Rekindling the Flame. Salvador de Madariaga and the Renewal of Liberalism (1945-1962)
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Published
01-10-2021
Luis Domínguez Castro
José Ramón Rodríguez Lago
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0894-1641
José Ramón Rodríguez Lago
Abstract
This article focuses its study on the role played by Salvador de Madariaga within two of the main transnational networks that advocated promoting liberal postulates after World War II. The Liberal International and the Mont Pèlerin Society were born almost in unison in post-war Europe as heirs to the debates and networks that emerged in the 1930s. Between 1945 and 1962 Madariaga devoted himself to the cause to rekindle the flame of a liberalism suffocated by totalitarianism and the interventionist drift of nation-states. His activity in both organizations allows us to deepen the understanding of the personal, intellectual and financial networks that conditioned the trajectory of liberalism in the central decades of the 20th century.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
Liberalism, Madariaga, Liberal International, Mont Pèlerin Society, Röpke
References
BROWNE, Waldo R., Leviathan in Crisis, New York, The Viking Press, New York, 1947.
BURGIN, Angus, The Great Persuasion. Reinventing Free Markets since the depression, Harvard University Press, 2012.
DENORD, François, "French Neoliberalism and its Divisions: From the Colloque Walter Lippmann to the Fifth Republic", en MIROWSKI P. y Dieter PLEHWE, D. (ed.), 2009, pp. 45–67.
DOMÍNGUEZ CASTRO, Luis y RODRÍGUEZ LAGO, J. R, "Salvador de Madariaga, maestro constructor de Europa", en FORNER, Salvador y SENANTE, Heidy-Cristina (eds.) Miradas a Europa. Percepciones y relatos desde España, Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, Madrid, 2020, pp. 115-133.
FORNER MUÑOZ, S. y SENANTE BERENDES, H. “El relato comunista de la integración europea: ideología y estrategia política”, Revista de Estudios Políticos, 187, 2020, pp. 137-165.
GHILHOT, Nicolas, The Invention of International Relations Theory: Realism, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the 1954 Conference on Theory, Columbia University Press, New York, 2011.
GLONDYS, Olga, La guerra fría cultural y el exilio republicano español: “Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura” (1953-1965), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, 2012.
GLONDYS, Olga, “El Asociacionismo internacional de los exiliados republicanos: el caso del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura (1950-1967)”, en J. A. Blanco, A. Dacosta (eds.), El Asociacionismo de la Emigración Española en el Exterior, Sílex, Madrid, 2014, pp. 581-592.
GONZÁLEZ CUEVAS, P. C., “Salvador de Madariaga, pensador político”, Revista de Estudios Políticos, vol. 66, 1989 a, pp. 145-18.
GONZÁLEZ CUEVAS, P. C., “El pensamiento político de Salvador de Madariaga”, Hispania: revista española de historia, vol. 49, 171, 1989 b, pp. 267-307.
GONZÁLEZ CUEVAS, P. C., “La crisis del liberalismo en Salvador de Madariaga”, Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea, vol. 11, 1989 c, pp. 73-102.
GRACIA, Jordi, José Ortega y Gasset, Taurus, Madrid, 2014.
HAYEK, Friedrich von, The Road to Serfdom, Routledge Press, Londres, 1944.
KEYNES, J. Maynard, The End of Laissez-Faire, Hogarth, Londres, 1927.
LIPPMANN, Walter, The Good Society, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1937.
MADARIAGA, Salvador de, Anarquía o jerarquía, Aguilar, Madrid, 1935.
MADARIAGA, Salvador de, Democracy versus liberty? The faith of a liberal heretic, Pall Mall Press, Londres, 1958.
MARTÍN DE LA GUARDIA, Ricardo y PÉREZ SÁNCHEZ, Guillermo, La Unión Soviética ante el espejo de las comunidades europeas. De la Europa sovietizada a la casa común europea (1957-1988), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, 2017.
MIROWSKI, P, "Defining Neoliberalism", en MIROWSKI, Philip y PLEHWE, Dieter (eds.), The Road from Mont Pèlerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 2009, pp. 417-455.
NAVASCUÉS, Santiago de, La trayectoria política e intelectual de Salvador de Madariaga, Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Navarra, 2020.
NITZSCHE, Thomas, Salvador de Madariaga: Liberaler - Spanier - Weltbürger. Der Weg eines politischen Intellektuellen durch das Europa des 20 Jahrhunderts, Nomos Verlagsges, Baden-Baden, 2009.
ORSINA, G., “La globalizzazione dal volto umano. L’ideologia dell’internazionalismo liberale, 1945-1989”, en G. ORSINA (ed.), Culture politiche e leadership nell’Europa degli anni Ottanta, Rubbettino, Soveria Mannelli, 2012, pp. 65-168.
ORSINA, G., “Internationalism and Europeanism in the ideology of European Liberalism, 1945-1989”, en L. BONFRESCHI, G. ORSINA, A. VARSORI (eds.), European Parties and the Integration Process, 1945-1992, Peter Lang, Berna, 2015, pp. 277-296.
ORTEGA Y GASSET, José, “Notas del vago estío”, en ORTEGA Y GASET, J., El Espectador V, Revista de Occidente, Madrid, 1927.
ORTEGA Y GASSET, José, La rebelión de las masas, Revista de Occidente, Madrid, 1930.
PHILLIPS-FEIN, Kim, "Business Conservatives and the Mont Pèlerin Society", en MIROWSKI, P. y PLEHWE, D. (eds.), Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 2009, pp. 280-301.
PLEHWE, Dieter, "The Origins of the Neoliberal Economic Development Discourse", en MIROWSKI, P. y PLEHWE, D. (eds), Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 2009, pp. 238-279.
PTACK, Ralph, "Neoliberalism in Germany: Revisiting the Ordoliberal Foundations of the Social Market Economy", en MIROWSKI, P. y PLEHWE, D. (ed.), Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 2009, pp. 98-138.
SANTIRSO RODRÍGUEZ, Manuel, El liberalismo: una herencia disputada, Cátedra, Madrid, 2014.
SCOTT, John H. MacCallum, World Liberalism, Liberal International (World Liberal Union), Londres, 1947.
SCOTT, John H. MacCallum, "Towards a Free World", The Australian Quarterly, Vol. 21, 4 (Dec. 1949), pp. 48-54.
SCOTT, John H. MacCallum, Experiment in Internationalism: A Study in International Politics, Allen & Unwin, Londres, 1967.
SINCLAIR, Huntly M. The principles of International Trade, The Macmillan Company, Nueva York, 1932.
SMITH, J., A Sense of Liberty: the History of the Liberal International 1947-1997, Liberal International, Londres, 1997.
RODRÍGUEZ LAGO, J. R., “American Friends. Salvador de Madariaga y sus redes en los Estados Unidos (1927-1959)”, Revista do Instituto José Cornide de Estudios Coruñeses, 2018 a, pp. 71-94.
RODRÍGUEZ LAGO, J. R., “Expolio y redención de un liberal. Salvador de Madariaga y Eduardo García de Enterría frente al Estado del 18 de julio (1937-1971)”, Historia del Presente, 30, 2018 b, pp. 49-60.
RÖPKE, Willhelm, International Economic Disintegration, William Hodge and Company, Londres, 1942 a.
RÖPKE, Willhelm, Die Gesellschaftskrisis der Gegentwart, Eugen Rentsch Verlag, Erlencbach-Zürich, 1942 b; edición en inglés The Social Crisis of Our Time, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1950.
SYLVEST, C., British Liberal Internationalism 1880-1930: Making Progress?, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2009.
THIEMEYER, Guido, “Transnational Cooperation of Liberal Parties in Europe, 1945-1976”, en L. BONFRESCHI, G. ORSINA, A. VARSORI (eds.), European Parties and the Integration Process, 1945-1992, Peter Lang, Berna, 2015, pp. 277-296.
TRIBE, Keith, "Liberalism and Neoliberalism in Britain", en MIROWSKI, P. y PLEHWE, D. (ed.), Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 2009, pp. 98-138.
VICTORIA GIL, Octavio, Vida y obra trilingüe de Salvador de Madariaga, 2 volúmenes, Centro de Estudios Ramón Areces, Madrid, 1990.
ZIELIŃSKI, Aleksander M. "The Bilderberg Conferences: A Transnational Informal Governance Network", en Alejandra SALAS-PORRAS y Georgina MURRAY (Eds.) Think Tanks and Global Politics. Key Spaces in the Structure of Power, Palgrave Macmillan, Nueva York, 2017.
BURGIN, Angus, The Great Persuasion. Reinventing Free Markets since the depression, Harvard University Press, 2012.
DENORD, François, "French Neoliberalism and its Divisions: From the Colloque Walter Lippmann to the Fifth Republic", en MIROWSKI P. y Dieter PLEHWE, D. (ed.), 2009, pp. 45–67.
DOMÍNGUEZ CASTRO, Luis y RODRÍGUEZ LAGO, J. R, "Salvador de Madariaga, maestro constructor de Europa", en FORNER, Salvador y SENANTE, Heidy-Cristina (eds.) Miradas a Europa. Percepciones y relatos desde España, Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, Madrid, 2020, pp. 115-133.
FORNER MUÑOZ, S. y SENANTE BERENDES, H. “El relato comunista de la integración europea: ideología y estrategia política”, Revista de Estudios Políticos, 187, 2020, pp. 137-165.
GHILHOT, Nicolas, The Invention of International Relations Theory: Realism, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the 1954 Conference on Theory, Columbia University Press, New York, 2011.
GLONDYS, Olga, La guerra fría cultural y el exilio republicano español: “Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura” (1953-1965), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, 2012.
GLONDYS, Olga, “El Asociacionismo internacional de los exiliados republicanos: el caso del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura (1950-1967)”, en J. A. Blanco, A. Dacosta (eds.), El Asociacionismo de la Emigración Española en el Exterior, Sílex, Madrid, 2014, pp. 581-592.
GONZÁLEZ CUEVAS, P. C., “Salvador de Madariaga, pensador político”, Revista de Estudios Políticos, vol. 66, 1989 a, pp. 145-18.
GONZÁLEZ CUEVAS, P. C., “El pensamiento político de Salvador de Madariaga”, Hispania: revista española de historia, vol. 49, 171, 1989 b, pp. 267-307.
GONZÁLEZ CUEVAS, P. C., “La crisis del liberalismo en Salvador de Madariaga”, Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea, vol. 11, 1989 c, pp. 73-102.
GRACIA, Jordi, José Ortega y Gasset, Taurus, Madrid, 2014.
HAYEK, Friedrich von, The Road to Serfdom, Routledge Press, Londres, 1944.
KEYNES, J. Maynard, The End of Laissez-Faire, Hogarth, Londres, 1927.
LIPPMANN, Walter, The Good Society, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1937.
MADARIAGA, Salvador de, Anarquía o jerarquía, Aguilar, Madrid, 1935.
MADARIAGA, Salvador de, Democracy versus liberty? The faith of a liberal heretic, Pall Mall Press, Londres, 1958.
MARTÍN DE LA GUARDIA, Ricardo y PÉREZ SÁNCHEZ, Guillermo, La Unión Soviética ante el espejo de las comunidades europeas. De la Europa sovietizada a la casa común europea (1957-1988), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, 2017.
MIROWSKI, P, "Defining Neoliberalism", en MIROWSKI, Philip y PLEHWE, Dieter (eds.), The Road from Mont Pèlerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 2009, pp. 417-455.
NAVASCUÉS, Santiago de, La trayectoria política e intelectual de Salvador de Madariaga, Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Navarra, 2020.
NITZSCHE, Thomas, Salvador de Madariaga: Liberaler - Spanier - Weltbürger. Der Weg eines politischen Intellektuellen durch das Europa des 20 Jahrhunderts, Nomos Verlagsges, Baden-Baden, 2009.
ORSINA, G., “La globalizzazione dal volto umano. L’ideologia dell’internazionalismo liberale, 1945-1989”, en G. ORSINA (ed.), Culture politiche e leadership nell’Europa degli anni Ottanta, Rubbettino, Soveria Mannelli, 2012, pp. 65-168.
ORSINA, G., “Internationalism and Europeanism in the ideology of European Liberalism, 1945-1989”, en L. BONFRESCHI, G. ORSINA, A. VARSORI (eds.), European Parties and the Integration Process, 1945-1992, Peter Lang, Berna, 2015, pp. 277-296.
ORTEGA Y GASSET, José, “Notas del vago estío”, en ORTEGA Y GASET, J., El Espectador V, Revista de Occidente, Madrid, 1927.
ORTEGA Y GASSET, José, La rebelión de las masas, Revista de Occidente, Madrid, 1930.
PHILLIPS-FEIN, Kim, "Business Conservatives and the Mont Pèlerin Society", en MIROWSKI, P. y PLEHWE, D. (eds.), Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 2009, pp. 280-301.
PLEHWE, Dieter, "The Origins of the Neoliberal Economic Development Discourse", en MIROWSKI, P. y PLEHWE, D. (eds), Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 2009, pp. 238-279.
PTACK, Ralph, "Neoliberalism in Germany: Revisiting the Ordoliberal Foundations of the Social Market Economy", en MIROWSKI, P. y PLEHWE, D. (ed.), Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 2009, pp. 98-138.
SANTIRSO RODRÍGUEZ, Manuel, El liberalismo: una herencia disputada, Cátedra, Madrid, 2014.
SCOTT, John H. MacCallum, World Liberalism, Liberal International (World Liberal Union), Londres, 1947.
SCOTT, John H. MacCallum, "Towards a Free World", The Australian Quarterly, Vol. 21, 4 (Dec. 1949), pp. 48-54.
SCOTT, John H. MacCallum, Experiment in Internationalism: A Study in International Politics, Allen & Unwin, Londres, 1967.
SINCLAIR, Huntly M. The principles of International Trade, The Macmillan Company, Nueva York, 1932.
SMITH, J., A Sense of Liberty: the History of the Liberal International 1947-1997, Liberal International, Londres, 1997.
RODRÍGUEZ LAGO, J. R., “American Friends. Salvador de Madariaga y sus redes en los Estados Unidos (1927-1959)”, Revista do Instituto José Cornide de Estudios Coruñeses, 2018 a, pp. 71-94.
RODRÍGUEZ LAGO, J. R., “Expolio y redención de un liberal. Salvador de Madariaga y Eduardo García de Enterría frente al Estado del 18 de julio (1937-1971)”, Historia del Presente, 30, 2018 b, pp. 49-60.
RÖPKE, Willhelm, International Economic Disintegration, William Hodge and Company, Londres, 1942 a.
RÖPKE, Willhelm, Die Gesellschaftskrisis der Gegentwart, Eugen Rentsch Verlag, Erlencbach-Zürich, 1942 b; edición en inglés The Social Crisis of Our Time, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1950.
SYLVEST, C., British Liberal Internationalism 1880-1930: Making Progress?, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2009.
THIEMEYER, Guido, “Transnational Cooperation of Liberal Parties in Europe, 1945-1976”, en L. BONFRESCHI, G. ORSINA, A. VARSORI (eds.), European Parties and the Integration Process, 1945-1992, Peter Lang, Berna, 2015, pp. 277-296.
TRIBE, Keith, "Liberalism and Neoliberalism in Britain", en MIROWSKI, P. y PLEHWE, D. (ed.), Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 2009, pp. 98-138.
VICTORIA GIL, Octavio, Vida y obra trilingüe de Salvador de Madariaga, 2 volúmenes, Centro de Estudios Ramón Areces, Madrid, 1990.
ZIELIŃSKI, Aleksander M. "The Bilderberg Conferences: A Transnational Informal Governance Network", en Alejandra SALAS-PORRAS y Georgina MURRAY (Eds.) Think Tanks and Global Politics. Key Spaces in the Structure of Power, Palgrave Macmillan, Nueva York, 2017.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors publishing in the journal Historia Contemporánea agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain full copyright of their papers, but also grant copyright to the academic publisher (UPV/EHU Press) for the purposes of copyright management, vigilance and protection.
- Papers are by default published with a non-restrictive Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0. You are free to: Share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
- If an author requires a more restricted CC license (e.g. CC-BY-SA), this can be provided by contacting our publisher at: publications@ehu.eus
- In particular, and without having to request additional permission, CC BY-NC-ND licensed papers can be deposited in institutional repositories and academic web sites.
- Postprints (i.e. accepted but non-edited versions of the manuscript) can also be pre-published online, providing acknowledgement of authorship and source is specified as above.
For non-standard uses of papers or materials published in Historia Contemporánea, please contact our publisher UPV/EHU Press at: publications@ehu.eus