkey. Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia (1913-50). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2011b): «"Turkey for the Turks": Demographic Engineering in Eastern Anatolia (1914-1945)», in R.G. Suny, F.M. Göçek & N.M. Naimark (eds.): A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Üngör, Uğur Ümit & Mehmet Polatel (2011): Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property. London/New York: Continuum.
Vassilikou, Maria (2002): «Greeks and Jews in Salonika and Odessa: Inter-ethnic Relations in Cosmopolitan Port Cities», in D. Cesarani (ed.): Port Jews: Jewish Communities in Cosmopolitan Maritime Trading Centres (1550-1950). London/ Portland, OR: Frank Cass.
Vinding, Diana (ed.): (2004): El mundo indigena. Kopenhagen: IWGIA.
Weber, Eugen (1976): Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France (1870-1914). Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Weiner, Amir (2003): Landscaping the Human Garden: Twentieth-Century Population Management in a Comparative Framework. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Weinstein, Miriam (2001): Yiddish: A Nation of Words. South Royalton, Vermont: Steerforth Press/New York: Ballantine Books, 1st ed.
Weis, René J.A. (2001): The Yellow Cross: The Story of the Last Cathars (1290-1329). New York: Alfred A. Knopf/London: Viking.
Weitz, Eric D. (2003): A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Weitz, Eric D. (2011): «Germany and the Young Turks: Revolutionaries intoStatesmen», in R.G. Suny, F.M. Göçek & N.M. Naimark (eds.): A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, Christie Sample (2011): Beyond Belief: Surviving the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France. Lanham, Md.: Lehigh University Press.
Winter, Jay (2003): «Under cover of war: The Armenian genocide in the context of total war», in R. Gellately & B. Kiernan (eds.): The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zarkovic Bookman, Milica (1997): The Demographic Struggle for Power: The Political Economy of Demographic Engineering in the Modern World. Portland, Ore.: Frank Cass/ London: Routledge.
Zimmerer, Jü rgen & Joachim Zeller (eds.) (2008): Genocide in German South- West Africa: The Colonial War of 1904-1908 and Its Aftermath. Monmouth, Wales: Merlin Press.
Adams, David Wallace (1995): Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding: School Experience (1875-1928). Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
Akçam, Taner (2006): «The Ottoman Documents and the Genocidal Policies of the Committee for Union and Progress (İttihat ve Terakki) toward the Armenians in 1915», Genocide Studies and Prevention, 1, 2, pp. 127-148.
Altınay, Ayşe Gül (2004): The Myth of the Military-Nation: Militarism, Gender, and Education in Turkey. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1 ed. Álvarez, Álex (2001): Governments, Citizens, and Genocide: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approach. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Aly, Götz & Susanne Heim (2002): Architects of Annihilation: Auschwitz and the Logic of Destruction. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Arendt, Hannah (1958): The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Meridian.
Aron, Raymond (1954): The Century of Total War. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.
Asuero, Pablo Martín (2010): «La lucha contra el turco: de los almogá vares a Lepanto», in X.M. Núñez Seixas & F. Sevillano Calero (eds.): Los enemigos de España. Imagen del otro, conflictos bélicos y disputas nacionales, siglos XVIXX (Actas del IV Coloquio Internacional de Historia Polí tica, 5-6 de junio de 2008). Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, pp. 91-117.
Bartov, Omer (1991): Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bartov, Omer (1996): Murder in Our Midst: The Holocaust, Industrial Killing, and Representation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bartov, Omer (2000): Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide, and Modern Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bartov, Omer (2001): The Eastern Front, 1941-45: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Bartrop, Paul (2002): «The relationship between war and genocide in the twentieth century: A consideration», Journal of Genocide Research 4, 4, pp. 519-532.
Bauman, Zygmunt (1989): Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press/ Cambridge: Polity/Blackwell.
Beatty, Jack (2007): Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America (1865- 1900). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Berghe, Pierre L. van den (1990): «Introduction», in P.L. Van den Berghe (ed.): State Violence and Ethnicity. Niwot, Colo.: University Press of Colorado, pp. 1-18.
Bjørnlund, Matthias (2008): «The 1914 cleansing of Aegean Greeks as a case of violent Turkification», Journal of genocide research, 10, 1, pp. 41-58.
Bloxham, Donald (2003): «The Armenian Genocide of 1915-1916: Cumulative Radicalization and the Development of a Destruction Policy», Past and Present, 181, 1, pp. 141-191.
Bloxham, Donald (2008): Genocide, The World Wars and The Unweaving of Europe. London: Vallentine Mitchell
Bond, Brian (1986): War and Society in Europe (1870-1970). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1972): «Stages of totalitarian "integration" (Gleichschaltung): the consolidation of National Socialist rule in 1933 and 1934», in H. Holborn (ed.): Republic to Reich; the making of the Nazi revolution; ten essays. 1 ed. New York: Pantheon Books, pp. 109-128.
Branche, Raphaë lle (2004): «Torture and other violations of the law by the French army during the Algerian war», in A. Jones (ed.): Genocide, War Crimes and the West: History and Complicity. London: Zed Books, pp. 134-145.
Brandes, Detef (2009): «National and International Planning of the "Transfer" of Germans from Czechoslovakia and Poland», in R. Bessel & C.B. Haake (eds.): Removing Peoples. Forced Removal in the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 289-290.
Breuilly, John (1994): Nationalism and the State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2 ed. Bristow, Nancy K. (1996): Making Men Moral: Social Engineering During the Great War. New York: New York University Press.
Browning, Christopher & Lewis Siegelbaum (2009): «Frameworks for social engineering: Stalinist schema of identification and the Nazi volksgemeinschaft », in M. Geyer & S. Fitzpatrick (eds.): Beyond Totalitarianism. Stalinism and Nazism Compared. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 231-265.
Burleigh, Michael & Wolfgang Wippermann (1991): The Racial State (Germany, 1933-1945). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bushnell, O.A. (1993): The Gifts of Civilization: Germs and Genocide in Hawai'i. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Cabanes, Bruno & Edouard Husson (eds.) (2003): Les sociétes en guerre (1911- 1946). Paris: A. Colin.
Caplan, Jane (1988): Government without Administration. State and Civil Service in Weimar and Nazi Germany. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Carmichael, Cathie (2005): «The Violent Destruction of Community during the "Century of Genocide"», European History Quarterly, 35, 3, pp. 395-403.
Carmichael, Cathie (2009): Genocide before the Holocaust. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press.
Casanova, Juliá n (2011): Europa contra Europa (1914-1945). Barcelona: Crí tica.
Cesarani, David (ed.) (2002): Port Jews: Jewish Communities in Cosmopolitan Maritime Trading Centres (1550-1950). London/ Portland, OR: Frank Cass.
Chernilo, Daniel (2006): «Methodological nationalism and its critique», in G. Delanty & K. Kumar (eds.): The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism. London/Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, pp. 129-140.
Churchill, Ward (2004): «Genocide by any other name: North American Indian residential schools in context», in A. Jones (ed.): Genocide, War Crimes and the West: History and Complicity. London: Zed Books, pp. 78-115.
Clavero, Bartolomé (2002): Genocidio y justicia. La destrucción de las Indias, ayer y hoy. Madrid: Marcial Pons.
Connor, Walker (1972): «Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying?», World Politics: A Quarterly Journal of International Relations, 24, 3, pp. 319-355.
Connor, Walker (2004): «The timelessness of nations», Nations and Nationalism, 10, 1-2, pp. 35-47.
Conversi, Daniele (2006a): «Genocide, ethnic cleansing and nationalism», in G. Delanty & K. Kumar (eds.): Handbook of Nations and Nationalism. London: Sage Publications, pp. 320-333.
Conversi, Daniele (2006b): «Mapping the field: theories of nationalism and the ethnosymbolic approach», in A.S. Leoussi & S. Grosby (eds.): Nationalism and Ethnosymbolism: History, Culture and Ethnicity in the Formation of Nations.
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 15-30. Conversi, Daniele (2007): «Homogenisation, nationalism and war: should we still read Ernest Gellner?», Nations and Nationalism, 13, 3, pp. 371-394.
Conversi, Daniele (2008): «"We are all equals!" Militarism, homogenization and "egalitarianism" in nationalist state-building (1789-1945)», Ethnic and Racial Studies, 31, 7, pp. 1286-1314.
Conversi, Daniele (2009): «Art, Nationalism and War: Political Futurism in Italy (1909-1944)», Sociology Compass, 3, 1, pp. 92-117.
Conversi, Daniele (2012a): «Guerra y totalitarismo. Las orígenes bélicas del fascismo en «Il delitto Matteotti" de Florestano Vancini, 1973», in S.D. Pablo (ed.): La historia a través del cine. Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Servicio Editorial (in press).
Conversi, Daniele (2012b): «Modernism and nationalism», Journal of Political Ideologies, 17, 1, pp. 13-34.
Costen, M.D. (1997): The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Culbert, David (2006): «"Why We Fight": Social Engineering for a Democratic Society at War», in G.S. Jowett & V.O'Donnell (eds.): Readings in Propaganda and Persuasion: New and Classic Essayss. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, pp. 173-191.
Dadrian, Vahakn N. (1996): «The Comparative Aspects of the Armenian and Jewish Cases of Genocide: A Sociohistorical Perspective», in A.S. Rosenbaum (ed.): Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, pp. 139-174.
Davidson, Lawrence (2012): Cultural Genocide. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
Davies, Michael (1997): For Altar and Throne: The Rising in the Vendée (1793-1796). St. Paul/ Forest Lake, MN: Remnant Press.
Davis, Mike (2001): Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. London: Verso.
De las Casas, Fr. Bartolomé (1552): Breuissima relacion de la destruycíon de las Indias. Seuilla: En casa de Sebastian Trugillo, impressor de libros.
De Zayas, Alfred M. (1994): Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Del Boca, Angelo (2005): Italiani, brava gente? : Un mito duro a morire. Vicenza- Milan: Neri Pozza.
Deutsch, Karl W. (1953): Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationality. Cambridge, Mass.: Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/New York: Wiley, 1 ed.
Dikötter, Frank (2008): The Age of Openness: China before Mao. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Dikötter, Frank (2010): Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe (1958-62). London: Bloomsbury.
Ehle, John (1988): Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation. New York: Doubleday, 1 ed.Elkins, Caroline (2005): Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya. New York: Henry Holt & Co./ London: Pimlico.
Faraldo, José Marí a (2008): Europe, Nationalism, Communism: Essays on Poland. Frankfurt am Main; New York: P. Lang.
Fenton, Steve (2010): Ethnicity. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2 ed.
Fettweis, Christopher J. (2003): «War as catalyst: Moving World War II to the center of Holocaust scholarship», Journal of Genocide Research, 5, 2, pp. 225-236.
Fishman, Joshua A. (1982): «Whorfianism of the Third Kind: Ethnolinguistic Diversity as a Worldwide Societal Asset (The Whorfian Hypothesis: Varieties of Validation, Confirmation, and Disconfirmation II)», Language in Society, 11, 1, pp. 1-14.
Fishman, Joshua A. (1997): In Praise of the Beloved Language: Comparative View of Positive Ethnolinguistic Consciousness. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Fixico, Donald L. (2009): «The Federal Indian Relocation Programme of the 1950s and the Urbanization of Indian Identity», in R. Bessel & C.B. Haake (eds.): Removing Peoples. Forced Removal in the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 107-130.
Fleming, Michael (2010): «The ethno-religious ambitions of the Roman Catholic Church and the ascendancy of communism in post-war Poland (1945-50)», Nations and Nationalism, 16, 4, pp. 637-656.
Foucault, Michel (1979): Discipline and Punish: The Birth of Prison. New York: Vintage Books.
Gellner, Ernest (2006): Nations and Nationalism. London: Wiley-Blackwell/Oxford: Basil Blackwell/Ithaca: Cornell University Press [1st. ed , 1983], 2 ed. Gentile, Emilio (1999): Il mito dello Stato nuovo: dal radicalismo nazionale al fascismo. Bari/Roma: Laterza.
Gentile, Emilio (2008a): L'apocalisse della modernità: la Grande Guerra per l'uomo nuovo. Milano: Mondadori.
Gentile, Emilio (ed.): (2008b): Modernità totalitaria: il fascismo italiano. Roma/ Bari: Laterza.
Gerlach, Christian (2010): Extremely Violent Societies. Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gewald, Jan-Bart (1999): Herero Heroes: A Socio-Political History of the Herero of Namibia (1890-1923). Oxford/Athens: James Currey/Ohio University Press.
Gewald, Jan-Bart (2004): «Namibia (German South West Africa and South West Africa)», in D.L. Shelton (ed.): Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. New York: Macmillan Reference USA.
Gottesman, Itzik Nakhmen (2003): Defining the Yiddish Nation: The Jewish Folklorists of Poland. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Grégoire, Henri (1995): Rapport sur la nécessité et les moyens d'anéantir les patois et d'universaliser l'usage de la langue française. Nîmes: Arts et traditions rurales/C. Lacour [Original: Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1794].
Gré goire, Henri & Convention Nationale (1794): Convention nationale. Instruction publique. Rapport sur la né cessité et les moyens d'ané antir les patois et d'universaliser l'usage de la langue franç aise, par Gré goire. Suivi du dé cret de la Convention nationale. Imprimé s par ordre de la Convention nationale, et envoyé s aux autorité s constitué es, aux socié té s populaires, et à toutes les communes de la Ré publique. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
Griffin, Roger (2007a): Modernism and Fascism: The Sense of a Beginning under Mussolini and Hitler. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Griffin, Roger (2007b): «Tunnel visions and mysterious trees: modernist projects of national and racial regeneration (1880-1939)», in M. Turda & P. Weindling (eds.): «Blood and homeland»: eugenics and racial nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe (1900-1940). Budapest: Central European University Hancock, Ian (1991): «Gypsy history in Germany and neighboring lands: A chronology to the holocaust and beyond», Nationalities Papers, 19, 3, pp. 395-412.
Harff, Barbara (2003): «No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955», American Political Science Review, 97, 1, pp. 57-73.
Harff, Barbara & Ted Robert Gurr (1988): «Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases Since 1945», International Studies Quarterly, 32, 3, pp. 359-371.
Harries, Meirion & Susie Harries (1991): Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. London: Heinemann/New York: Random House.
Hastings, Adrian (1997): The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hilberg, Raul (1961): The Destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1 ed. Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1990a): Echoes of the Marseillaise: Two Centuries Look Back on the French Revolution. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1990b): Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth and Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1994): The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century (1914-1991). New York: Pantheon Books.
Hochschild, Adam (1998): King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Hovanissian, Anush (1998): «Turkey: a cultural genocide», in L. Chorbajian & G. Shirinian (eds.): Studies in Comparative Genocide. Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire: Macmillan Press, pp. 147-156.
Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.) (1986): The Armenian Genocide in Perspective. New Brunswick [N.J.]: Transaction Books.
Hovannisian, Richard G. (2007): «The Armenian genocide: wartime radicalization or premeditated continuum?», in R.G. Hovannisian (ed.): The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, pp. 3-17.
Hoxie, Frederick E. (1984): A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians (1880-1920). Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press.
Hughes, James (2007): Chechnya: From Nationalism to Jihad Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Huttenbach, Henry R. (1991): «The Romani porajmos: The nazi genocide of Europe's gypsies», Nationalities Papers, 19, 3, pp. 373-394.
Jones, Adam (2006a): Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. London: Routledge.
Jones, Adam (2006b): «Why gendercide? Why root-and-branch? A comparison of the Vende uprising of 1793-94 and the Bosnian war of the 1990s», Journal of Genocide Research, 8, 1, pp. 9-25.
Jones, Adam (ed.) (2008): Genocide. London: SAGE. Kaligian, Dikran M. (2008): «A prelude to genocide: CUP population policies and provincial insecurity (1908-14)», Journal of genocide research, 10, 1, pp. 77-94.
Kallis, Aristotle A. (2009): Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe. London: Routledge.
Karakasidou, Anastasia N. (1997): Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood: Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia (1870-1990). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kaye, James & Bo Stråth (eds.): (2000): Enlightenment and Genocide: Contradictions of Modernity. Bruxelles: Presses Interuniversitaires Européennes (P.I.E.)-Peter Lang.
Kinzer, Stephen (2006): Overthrow: America»s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. New York: Times Books/Henry Holt.
Kitromilides, Paschalis M. (1989): «"Imagined Communities" and the Origins of the National Question in the Balkans», European History Quarterly, 19, 2, pp. 149-192.
Klein, Janet (2007): «Kurdish nationalists and non-nationalist Kurdists: rethinking minority nationalism and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908- 1909)», Nations and Nationalism, 13, 1, pp. 135-153.
Krag, Helen (2 003): «Chechnya and the Caucasus», in F. Daftary & S. Troebst (eds.): Radical Ethnic Movements in Contemporary Europe. Oxford: Berghahn Books, pp. 71-83.
Kramer, Alan (2007): Dynamic of Destruction. Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kriwaczek, Paul (2005): Yiddish Civilization: The Rise and Fall of a Forgotten Nation. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Künzler, Jakob (2007): In the Land of Blood and Tears: Experiences in Mesopotamia during the World War (1914-1918): (Im Lande des Blutes und der Tränen). Arlington, Mass.: Armenian Cultural Foundation.
Künzler, Jakob (1999): Im Lande des Blutes und der Trä nen: Erlebnisse in Mesopotamien wä hrend des Weltkrieges (1914-1918). Zü rich: Chronos (1st ed., Potsdam: Tempel, 1921).
La Branche, Stéphane (2005): «Abuse and Westernization: Reflections on Strategies of Power», Journal of Peace Research, 42, 2, pp. 219-235.
Latouche, Serge (1996): The Westernization of the World: The Significance, Scope and Limits of the Drive Towards Global Uniformity Cambridge: Polity Press.
Lebrun, Franç ois (1985): «La Guerre de Vendée: Massacre ou Génocide?», L'Histoire, 78, pp. 93-99.
Levene, Mark (2000): «Why is the twentieth century the century of genocide?», Journal of World History, 11, 2, pp. 305-336.
Levene, Mark (2002): «Port Jewry of Salonika: Between Neo-colonialism and Nation-state», in D. Cesarani (ed.): Port Jews: Jewish Communities in Cosmopolitan Maritime Trading Centres (1550-1950). London/ Portland, OR:Frank Cass, pp. 125-154.
Levene, Mark (2003): «"Ni grec, ni bulgare, ni turc": Salonika Jewry and the Balkan Wars (1912-1913)», in D. Diner (ed.): Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts (Simon Dubnow Institute Yearbook). Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, pp. 65-97.
Levene, Mark (2005): Genocide in the Age of the Nation State: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide. London: I.B. Tauris.
Levene, Mark & Daniele Conversi (2013): «Subsistence Societies, Globalisation and Climate Change: Discourses of Vulnerability and Resilience», Journal of Genocide Research, pp. forthcoming (special issue on «Climate Change and Genocide», ed. by Jürgen Zimmerer).
Levene, Mark & Penny Roberts (eds.) (1999): The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books.
Lewkowicz, Bea (2006): The Jewish Community of Salonika: History, Memory, Identity. London: Vallentine Mitchell.
Lieberman, Benjamin David (2006): Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee Publisher.
Lyons, Maryinez (1992): The Colonial Disease: A Social History of Sleeping Sickness in Northern Zaire (1900-1940). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mann, Michael (2005): The Dark Side of Democracy. Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
May, Glenn Anthony (1980): Social Engineering in the Philippines: The Aims, Execution, and Impact of American Colonial Policy (1900-1913). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
Mazower, Mark (1995): «Historians at war (Greece, 1940-1950)», Historical Journal, 38, 2, pp. 499.
Mazower, Mark (1999): Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century. New York: A.A. Knopf (distributed by Random House)/ London: Penguin.
Mazower, Mark (2005): Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews (1430-1950). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
McCarthy, Justin (1983): Muslims and Minorities: Population of Ottoman Anatolia and the End of the Empire. New York: New York University Press.
McCarthy, Justin (1995): Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims (1821-1922). Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press.
McCarthy, Justin (2001): The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire. London: Arnold.
Melson, Robert F. (1992): Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Melson, Robert F. (1996): «The Armenian Genocide as Precursor and Prototype of Twentieth-Century Genocide», in A.S. Rosenbaum (ed.): Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, pp. 87-100.
Melucci, Alberto & Mario Diani (1983): Nazioni senza stato: i movimenti etniconazionali in Occidente. Torino: Loescher.
Melvern, Linda R. (2007): Un pueblo traicionado: el papel de occidente en el genocidio de Ruanda. Barcelona: Intermón Oxfam Editorial.
Moses, Dirk A. (2010): «Raphael Lemkin, culture, and the concept of genocide», in D. Bloxham & A.D. Moses (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 19-41 (ch. 11).
Mosse, George L. (1975): The Nationalization of the Masses. Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich. New York: H. Fertig, 1 ed.
Mosse, George L. (1985): German Jews beyond Judaism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1 ed.
Naimark, Norman M. (2001): Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Nairn, Tom (1977): The Break-Up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-Nationalism. London: NLB, New Left Books, 1 ed.
Núñez Seixas, Xosé Manoel (2007): Imperios de muerte: la guerra germanosoviética, 1941-1945. Madrid: Alianza. O'Rourke, Shane (2009): «Trial Run: The Deportation of the Terek Cossacks 1920», in R. Bessel & C.B. Haake (eds.): Removing Peoples. Forced Removal in the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 255-279.
Obolensky, Dimitri (1948): The Bogomils: A Study in Balkan Neo-Manichaeism. Cambridge: The University Press.
Pagden, Anthony (1982): The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Payaslian, Simon (2006): «The Destruction of the Armenian Church during the Genocide», Genocide Studies and Prevention, 1, 2, pp. 149-172.
Perdue, Theda & Michael D. Green (eds.): (1995): The Cherokee Removal: A Brief History with Documents. New York: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press.
Perdue, Theda & Michael D. Green (2007): The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears. New York: Viking.
Pohl, J. Otto (1999): Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR (1937-1949). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
Porter, Brian (2000): When Nationalism Began to Hate: Imagining Modern Politics in Nineteenth-Century Poland. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Powell, Christopher (2011): Barbaric Civilization: A Critical Sociology of Genocide. Montreal, QC: McGill-Queen's University Press.
Power, Samantha (2005): Problema Infernal: Estados Unidos en la Era del Genocidio. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Power, Samantha (2007): A Problem From Hell: America and the Age of Genocide. New York: Harper Perennial, 3 ed.
Prauser, Steffen & Arfon Rees (eds.) (2004): The Expulsion of the «German» Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War. Badia Fiesolana, San Domenico (FI): European University Institute, Department of History and Civilization.
Prestwich, Menna (1988): «The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes», History, 73, 237, pp. 63-73.
Purdy, Daniel L. (1998): The Tyranny of Elegance: Consumer Cosmopolitanism in the Era of Goethe. Baltimore, Md: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Rae, Heather (2002): State Identities and the Homogenisation of Peoples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006): The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation (1918-2005). Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Romaine, Suzanne (2002): «The Impact of Language Policy on Endangered Languages », International Journal of Multicultural Societies, 4, 2, pp. 1-28.
Rosenbaum, Alan S. (ed.): (1996): Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Roudometof, Victor (2001): Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Rummel, R.J. (1994): Death by Government. New Brunswick, U.S.A.: Transactions Publishers.
Schaller, Dominik J. & Jurgen Zimmerer (eds.): (2009): Late Ottoman Genocides: The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish Population and Extermination Policies. London: Routledge.
Schaller, Dominik J. & Jürgen Zimmerer (2008): «Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies: introduction», Journal of Genocide Research, 10, 1,pp. 7-14.
Schama, Simon (1990): Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Vintage Books/London: Penguin.
Schraeder, Peter J. (1986): «Involuntary migration in Somalia: the politics of resettlement », Journal of Modern African Studies, 24, 4, pp. 641-662.
Scott, James C. (1998): Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Scurr, Ruth (2006): Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. New York: Metropolitan Books/London: Vintage.
Secher, Reynald (2003): A French Genocide: the Vendée. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press.
Sengoopta, Chandak (2003): Imprint of the Raj: How Fingerprinting Was Born in Colonial India. London: Macmillan.
Shakya, Tsering (1999): The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet since 1947. New York: Columbia University Press.
Shaw, Martin (2003): War and Genocide: Organized Killing in Modern Society. Cambridge: Polity Press/ Blackwell.
Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999): «The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?», in M. Levene & P. Roberts (eds.): The Massacre in History. Oxford: Berghahn Books, pp. 149-162.
Shields, Sarah D. (2011): Fezzes in the River. Identity Politics and European Diplomacy in the Middle East on the Eve of World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shōichi, Amemiya (1998): «Self-renovation of existing social forces and Gleichschaltung: the total-war system and the middle classes», in Y. Yamanouchi, J.V. Koschmann & R. Narita (eds.): Total War and «Modernization». Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University East Asia Program, pp. 209-238.
Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove (2000): Linguistic Genocide in Education: Or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights? Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Smith, Anthony D. (1998): Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism. London: Routledge.
Smith, Anthony D. (2004): «Dating the nation», in D. Conversi (ed.): Ethnonationalism in the Contemporary World: Walker Connor and the Study of Nationalism. 2 ed. London/New York: Routledge, pp. 53-71.
Smith, Anthony D. (2010): Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History. London: Wiley- Blackwell, 2 ed. Solonari, Vladimir (2010): Purifying the Nation: Population Exchange and Ethnic Cleansing in Nazi-Allied Romania. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Stannard, David E. (1996): «Uniqueness as Denial: The Politics of Genocide Scholarship», in A.S. Rosenbaum (ed.): Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, pp. 163-208.
Steinmetz, George (ed.): (1999): State/Culture: State-Formation after the Cultural Turn. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Suny, Ronald Grigor, Fatma Müge Göçek & Norman M. Naimark (eds.) (2011): A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tilly, Charles (1985): «War making and state making as organized crime», in P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer & T. Skocpol (eds.): Bringing the State Back In. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.
Tilly, Charles (1992): Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1990. Cambridge, MA/Oxford: Blackwell, 2 ed.
Tilse, Mark (2011): Transnationalism in the Prussian East: From National Conflict to Synthesis (1871-1914). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tolman, William Howe (1909): Social Engineering: A Record Of Things Done By American Industrialists Employing Upwards Of One And One-Half Million Of People. New York: McGraw pub. co.
Toynbee, Arnold (1922): The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: a Study in the Contact of Civilizations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Traxel, David (1998): 1898: The Birth of the American Century. New York: Knopf, 1st American ed.
Uehling, Greta Lynn (2004): Beyond Memory: The Crimean Tatars' Deportation and Return. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2006): «When Persecution Bleeds into Mass Murder: The Processive Nature of Genocide», Genocide Studies and Prevention, 1, 2, pp. 173-196.
Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2008): «Seeing like a nation-state: Young Turk social engineering in Eastern Turkey (1913-50)», Journal of genocide research, 10, 1, pp. 15-39.
Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2011a): The Making of Modern Turkey. Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia (1913-50). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2011b): «"Turkey for the Turks": Demographic Engineering in Eastern Anatolia (1914-1945)», in R.G. Suny, F.M. Göçek & N.M. Naimark (eds.): A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Üngör, Uğur Ümit & Mehmet Polatel (2011): Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property. London/New York: Continuum.
Vassilikou, Maria (2002): «Greeks and Jews in Salonika and Odessa: Inter-ethnic Relations in Cosmopolitan Port Cities», in D. Cesarani (ed.): Port Jews: Jewish Communities in Cosmopolitan Maritime Trading Centres (1550-1950). London/ Portland, OR: Frank Cass.
Vinding, Diana (ed.): (2004): El mundo indigena. Kopenhagen: IWGIA.
Weber, Eugen (1976): Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France (1870-1914). Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Weiner, Amir (2003): Landscaping the Human Garden: Twentieth-Century Population Management in a Comparative Framework. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Weinstein, Miriam (2001): Yiddish: A Nation of Words. South Royalton, Vermont: Steerforth Press/New York: Ballantine Books, 1st ed.
Weis, René J.A. (2001): The Yellow Cross: The Story of the Last Cathars (1290-1329). New York: Alfred A. Knopf/London: Viking.
Weitz, Eric D. (2003): A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Weitz, Eric D. (2011): «Germany and the Young Turks: Revolutionaries intoStatesmen», in R.G. Suny, F.M. Göçek & N.M. Naimark (eds.): A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, Christie Sample (2011): Beyond Belief: Surviving the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France. Lanham, Md.: Lehigh University Press.
Winter, Jay (2003): «Under cover of war: The Armenian genocide in the context of total war», in R. Gellately & B. Kiernan (eds.): The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zarkovic Bookman, Milica (1997): The Demographic Struggle for Power: The Political Economy of Demographic Engineering in the Modern World. Portland, Ore.: Frank Cass/ London: Routledge.
Zimmerer, Jü rgen & Joachim Zeller (eds.) (2008): Genocide in German South- West Africa: The Colonial War of 1904-1908 and Its Aftermath. Monmouth, Wales: Merlin Press.
Section
Articles
Authors publishing in the journal Historia Contemporánea agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain full copyright of their papers, but also grant copyright to the academic publisher (UPV/EHU Press) for the purposes of copyright management, vigilance and protection.
- Papers are by default published with a non-restrictive Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0. You are free to: Share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
- If an author requires a more restricted CC license (e.g. CC-BY-SA), this can be provided by contacting our publisher at: publications@ehu.eus
- In particular, and without having to request additional permission, CC BY-NC-ND licensed papers can be deposited in institutional repositories and academic web sites.
- Postprints (i.e. accepted but non-edited versions of the manuscript) can also be pre-published online, providing acknowledgement of authorship and source is specified as above.
For non-standard uses of papers or materials published in Historia Contemporánea, please contact our publisher UPV/EHU Press at: publications@ehu.eus