Construction and International Dimension of Authoritarianism in the Arab World
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Published
01-02-2023
José Abu-Tarbush
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9062-1377
Abstract
The relationship between power and knowledge has been reflected in the theoretical construction on the persistence of authoritarianism in the Arab States. Originating in nineteenth-century social theory, which conceptualized non-Western societies as stagnant in the face of the dynamism of Western ones, culturalist and essentialist approaches argued a supposed Islamic exceptionality to explain this democratic deficit. In contrast, the materialistic perspectives referred that explanation to the economic base, political system and international location. From the own history of twentieth century international relations, one can observe this conceptualization has not been alien to the world conjunctures of the Cold War and post-Cold War. In this theoretical controversy, the Arab anti-authoritarian mobilizations (2010/2011) introduced an epistemological rupture in favor of materialistic approaches.
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Keywords
Arab states, authoritarianism, culturalist, materialist, international dimension
References
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BUZAN, Barry y LITTLE, Richard, International System in World History. Remakind the Study of International Relations, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.
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DIAMOND, Larry, PLATTNER, Marc F. y WALKER, Christopher (eds.), Authoritarianism Goes Global, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2016.
ESPOSITO, John L., Guerras profanas. Terror en nombre del islam, Paidós, Barcelona, 2003.
FESTINGER, Leon, Teoría de la disonancia cognoscitiva, Instituto de Estudios Políticos, Madrid, 1975.
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GERGES, Fawaz A., “Introduction. A Rupture”, en GERGES, Fawaz A. (ed.), The New Middle East: Protest and Revolution in the Arab World, Cambridge University Press, London, 2014, pp. 1-38.
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GORDON, Philip H., Losing the Long Game: The False Promise of Regime Change in the Middle East, St. Martin´s Press, New York, 2020.
HADDAD, Fanar, Understanding Sectarism. Sunni-Shi’a Relations in the Modern Arab World, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2020.
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HALLIDAY, Fred, El islam y el mito del enfrentamiento, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 2005b.
HASHEMI, Nader y POSTEL, Danny (eds.), Sectarianization. Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017.
HERNANDO DE LARRAMENDI, Miguel, “A Decade of Demonstrations and Protest Movements in the Arab World”, en IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2020, IEMed, Barcelona, 2020, pp. 17-22.
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HUNTINGTON, Samuel P., El choque de civilizaciones y la reconfiguración del orden mundial, Paidós, Barcelona, 1997.
INGLEHART, Ronald y NORRIS, Pippa, “The True Clash of Civilizations”, Foreign Policy, n.º 135, 2003, pp. 62-70.
IZQUIERDO, Ferrán y KAMOU, Athina, “La Sociología del poder en el mundo árabe contemporáneo”, en IZQUIERDO, Ferrán (ed.), Poder y regímenes en el mundo árabe contemporáneo, CIDOB, Barcelona, 2009, pp. 17-60.
KHALIDI, Rashid, La reafirmación del Imperio. Estados Unidos y la aventura occidental en Oriente Próximo, La Catarata, Madrid, 2004.
KEDOURIE, Elie, Democracy and Political Culture, Institute for Near East Policy, Washington, D. C., 1992.
KEYNOUSH, Banafsheh, Saudi Arabia and Iran Friends or Foes? Palgrave, London, 2016.
KING, Stephen J., The New Authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2009.
KIRKPATRICK, Jeane, “Dictatorships & Double Standards”, Commentary, New York, Noviembre de 1979, disponible en https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/jeane-kirkpatrick/dictatorships-double-standards/, [consultado el 14 de mayo de 2020].
KLARE, Michael T., Guerras por los recursos. El futuro escenario del conflicto global, Ediciones Urano, Barcelona, 2003.
KLARE, Michael T., Sangre y petróleo. Peligros y consecuencias de la dependencia del crudo, Ediciones Urano, Barcelona, 2006.
KLARE, Michael T., Planeta sediento, recursos menguantes. La nueva geopolítica de la energía, Tendencias, Barcelona, 2008.
KRAUTHAMMER, Charles, “The Unipolar Moment”, Foreign Affairs, 1990/91, vol. 70, n.º 1, pp. 23-33.
KRISTOL, William y KAPLAN, Lawrence F., La guerra de Irak. En defensa de la democracia y la libertad, Almuzara, Córdoba, 2004.
LEVITSKY, Steven y ZIBLATT, Daniel, Cómo mueren las democracias, Ariel, Barcelona, 2018.
LEWIS, Bernard, “The Roots of Muslim Rage”, The Atlantic Monthly, vol. 266, n.º 3, 1990, pp. 47-60.
LEWIS, B., “Islam and Liberal Democracy”, The Atlantic Monthly, vol. 271, n.º 2, 1993, pp. 89-97.
LEWIS, Bernard, Islam and the West, Oxford University Press, New York, 1994.
LEWIS, Bernard, “Islam and Liberal Democracy: A Historical Overview”, Journal of Democracy, vol. 7, n.º 2, 1996, pp. 52-63.
LEWIS, Bernard, “The West and the Middle East,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 76, n.º 1, 1997, pp. 114-130.
LINZ, Juan José, “Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes”, en GREENSTEIN, Fred I.; y POLSBY, Nelson W., Handbook of Political Science, vol. 3, Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1975.
LINZ, Juan José, Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes, Lynne Rienner Publisher, Boulder, Colo., 2000.
LIPSET, Seymour M., “Some social requirements of democracy: economic development and political legitimacy”, The American Political Science Review, vol. 53, n.º 1, 1959, pp. 69-105.
MARTÍN MUÑOZ, Gema, El Estado árabe. Crisis de legitimidad y contestación islamista, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 1999.
MASON, Robert, “The Obama Administration and the Arab Spring: Waiting for a Doctrine, en MANSON, Robert (ed.), The International Politics of the Arab Spring: Popular Unrest and Foreign Policy, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2014, pp. 37-60.
MCMAHON, Robert J., La Guerra Fría. Una breve introducción, Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 2009.
MOUNK, Yascha, El pueblo contra la democracia. Por qué nuestra libertad está en peligro y cómo salvarla, Paidós, Barcelona, 2018.
MOURE, Leire, “El realismo en la teoría de las relaciones internacionales: génesis, evolución y aportaciones actuales”, en ARENAL, Celestino y SANAHUJA, José Antonio (Coords.), Teoría de las relaciones internacionales, Tecnos, Madrid, 2015, pp. 61-96.
O’DONNELL, Guillermo, SCHIMTTER, Philippe C. y WHITEHEAD, Laurence (eds.), Transition from Authoritarian Rule. Vol. 4. Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986.
ONUF, Nicholas, Making Sense, Making Worlds: Constructivism in Social Theory and International Relations, Routledge, London, 2013.
ORTEGA GÁLVEZ, María Luisa, “Una experiencia modernizadora en la periferia: las reformas del Egipto de Muhammad Ali (1805-1848)”, Scripta Nova. Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, n.º 8, Barcelona, 1 de octubre de 1997, disponible en http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn-8.htm, [consultado 27 de mayo de 2020].
PFAFF, William, “Choque de valores culturales, Política Exterior, vol. 20, n.º 114, 2006, pp. 57-65.
PIPES, Daniel, Slave-Soldiers and Islam: The Genesis of a Military System, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1981.
PIPES, Daniel, In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power, Basic Books, New York, 1993.
POSUSNEY, Marsha Pripstein y ANGRIST, Michele Penner (eds.), Authoritarianism in The Middle East: Regimes and Resistance, Lynne Rienner Publisher, Boulder, Colo., 2005.
PRASHAD, Vijay, Las naciones oscuras. Una historia del Tercer Mundo, Península, Barcelona, 2012.
PUTNAM, Robert, “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games”, International Organization, vol. 42, n.º 3, 1988, pp. 427-460.
RICE, Condolezza, “Rethinking National Interest. American Realism for a New World”, Foreign Affairs, vol. 87, n.º 4, 2008, pp. 2-26.
SAID, Edward W., Orientalism, Pantheon Books, New York, 1978.
SAID, Edward W., Cultura e imperialismo, Anagrama, Barcelona, 1996.
SAID, Edward W., Cubriendo el islam. Cómo los medios de comunicación y los expertos determinan nuestra visión del mundo, Debate, Barcelona, 2005a.
SAID, Edward W., Reflexiones sobre el exilio, Debate, Barcelona, 2005b.
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