The psychology of thinking
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Published
06/12/2024
Pello Huizi
Abstract
This article aims to be a short and straightforward introduction to the psychology of thinking. It includes topics that are usual in this kind of works: the concept of thinking, the history of the psychology of thinking, and the methodological problems in the psychological study of thinking. The section of concept deals with the features of thinking, the distinction between directed and undirected thinking, and Johnson-Laird’s taxonomy of thinking. The section about the history of
psychology includes the controversy between Wundt and the Würzburg School, the behaviorist and the Gestalt viewpoints, and the information-processing and connectionist approaches to cognition. As regards the methodological problems, the points discussed are the question of introspection and the “think aloud” method. Moreover, before these classical topics, there is a discussion about how much people seem to like to think.
How to Cite
Huizi, P. (2024). The psychology of thinking. Gogoa, 24. https://doi.org/10.1387/gogoa.26076
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References
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Martin, R. C. eta D. H. Wu. 2005. “The cognitive neuropsychology of language”. In K. Lamberts eta R. L. Goldstone, The Handbook of cognition. London: Sage, 382-406.
McClelland, J. L. 1981. “Retrieving general and specific information from stored knowledge of specifics”. In Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 170-172.
McClelland, J. L. eta D. E. Rumelhart. 1986. Parallel distributed processing. Exploration in the microstructure of cognition. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Newell, A. 1980. “Physical symbol systems”. Cognitive Science 4: 135-183.
Newell, A. eta H. A. Simon. 1972. Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Nisbett, R. E. eta T. D. Wilson. 1977. “Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes”. Psychological Review 84: 231-259.
Nisbett, R. E. 2003. The geography of thought: How Asians and Westerners think differently… and why. New York: The Free Press.
Robertson, S. I. 1999. Types of thinking. New York: Routledge.
Sapir, A., G. D’Avossa, M. McAvoy, G. L. Shulman eta M. Corbetta. 2005. “Brain signals for spatial attention predict performance in a motion discrimination task”. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences 102: 17810-17815.
Sloman, S. A. 1996. “The empirical case for two systems of reasoning”. Psychological Bulletin 119: 3-22.
Sloman, S. A. 2002. “Two systems of reasoning”. In T. Gilovich, D. W. Griffin eta D. Kahneman (arg.), Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 379-396.
Slovic, P. 2007. “If I look at the mass I will never act: Psychic numbing and genocide”. Judgment and Decision Making 2: 79-95.
Stanovich, K. E. eta R. F. West. 2002. “Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?” In T. Gilovich, D. W. Griffin eta D. Kahneman (arg.), Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 421-444.
Steiner, G. 2007. Diez (posibles) razones para la tristeza del pensamiento. Madril: Siruela.
Sternberg, R. 1996. Cognitive psychology. Fort Worth Texas: Harcourt Brace College.
Tavris, C. eta C. Wade. 1995. Psychology in perspective. New York: Harper Collins.
Van Someren, M. W., Y. F. Barnard eta J. A. C. Sandberg. 1994. The Think Aloud method: A practical guide to modelling cognitive processes. London: Academic Press.
Vega, M. de. 1984. Introducción a la psicología cognitiva. Madril: Alianza.
Villasante, L. 1962. Kristau fedearen sustraiak: I. Jainkoa. Arantzazu: Jakin.
Wierzbicka, A. 1996. Semantics: Primes and universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wierzbicka, A. 2001. What did Jesus mean? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wierzbicka, A. (2002), “The semantics of metaphor and parable: Looking for meaning in the Gospels”. Theoria et Historia Scientiarum 4: 85-106.
Baddele , A. 1999. Memoria humana: Teoría y práctica. Madril: McGraw-Hill.
Bourne, L. E., B. R. Ekstrand eta R. L. Dominowski. 1976. Psicología del pensamiento. Mexiko: Trillas.
Carretero, M. eta J. García Madruga. 1984. “Psicología del pensamiento: aspectos históricos y metodológicos”. In M. Carretero eta J.A. García Madruga (biltzaileak), Lecturas de Psicología del Pensamiento. Madril: Alianza Editorial.
Chater, N., E. Heit eta M. Oaksford. 2005. “Reasoning”. In K. Lamberts eta R. L. Goldstone, The Handbook of cognition. London: Sage, 297-320.
Domingo, J. M. 2005. “Pensar en contexto. Hacia una psicología del pensamiento contextualizado”. In F. Gabucio (koord.), Psicología del pensamiento. Bartzelona: UOC, 269-293.
Dominowski, R. L. eta L. E. Bourne. 1994. “History of research on thinking and problem solving”. In R. J. Sternberg (arg.), Thinking and problem solving. San Diego, California: Academic Press, 1-35.
Epstein, S. 1994. “Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious”. American Psychologist 49: 709-724.
Epstein, S. 2003. “Cognitive-experiential self-theory of personality”. In T. Millon eta M. J. Lerner (arg.), Comprehensive handbook of psychology, volume 5: Personality and social psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons, 159-184.
Ericsson, K. A. eta H. A. Simon. 1980. “Verbal reports as data”. Psychological Review 87: 215-251.
Ericsson, K. A. eta H. A. Simon. 1984. Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Eysenck, M. W. 1993. Principles of Cognitive Psychology. Hillsdale, N.J.: LEA.
Eysenck, M. W. 2001. Principles of Cognitive Psychology. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press (2. argitalpena).
Eysenck, M. W. (arg.). 1994. The Blackwell Dictionary of Cognitive Psychology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Eysenck, M. W. eta M. T. Keane. 2000. Cognitive psychology: a student’s handbook. Hove: Psychology Press.
Field, J. 2004. Psycholinguistics: The key concepts. London: Routledge.
García Madruga, J. A. 2006. Lectura y conocimiento. Bartzelona: Paidós.
García Madruga, J. A. eta S. Moreno Ríos. 1998. Conceptos fundamentales de psicología. Madril: Alianza.
Garnham, A. 2005. “Language comprehension”. In K. Lamberts eta R. L. Goldstone, The Handbook of cognition. London: Sage, 241-254.
Garnham, A. eta J. Oakhill. 1996/1994. Manual de psicología del pensamiento. Bartzelona: Paidós.
Gilhool , K. J. 1995. Thinking: Directed, undirected and creative. London: Academic Press (2. argitalpena).
Goddard, C. 2002. “The search for the shared semantic core of all languages”. In C. Goddard eta A. Wierzbicka (arg.), Meaning and universal grammar: Theory and empirical findings. Volume I. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 5-40.
González Labra, M. J. 1998. Introducción a la psicología del pensamiento. Madril: Trotta.
Guitton, J. 2000. Nuevo arte de pensar. Madril: Ediciones Encuentro [Jatorrizko lana: Nouvel art de penser. Paris: Aubier].
Hoffmann, J. eta A. Stock. 2004. The Würzburg School. http://www.psychologie.uniwuerz-burg.de/w_schule/WSCHOOL2a.pdf [2004ko apirilaren 17an atzitua].
Huizi, P. 2004. “Hizkuntzalaritza eta psikologia: Wundten garaia”. Gogoa IV: 253-308.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1993. El ordenador y la mente. Bartzelona: Paidós.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1993. “How the mind thinks”. In G. Harman (arg.), Conceptions of the human mind: Essays in honor of George A. Miller. Hillsdale, N.J.: LEA, 173-215.
Kempton, W. 1986. “Two theories used of home heat control”. Cognitive Science 10: 75-91.
Koenig, O. 2003. “Conexionismo”. In O. Houdé, D. Kayser, O. Koenig, J. Proust eta F. Rastier (zuzk.), Diccionario de ciencias cognitivas. Buenos Aires: Amorrortu.
Lamberts, K. 2005. “Mathematical modelling of cognition”. In K. Lamberts eta R. L. Goldstone, The Handbook of cognition. London: Sage, 407-421.
Marina, J. A. 1992. Teoría de la inteligencia creadora. Bartzelona: Anagrama.
Marina, J. A. 2004. La inteligencia fracasada: Teoría y práctica de la estupidez. Bartzelona: Anagrama.
Martin, R. C. eta D. H. Wu. 2005. “The cognitive neuropsychology of language”. In K. Lamberts eta R. L. Goldstone, The Handbook of cognition. London: Sage, 382-406.
McClelland, J. L. 1981. “Retrieving general and specific information from stored knowledge of specifics”. In Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 170-172.
McClelland, J. L. eta D. E. Rumelhart. 1986. Parallel distributed processing. Exploration in the microstructure of cognition. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Newell, A. 1980. “Physical symbol systems”. Cognitive Science 4: 135-183.
Newell, A. eta H. A. Simon. 1972. Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Nisbett, R. E. eta T. D. Wilson. 1977. “Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes”. Psychological Review 84: 231-259.
Nisbett, R. E. 2003. The geography of thought: How Asians and Westerners think differently… and why. New York: The Free Press.
Robertson, S. I. 1999. Types of thinking. New York: Routledge.
Sapir, A., G. D’Avossa, M. McAvoy, G. L. Shulman eta M. Corbetta. 2005. “Brain signals for spatial attention predict performance in a motion discrimination task”. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences 102: 17810-17815.
Sloman, S. A. 1996. “The empirical case for two systems of reasoning”. Psychological Bulletin 119: 3-22.
Sloman, S. A. 2002. “Two systems of reasoning”. In T. Gilovich, D. W. Griffin eta D. Kahneman (arg.), Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 379-396.
Slovic, P. 2007. “If I look at the mass I will never act: Psychic numbing and genocide”. Judgment and Decision Making 2: 79-95.
Stanovich, K. E. eta R. F. West. 2002. “Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?” In T. Gilovich, D. W. Griffin eta D. Kahneman (arg.), Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 421-444.
Steiner, G. 2007. Diez (posibles) razones para la tristeza del pensamiento. Madril: Siruela.
Sternberg, R. 1996. Cognitive psychology. Fort Worth Texas: Harcourt Brace College.
Tavris, C. eta C. Wade. 1995. Psychology in perspective. New York: Harper Collins.
Van Someren, M. W., Y. F. Barnard eta J. A. C. Sandberg. 1994. The Think Aloud method: A practical guide to modelling cognitive processes. London: Academic Press.
Vega, M. de. 1984. Introducción a la psicología cognitiva. Madril: Alianza.
Villasante, L. 1962. Kristau fedearen sustraiak: I. Jainkoa. Arantzazu: Jakin.
Wierzbicka, A. 1996. Semantics: Primes and universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wierzbicka, A. 2001. What did Jesus mean? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wierzbicka, A. (2002), “The semantics of metaphor and parable: Looking for meaning in the Gospels”. Theoria et Historia Scientiarum 4: 85-106.
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