Attempts for Global Reach of Party of Labor of Albania: Support for Marxist-Leninist Parties and Groups during the Cold War.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9080-4808
Abstract
This article explores the relationship between socialist Albania and Marxist-Leninist parties and groups after the country broke relations with the Soviet Union in 1961. The analysis focuses on Albania’s efforts to establish a network of like-minded parties and provide political-military training to their cadres. While Albania, received financial support from China, aiming to leverage these connections for diplomatic and ideological influence, evidence suggests that by the 1970s, the Albanian leadership primarily used these associations for internal political legitimacy and influencing international opinion during a period of diplomatic isolation.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Socialist Albania, Marxist-Leninist Parties, Political-Military Training, Ideological Influence, Diplomatic Isolation
AKADEMIA E SHKENCAVE E RPS TË SHQIPËRISË, Sektori i Enciklopedisë, “Marksizëm-Leninizmi në Shqipëri [Marxism-Leninism in Albania]”, in AKADEMIA E SHKENCAVE E RPS TË SHQIPËRISË, Sektori i Enciklopedisë, Fjalori Enciklopedik Shqiptar [Albanian Encyclopedic Dictionary], Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Tirana, 1985, pp. 927.
AKADEMIA E SHKENCAVE E RPS TË SHQIPËRISË, Sektori i Enciklopedisë, “Shtëpia Botuese ‘8 Nëntori’ [Publishing House “8 Nëntori’],” in AKADEMIA E SHKENCAVE E RPS TË SHQIPËRISË, Sektori i Enciklopedisë, Fjalori Enciklopedik Shqiptar [Albanian Encyclopedic Dictionary], Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Tirana, 1985, pp. 927.
BORIÇI, Gjon, Marrëdhëniet Shqiptaro-Kineze në Luftën e ftohtë, 1956–1978 [Albanian-Chinese Relations during the Cold War: 1956–1978], Mirgeeralb Press, Tirana, 2016.
BORIÇI, Gjon, “Dorëheqja e detyruar e Enver Hoxhës si kryeministër i RPSh-së dhe kredia e parë kineze akorduar Shqipërisë [The forced resignation of Enver Hoxha as Prime Minister of the People’ Rep. of Alb. and the first Chinese loan granted to Albania],” Studime Historike, 2019, pp. 217-239.
BORIÇI, Gjon, “Kreditё Sovjetike akorduar Shqipёrisё nё periudhёn 1945-1960 [Soviet loans granted to Albania in the period 1945-1960],” Studime Historike, no. 1, 2022, pp. 151-175.
FISCHER, Bernd J., “Perceptions and reality in twentieth-century Albanian military prowess,” Përpjekja, 15-16, 1999, pp. 136-142.
GASZTOLD, Przemysław, and KËLLIÇI, Klejdi, «PRL, kraje socjalistyczne i Globalne Południe w latach 1955-1990. Stan badań i postulaty», Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość, vol. 41, no. 1, 2023, pp. 51-92.
HOXHA, Enver. Report to the 4th Congress of the Party of Labour of Albania. [Electronic Resource]. Marxist Internet Archive, Enver Hoxha Archive, February 13, 1961.https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/report_to_the_4.congress_of_the_pla.pdf. [Date of consultation: January 11, 2024].
HOXHA, Enver. The Fist of the Marxist-Leninist Communists Must Also Smash Left Adventurism, the Offspring of Modern Revisionism. [Electronic Resource]. Marxist Internet Archive, Enver Hoxha Archive, October 21, 1968. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/1968/10/21.htm. [Date of consultation: November 24, 2023].
HOXHA, Enver. The Marxist-Leninist Movement and the World Crisis of Capitalism. [Electronic Resource]. Marxist Internet Archive, Enver Hoxha Archive, August 1979. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/marxist-leninist.htm. [Date of consultation: January 12, 2024].
HOXHA, Nexhmije. 'Bugajski Hour', Nexhmije Hoxha përballë Janusz Bugajskit [Nexhmije Hoxha in front of Janusz Bugajski]. [Video]. Bugajski, J. (Interviewer), March 23, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mZYzyBWooo&t=284s. [Date of consultation: October 17, 2023].
KABA, Hamit, “Konflikti shqiptaro-sovjetik në optikën e fqinjëve të Shqipërisë [The Soviet-Albanian conflict as seen by Albania’s nearby countries],” Studime Historike, 01-02, 2010, pp. 167-185.
KABA, Hamit, “Politika e Perëndimit ndaj Shqipërisë gjatë krizës shqiptaro-sovjetike [The Western Politics towards Albania during the Albanian - Soviet Crisis],” Studime Historike, 03-04, 2010, pp. 139-164.
KËLLIÇI, Klejd, “The PLO and Communist Albania: Cold War Relations,” Journal of Palestinian Studies, vol. 50, no. 4, 2021, pp. 53-66.
KËLLIÇI, Klejd, “Albania and Libya: A Distant Cold War Relationship,” PAMIĘĆ i SPRAWIEDLIWOŚĆ, no. 41, 2023, pp. 149-165.
KOURA, Jan, and WATERS, Robert Anthony, “‘Africanos’ versus ‘Africanitos’ the Soviet-Czechoslovak Competition to Protect the Cuban Revolution,” The International History Review, vol. 43, no. 1, 2021, pp. 72–89.
LALAJ, Ana, “The Soviet-Yugoslav Break and Albania,” Studia Albanica, vol. 39, no. 02, 2005, pp. 123-128.
LALAJ, Ana, “Shqipëria dhe Informbyroja [Albania and Cominform],” Studime Historike, 03-04, 2009, pp. 103-138.
LALAJ, Ana, “Ndarja me sovjetikët dhe aleatja e fundit e Shqipërisë komuniste [The Separation from the Soviets and the Last Ally of the Communist Albania],” Studime Historike, 03-04, 2010, pp. 239-257.
MARKU, Ylber, “Communist Relations in Crisis: The End of Soviet-Albanian Relations, and the Sino-Soviet Split, 1960–1961,” The International History Review, vol. 42, no. 4, 2020, pp. 813-832.
MARKU, Ylber, “Stories from the international communist movement: the Chinese front in Europe and the limits of the anti-revisionist struggle,” Cold War History, vol. 21, no. 2, 2021, pp. 139-157.
MËHILLI, Elidor, “Defying de-stalinization: Albania’s 1956,” Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 13, no. 4, 2011, pp. 4-56.
MËHILLI, Elidor, “States of Insecurity,” The International History Review, vol. 37, no. 5, 2015, pp. 1037–1058.
MËHILLI, Elidor, From Stalin to Mao. Albania and the Socialist Word, Cornell University Press, New York, 2017.
MUEHLENBECK, Philip E., and TELEPNEVA, Natalia, Warsaw Pact Intervention in the Third World: Aid and Influence in the Cold War, Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 2018.
NGJELA, Spartak, Përkulja dhe rënia e tiranisë shqiptare 1957-2010 [The decline and fall of the Albanian tyranny 1957-2010], UET Press, Tirana, 2011.
POPA, Agim. Opinion - Agim Popa. [Video]. Fevziu, B. (Interviewer), August 24, 2009. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHcMSHAJQmw. [Date of consultation: January 14, 2024].
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors publishing in the journal Historia Contemporánea agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain full copyright of their papers, but also grant copyright to the academic publisher (UPV/EHU Press) for the purposes of copyright management, vigilance and protection.
- Papers are by default published with a non-restrictive Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0. You are free to: Share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
- If an author requires a more restricted CC license (e.g. CC-BY-SA), this can be provided by contacting our publisher at: publications@ehu.eus
- In particular, and without having to request additional permission, CC BY-NC-ND licensed papers can be deposited in institutional repositories and academic web sites.
- Postprints (i.e. accepted but non-edited versions of the manuscript) can also be pre-published online, providing acknowledgement of authorship and source is specified as above.
For non-standard uses of papers or materials published in Historia Contemporánea, please contact our publisher UPV/EHU Press at: publications@ehu.eus