Language disorderds in schizophrenia: One hundred year of study
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Published
06/12/2024
Patricia Insua
Pello Huizi
Jorge Grijalvo
Abstract
The research on the nature of schizophrenic thought and language has developed from clinical psychogenic and descriptive theories into reliable and operational measurement systems. To start with, this article reviews early approaches which maintained that the thought of people with schizophrenia was “paralogical” and that their speech was childish and often unintelligible, and the studies on “verbal behavior”, developed during the supremacy of behaviorism and strongly criticized later by the cognitive paradigm. Next, the paper examines thoroughly the psycholinguistic research carried out in the second half of the 20th century, specially the one on communication. This research revealed deficits at different levels of the speech, but particularly at the “high” levels of processing. Finally, we review the most recent studies, according to which speech of people with schizophrenia is related to at least three causal factors: a) inability to focus the attention, b) failure in the executive function, and c) random access to memories that are conveyed although they do not fit in with the context. We come to the conclusion that two things must be done in the future: to design tasks specific to investigate the early stages of the processing in this pathology (in order to explain the role
played by the purely “linguistic” processes in the language and the thought of people with schizophrenia), as well as to improve the models of natural speech production in order to give a better account of the processes carried out in the early stages of language production.
How to Cite
Insua, P., Huizi, P., & Grijalvo, J. (2024). Language disorderds in schizophrenia: One hundred year of study. Gogoa, 24. https://doi.org/10.1387/gogoa.26054
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Keywords
schizophrenia, language, thought, communication
References
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Andreasen, N. C. 1979. “Thought, language and communication disorders. Clinical assessment, definition of terms and evaluation of their reliability”. Archives of General Psychiatry 36: 1315-23.
Andreasen, N. C., R. E. Hoffman eta W. M. Grove. 1985. “Mapping abnormalities in language and cognition”. In A. Alpert (arg.), Controversies in schizophrenia: changes and constancies. New York: Guilford Press, 199-226.
Belinchón, M. 1986. Producción verbal y esquizofrenia: Una aproximación psicolingüística al estudio de las alteraciones del discurso. Doktoretza-tesi argitaragabea.
Belinchón, M. 1987. “Lenguaje”. In J. M. Ruiz-Vargas (arg.), Esquizofrenia: Un enfoque cognitivo. Madril: Alianza, 209-58.
Belinchón, M. 1988. “Hacia una caracterización empírica del lenguaje esquizofrénico”. Estudios de Psicología 33-34: 157-89.
Belinchón, M. 1991. “Comunicación y lenguaje en la esquizofrenia”. In C. Castilla del Pino eta J. M. Ruiz Vargas (arg.), Aspectos cognitivos de la esquizofrenia. Madril: Trotta, 99-122.
Belinchón, M., J. M. Igoa eta A. Rivière. 1992. Psicología del lenguaje. Investigación y teoría. Madril: Trotta.
Benson, D. F. 1973. “Psychiatric aspects of aphasia”. British Journal of Psychiatry 123: 555-56.
Bleuler, E. 1960 [1911]. Demencia precoz o el grupo de las esquizofrenias. Buenos Aires: Horme.
Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt.
Brown, R. 1973. “Schizophrenia, language and reality”. American Psychologist 28: 395-403.
Butterworth, B. 1985. “Jargon aphasia: Processes and strategies”. In S. Newman eta R. Epstein (arg.), Current perspectives in disphasia. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 61-96.
Cameron, N. 1938a. “A study of thinking in senile deterioration and communication in schizophrenics”. American Journal of Psychology 51: 650-65.
Cameron, N. 1938b. “Reasoning, regression and communicationn in schizophrenia”. Psychological Monographs, 221 (ale osoa).
Cameron, N. 1944. “Experimental analysis of schizophrenic thinking”. In J. S. Kasanin (arg.), Language and thought in schizophrenia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 50-64.
Cantor-Graae, E., S. Warkentin eta A. Nilsson. 1995. “Neuropsychological assesment of schizophrenic patients during a psychotic episode: persistent cognitive deficit?”. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 91: 283-88.
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Chaika, E. 1974. “A linguistic looks at ‘Schizophrenic’ language”. Brain and Language 1: 257-76.
Chaika, E. 1981. “How shall a discourse be understood?”. Discourse Processes 4: 71-88.
Chaika, E. 1982. “A unified explanation for the diverse structural deviations reported for adult schizophrenics with disrupted speech”. Journal of Communication Disorders 15: 167-89.
Chaika, E. 1990. Understandig psychotic speech: Beyond Freud and Chomsky. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.
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Chapman, J. L., Chapman, J. P. eta Miller, G. A. 1964. “A theory of verbal behavior in schizophrenia”. In B. Maher (arg.), Progress in experimental personality research (Vol. 1). New York: Academic Press, 135-67.
Cohen, B. D. 1976. “Referent communication in schizophrenia: The perseverative-chaining model. In K. Salzinger (arg.), Psychology in progress: An international report. 270. bol. New York: Annals of the New York Academic of Sciences, 124-40.
Condray, R., D. P. Van Kammen, S. R. Steinhauer, A. Kasparek eta J. K. Yao. 1995. “Language comprehension in schizophrenia: trait or state indicator?”. Biological Psychiatry 38 (5): 287-96.
Crow, T. 1998. “Nuclear symptoms as a window on the relationship between thought and speech”. British Journal of Psychiatry 173: 303-9.
Crow, T. 2000. “La esquizofrenia como el precio que paga el Homo sapiens por el lenguaje: una solución a la paradoja central en el origen de la especie”. In J. Sanjuán (arg.), Evolución cerebral y psicopatología. Madril: Triacastela, 195-226.
Crow, T. J., D. J. Done eta A. Sacker. 1995. “Chilhood precursors of psychosis as clues to its evolutionary origins”. European Archives of Psychiatry 245-2: 61-69.
Cutting, J. eta D. Murphy. 1990. “Preference for denotative as opossed to connotative meanings in schizophrenics. Brain and Language 39: 459-68.
Docherty, N. M. eta S. W. Gordinier. 1999. “Immediate memory, attention and communication disturbances in schizophrenia patients and their relatives”. Psychological Medicine 29-1: 189-97.
Docherty, N. M., I. M. Evans, W. H. Sledge, J. P. Seibyl eta J. H. Krystal. 1994. “Affective reactivity of language in schizophrenia”. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 182-2: 98-102.
Docherty, N. M., M. Schmur eta P. D. Harvey. 1988. “Reference performance and positive and negative thought disorder: A follow-up study of manics and schizophrenics”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 97: 437-42.
Docherty, N. M., J. P. Rhibewine, R. P. Labhart eta S. W. Gordinier. 1998. “Communication disturbances and family psychiatric history in parents of schizophrenic patients”. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 186 (12): 761-68.
Done, J. eta C. D. Frith. 1984. “The effect of context during word perception in schizophrenic patients”. Brain and Language 23: 318-36.
Duncan, C. 1988. “Even-related brain potentials: A window of information processing in schizophrenia”. Schizophrenia Bulletin 14: 199-203.
Duncan-Johnson, C. eta E. Donchin. 1982. “The P300 component of the event related brain potential as an index of information processing”. Biological Psychology 14: 1-52.
Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. eta B. Cornblatt. 1978. “Attentional measures in a study of children at high risk for schizophrenia”. In L. C. Wynne eta R. L. Mathyse (arg.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley, 93-98.
Franke, P., W. Maier, J. Hardt, C. Hain eta B. A. Cornblatt. 1994. “Attentional abilities and measures of schizotypy: Their variation and covariation in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and normal control subjects. Psychiatry Research 54-3: 259-72.
Frith, C. D. 1992. The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. London: Psychology Press.
Frith, C. D. eta H. A. Allen. 1988. “Language disorders in schizophrenia and their implications for neuropsychology”. In P. Bebbington eta P. McGuffin (arg.), Schizophrenia: The major issues. Oxford: Heinemann, 172-86.
Fromkin, V. 1975. “A linguistic look at ‘A linguistic looks at ‘Schizophrenic’ language’”. Brain and Language 2: 498-503.
Gazzaniga, M. 1992. Nature’s mind: The biological roots of thinking, emotions, sexuality, language, and intelligence. New York: Basic Books.
Gerson, S. N., D. F. Benson eta S. H. Frazier. 1977. “Diagnosis: Schizophrenia vs. posterior aphasia”. American Journal of Psychiatry 134: 966-69.
Gerver, D. 1967. “Linguistic rules and the perception and recall of speech by schizophrenic patients”. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 6: 204-11.
Glucksberg, S., R. M. Krauss eta R. Weisberg. 1966. “Referential communication in nursery school children: Method and some preliminary findings”. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 3: 333-42.
Good, D. 1990. “Repair and cooperation in conversation”. In P. Luff, N. Gilbert eta D. Frohlich (arg.), Computers and conversation. London: Academic Press, 133-50.
Gottschalk, L. A., G. C. Gleser, E. G. Maglioco eta T. L. D’Zmura. 1961. “Further studies on the speech patterns of schizophrenic patients: Measuring inter-individual differences in relative degree of personal disorganization and social alienation”.
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 132: 101-13.
Grice, H. P. 1975. “Logic and conversation”. In R. Cole eta J. Morgan (arg.), Syntax and Semantics (3. bol.), Speech acts. New York: Academic Press, 41-58.
Grijalvo, J. 1991. Evolución clínica de distintos subtipos de esquizofrenia con especial refeencia al lenguaje. Doktore-tesi argitaragabea.
Halliday, M. A. eta R. Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in spoken and written English. London: Longmans.
Harvey, P. D. 1983. “Speech competence in maniac and schizophrenic psychoses: The association between clinically rated thought disorder and cohesion and reference perfomance”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 92: 368-77.
Harvey, P. D., S. Weintraub eta J. M. Neale. 1982. “Speech competence of children vulnerable to psychopathology”. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 10: 373-88.
Harrow, M. eta J. G. Miller. 1985. “Schizophrenic thought disorders and impaired perspective”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 89: 717-27.
Hemsley, D. eta P. Richardson. 1980. “Shadowing by context in schizophrenia”. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 168: 141-45.
Hoffman, R. E. 1986. “Verbal hallucinations and language production processes in schizophrenia”. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9: 503-48.
Insúa, P., J. Grijalvo eta P. Huici. 2001. “Alteraciones del lenguaje en la esquizofrenia: síntomas clínicos y medidas psicolingüísticas”. Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría XXI, 78: 27-50.
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Maher, B. A. 1966. Principles of psychopathology. New York: Mc-Graw Hill.
Miller, B. 1984. “Semantic misinterpretation of ambiguous communications in schizophrenia”. Archives of General Psychiatry 30: 435-40.
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Andreasen, N. C. 1979. “Thought, language and communication disorders. Clinical assessment, definition of terms and evaluation of their reliability”. Archives of General Psychiatry 36: 1315-23.
Andreasen, N. C., R. E. Hoffman eta W. M. Grove. 1985. “Mapping abnormalities in language and cognition”. In A. Alpert (arg.), Controversies in schizophrenia: changes and constancies. New York: Guilford Press, 199-226.
Belinchón, M. 1986. Producción verbal y esquizofrenia: Una aproximación psicolingüística al estudio de las alteraciones del discurso. Doktoretza-tesi argitaragabea.
Belinchón, M. 1987. “Lenguaje”. In J. M. Ruiz-Vargas (arg.), Esquizofrenia: Un enfoque cognitivo. Madril: Alianza, 209-58.
Belinchón, M. 1988. “Hacia una caracterización empírica del lenguaje esquizofrénico”. Estudios de Psicología 33-34: 157-89.
Belinchón, M. 1991. “Comunicación y lenguaje en la esquizofrenia”. In C. Castilla del Pino eta J. M. Ruiz Vargas (arg.), Aspectos cognitivos de la esquizofrenia. Madril: Trotta, 99-122.
Belinchón, M., J. M. Igoa eta A. Rivière. 1992. Psicología del lenguaje. Investigación y teoría. Madril: Trotta.
Benson, D. F. 1973. “Psychiatric aspects of aphasia”. British Journal of Psychiatry 123: 555-56.
Bleuler, E. 1960 [1911]. Demencia precoz o el grupo de las esquizofrenias. Buenos Aires: Horme.
Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt.
Brown, R. 1973. “Schizophrenia, language and reality”. American Psychologist 28: 395-403.
Butterworth, B. 1985. “Jargon aphasia: Processes and strategies”. In S. Newman eta R. Epstein (arg.), Current perspectives in disphasia. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 61-96.
Cameron, N. 1938a. “A study of thinking in senile deterioration and communication in schizophrenics”. American Journal of Psychology 51: 650-65.
Cameron, N. 1938b. “Reasoning, regression and communicationn in schizophrenia”. Psychological Monographs, 221 (ale osoa).
Cameron, N. 1944. “Experimental analysis of schizophrenic thinking”. In J. S. Kasanin (arg.), Language and thought in schizophrenia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 50-64.
Cantor-Graae, E., S. Warkentin eta A. Nilsson. 1995. “Neuropsychological assesment of schizophrenic patients during a psychotic episode: persistent cognitive deficit?”. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 91: 283-88.
Chafe, W. 1994. Discourse, consciousness, and time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chafe, W. 1999. “Language and the flow of thought”. In M. Tomasello (arg.), The new psychology of language. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 87-104.
Chaika, E. 1974. “A linguistic looks at ‘Schizophrenic’ language”. Brain and Language 1: 257-76.
Chaika, E. 1981. “How shall a discourse be understood?”. Discourse Processes 4: 71-88.
Chaika, E. 1982. “A unified explanation for the diverse structural deviations reported for adult schizophrenics with disrupted speech”. Journal of Communication Disorders 15: 167-89.
Chaika, E. 1990. Understandig psychotic speech: Beyond Freud and Chomsky. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.
Chaika, E. 1995. “On analysing schizophrenic speech: what model should we use?”. In A. Sims (arg.), Speech and language disorders in psychiatry. London: Gaskell, 47-56.
Chaika, E. 2000. Linguistics, pragmatics and psychotherapy. London: Whurr Publishers.
Chapman, J. L. 1960. “Confusion of figural and literal usages of words by schizophrenics and brain damaged patientes”. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60: 412-16.
Chapman, J. L. eta Chapman, J. P. 1973. Disorder thought in schizophrenia. Englewood Clifs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Chapman, J. L., Chapman, J. P. eta Miller, G. A. 1964. “A theory of verbal behavior in schizophrenia”. In B. Maher (arg.), Progress in experimental personality research (Vol. 1). New York: Academic Press, 135-67.
Cohen, B. D. 1976. “Referent communication in schizophrenia: The perseverative-chaining model. In K. Salzinger (arg.), Psychology in progress: An international report. 270. bol. New York: Annals of the New York Academic of Sciences, 124-40.
Condray, R., D. P. Van Kammen, S. R. Steinhauer, A. Kasparek eta J. K. Yao. 1995. “Language comprehension in schizophrenia: trait or state indicator?”. Biological Psychiatry 38 (5): 287-96.
Crow, T. 1998. “Nuclear symptoms as a window on the relationship between thought and speech”. British Journal of Psychiatry 173: 303-9.
Crow, T. 2000. “La esquizofrenia como el precio que paga el Homo sapiens por el lenguaje: una solución a la paradoja central en el origen de la especie”. In J. Sanjuán (arg.), Evolución cerebral y psicopatología. Madril: Triacastela, 195-226.
Crow, T. J., D. J. Done eta A. Sacker. 1995. “Chilhood precursors of psychosis as clues to its evolutionary origins”. European Archives of Psychiatry 245-2: 61-69.
Cutting, J. eta D. Murphy. 1990. “Preference for denotative as opossed to connotative meanings in schizophrenics. Brain and Language 39: 459-68.
Docherty, N. M. eta S. W. Gordinier. 1999. “Immediate memory, attention and communication disturbances in schizophrenia patients and their relatives”. Psychological Medicine 29-1: 189-97.
Docherty, N. M., I. M. Evans, W. H. Sledge, J. P. Seibyl eta J. H. Krystal. 1994. “Affective reactivity of language in schizophrenia”. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 182-2: 98-102.
Docherty, N. M., M. Schmur eta P. D. Harvey. 1988. “Reference performance and positive and negative thought disorder: A follow-up study of manics and schizophrenics”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 97: 437-42.
Docherty, N. M., J. P. Rhibewine, R. P. Labhart eta S. W. Gordinier. 1998. “Communication disturbances and family psychiatric history in parents of schizophrenic patients”. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 186 (12): 761-68.
Done, J. eta C. D. Frith. 1984. “The effect of context during word perception in schizophrenic patients”. Brain and Language 23: 318-36.
Duncan, C. 1988. “Even-related brain potentials: A window of information processing in schizophrenia”. Schizophrenia Bulletin 14: 199-203.
Duncan-Johnson, C. eta E. Donchin. 1982. “The P300 component of the event related brain potential as an index of information processing”. Biological Psychology 14: 1-52.
Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. eta B. Cornblatt. 1978. “Attentional measures in a study of children at high risk for schizophrenia”. In L. C. Wynne eta R. L. Mathyse (arg.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley, 93-98.
Franke, P., W. Maier, J. Hardt, C. Hain eta B. A. Cornblatt. 1994. “Attentional abilities and measures of schizotypy: Their variation and covariation in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and normal control subjects. Psychiatry Research 54-3: 259-72.
Frith, C. D. 1992. The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. London: Psychology Press.
Frith, C. D. eta H. A. Allen. 1988. “Language disorders in schizophrenia and their implications for neuropsychology”. In P. Bebbington eta P. McGuffin (arg.), Schizophrenia: The major issues. Oxford: Heinemann, 172-86.
Fromkin, V. 1975. “A linguistic look at ‘A linguistic looks at ‘Schizophrenic’ language’”. Brain and Language 2: 498-503.
Gazzaniga, M. 1992. Nature’s mind: The biological roots of thinking, emotions, sexuality, language, and intelligence. New York: Basic Books.
Gerson, S. N., D. F. Benson eta S. H. Frazier. 1977. “Diagnosis: Schizophrenia vs. posterior aphasia”. American Journal of Psychiatry 134: 966-69.
Gerver, D. 1967. “Linguistic rules and the perception and recall of speech by schizophrenic patients”. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 6: 204-11.
Glucksberg, S., R. M. Krauss eta R. Weisberg. 1966. “Referential communication in nursery school children: Method and some preliminary findings”. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 3: 333-42.
Good, D. 1990. “Repair and cooperation in conversation”. In P. Luff, N. Gilbert eta D. Frohlich (arg.), Computers and conversation. London: Academic Press, 133-50.
Gottschalk, L. A., G. C. Gleser, E. G. Maglioco eta T. L. D’Zmura. 1961. “Further studies on the speech patterns of schizophrenic patients: Measuring inter-individual differences in relative degree of personal disorganization and social alienation”.
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 132: 101-13.
Grice, H. P. 1975. “Logic and conversation”. In R. Cole eta J. Morgan (arg.), Syntax and Semantics (3. bol.), Speech acts. New York: Academic Press, 41-58.
Grijalvo, J. 1991. Evolución clínica de distintos subtipos de esquizofrenia con especial refeencia al lenguaje. Doktore-tesi argitaragabea.
Halliday, M. A. eta R. Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in spoken and written English. London: Longmans.
Harvey, P. D. 1983. “Speech competence in maniac and schizophrenic psychoses: The association between clinically rated thought disorder and cohesion and reference perfomance”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 92: 368-77.
Harvey, P. D., S. Weintraub eta J. M. Neale. 1982. “Speech competence of children vulnerable to psychopathology”. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 10: 373-88.
Harrow, M. eta J. G. Miller. 1985. “Schizophrenic thought disorders and impaired perspective”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 89: 717-27.
Hemsley, D. eta P. Richardson. 1980. “Shadowing by context in schizophrenia”. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 168: 141-45.
Hoffman, R. E. 1986. “Verbal hallucinations and language production processes in schizophrenia”. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9: 503-48.
Insúa, P., J. Grijalvo eta P. Huici. 2001. “Alteraciones del lenguaje en la esquizofrenia: síntomas clínicos y medidas psicolingüísticas”. Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría XXI, 78: 27-50.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1983. Mental models: Toward a cognitive science of language, inference and consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1993. Human and machine thinking. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. eta R. M. Byrne. 1991. Deduction. Hillsdale, N. J.: LEA. Kraepelin, E. 1971 [1919]. Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. New York: Robert E. Krieger Publish. Co. Inc.
Lecours, A. R. eta H. Vanier-Clement. 1976. “Schizophasia and jargonaphasia: A comparative description with comments on Chaika’s and Fromkin’s respective looks at ‘schizophrenic’ language”. Brain and Language 3: 516-65.
Lieberman J. A. 1995. “Signs and symptoms; what can they tell us about the clinical course and pathophysiologic processes of schizophrenia?”. Archives of General Psychiatry 52: 361-63.
Maher, B. A. 1966. Principles of psychopathology. New York: Mc-Graw Hill.
Miller, B. 1984. “Semantic misinterpretation of ambiguous communications in schizophrenia”. Archives of General Psychiatry 30: 435-40.
Miller, G. A. eta S. Isard. 1963. “Some perceptual consequences of linguistic rules”. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 3: 217-28.
McGhie, A. 1970. “Attention and perception in schizophrenia”. In B. A. Maher (arg.), Progress in experimental personality research (Vol. 5). New York: Academic Press, 1-35.
McGrath, J. 1991. “Ordering thoughts and thought disorder”. British Journal of Psychiatry 158: 307-16.
Morice, R. D. eta J. C. L. Ingram. 1982. “Language analysis in schizophrenia: Diagnostic implications”. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 16: 11-21.
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Section
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