Efectos de la sátira política a través de programas de infoentretenimiento televisivo en España. ¿Es humor solo para reír o hay algo más en juego?
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Publicado
28-09-2022
Carmelo Moreno
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4002-3787
Resumen
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar de forma comparada los discursos y los argumentos ofrecidos por una muestra de ciudadanos españoles, de distintas regiones de país, para calibrar el efecto de dos sketches de sátira política extraídos de la programación televisiva en España. Los sketches fueron elegidos por su diferente estilo de humor —humor satírico más horaciano vs. juvenaliano— y por su contenido centrado en parodiar distintos grupos étnicos y políticos, como son, por un lado, los nacionalismos vasco y catalán, y, por otro lado, los colectivos de inmigrantes y los homosexuales. De forma específica, el trabajo analiza si existen semejanzas y diferencias en la apreciación de estos sketches, si existen diferencias territoriales en dicha apreciación y cuáles son las razones que los ciudadanos dan para justificar su disfrute (o su malestar) con este tipo de sketches satíricos. Las conclusiones apuntan que las personas con un mayor grado de disfrute (y también las personas con un mayor de malestar) hacia este tipo de sketches satíricos, independientemente de los contenidos, focalizan su atención en las cuestiones formales del sketch, mientras que las personas con un grado de disfrute intermedio combinan más todos los elementos formales y sustantivos a la hora de su valoración.
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Keywords
sátira, humor étnico, vascos, catalanes, apreciación de humor
References
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Bauer, S.M. (2010). From jeering to giggling: Spain’s dramatic break from a satirical to an avant-garde humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 23(1), 65-81.
Baumgartner, J.C. (2013). No laughing matter? young adults and the «spillover effect» of candidate-centered political humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 26(1), 23-43.
Baym, G. (2005). The daily show: Discursive integration and the reinvention of political journalism. Political Communication, 22(3), 259-276.
Baym, G. (2007). Representation and the politics of play: Stephen Colbert’s better know a district. Political Communication, 24(4), 359-376.
Baym, G. (2010). From Cronkrite to Colbert. The Evolution of Broadcast News. Boulder CO: Paradigm.
Baym, G., y Jones, J.P. (2012). News parody in global perspective: Politics, power, and resistance. Popular Communication, 10(1-2), 2-13.
Baym, G., y Jones, J.P. (2013). News parody and political satire across the globe. New York y London: Routledge.
Bell, D.A. (1976 [1994]). Las contradicciones culturales del capitalismo. Madrid: Alianza.
Berger, P.L. (1997). Redeeming laughter. The comic dimension of human experience. Berlin y New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Bergson, H. (1900 [1973]). La risa: Ensayo sobre la significación de lo cómico. Madrid: Espasa Calpe.
Bore, I.K. (2012). Focus group research and TV comedy audiences. Participations. Journal of Audience & Reception Studies, 9(2), 3-22.
Condren, C. (2012). Satire and definition. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 25(4), 375-399.
Davies, C. (1991). Exploring the thesis of the self-deprecating jewish sense of humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 4(2), 189-210.
Davies, C. (1998). Jokes and their relation to society. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Davies, C. (2002). The mirth of nations. New Brunswich NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Dundes, A. (1987). Cracking jokes: Studies of sick humor cycles and stereotypes. California: Ten Speed Press.
Elliott, R. (1960). The power of Satire: Magic, Ritual, Art. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ferguson, M.A., y Ford, T.E. (2008). Disparagement humor: A theoretical and empirical review of psychoanalytic, superiority, and social identity theories. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 21(3), 283-312.
Forabosco, G. (1992). Cognitive aspects of the humor process: The concept of incongruity. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 5(1-2), 45-68.
Ford, T.E. (2000). Effects of sexist humor on tolerance of sexist events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(9), 1094-1107.
Ford, T.E., y Ferguson, M.A. (2004). Social consequences of disparagement humor: A prejudice norm theory. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(1), 79-94.
González Ballesteros, T. (1981). Aspectos jurídicos de la censura cinematográfica en España. Madrid: Universidad Complutense.
Holbert, R.L., Hmielowski, J., Jain, P., Lather, J., y Morey, A. (2011). Adding nuance to the study of political humor effects: Experimental research on juvenalian satire versus horatian satire. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(3), 187-211.
Holmes, J. (2000). Politeness, power and provocation: How humour functions in the workplace. Discourse Studies, 2(2), 159-185.
Jenkins, R. (1994). Subversive laughter. The liberating power of comedy. New York: Free Press.
Jenkins, R. (2001). Dario fo and Franca Rame: Artful laughter. New York: Aperture Foundation.
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Kuipers, G. (2001). Good Humor, Bad Taste. A Sociology of Joke. Berlín: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kuipers, G. (2008). The sociology of humor. In V. Raskin (Ed.), The primer of humor research (pp. 361-398). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kuipers, G. (2011). The politics of humour in the public sphere: Cartoons, power and modernity in the first transnational humour scandal. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 14(1), 63-80.
Lamarre, H.L., Landreville, K.D., y Beam, M.A. (2009). The irony of satire. Political ideology and the motivation to see what you want to see in The Colbert Report. International Journal of Press-Politics, 14(2), 212-231.
Landreville, K.D., Holbert, R.L., y Lamarre, H.L. (2010). The influence of late-night TV comedy viewing on political talk: A moderated-mediation model. International Journal of Press Politics, 15(4), 482-498.
Lewis, P. (1997). The killing jokes of the american eighties. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 10(3), 251-283.
Lewis, P., Davies, C., Kuipers, G., Martin, R.A., Oring, E., y Raskin, V. (2008). The muhammad cartoons and humor research: A collection of essays. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 21(1), 1-46.
Lockyer, S., y Pickering, M.J. (2001). Dear shit-shovellers: Humour, censure and the discourse of complaint. Discourse & Society, 12(5), 633-651.
Moreno, C. (2012). Humor, violence and infotaintment in the Basque Country. The Vaya Semanita phenomenon on basque public television, 2003-2005. In J.A. Mingolarra, C. Arocena y R. Martín Sabaris (Eds.), Violence and communication (pp. 171-190). Reno NE: University of Reno.
Mulkay, M.J. (1988). On humour: Its nature and its place in modern society. Cambridge MA: Polity Press.
Norrick, N.R. (1993). Conversational joking: Humor in everyday talk. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Norris, P. (2000). A virtuous circle. Political Communication in Postindustrial Societies. Cambridge MA: Cambridge University Press.
Oring, E. (2003). Humor and the suppresion of sentiment. In E. Oring (Ed.), Engaging humor (pp. 71-84). Urbana y Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Provenza, P., y Dion, D. (2010). ¡Satiristas! Comedians, contrarians, reconteurs & vulgarians. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
Raskin, V. (1985). Semantic mechanisms of humor. Hingham: Reidel Publishing Company.
Raskin, V. (1998). The sense of humor and truth. In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of humor: Explorations of personality characteristic (pp. 95-108). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Rogak, L. (2011). And nothing but the truthiness. The rise (and further rise) of Stephen Colbert. New York: Thomas Dunne Books.
Scheufele, D.A. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effects. Journal of Communication, 49, 103-122.
Sherman, L.W. (1988). Humor and social distance in elementary school children. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 1(4), 389-404.
Shifman, L., Coleman, S., y Ward, S. (2007). Only joking? Online humour in the 2005 UK general election. Communication and Society, 10(4), 465-487.
Simon, B., y Klandermans, B. (2001). Politicized collective identity: A social psychological analysis. American Psychologist, 56(4), 319-331.
Sloterdijk, P. (1983 [2003]). Crítica de la razón cínica. Madrid: Siruela.
Sternbergh, A. (2006). «Stephen Colbert Has America by the Ballots». New York Magazine. 16 de Octubre http://nymag.com/news/politics/22322/index1.html
Valhondo, J.L. (2011). Monarcas, bufones, políticos y audiencias. Comparación de la sátira televisiva en Reino Unido y España. Revista Latina De Comunicación Social, 66, 252-273.
Xenos, M.A., y Becker, A.B. (2009). Moments of zen: Effects of the daily show on information seeking and political learning. Political Communication, 26(3), 317-332.
Young, D.G. (2004). Late-night comedy in election 2000: Its influence on candidate trait ratings and the moderating effects of political knowledge and partisanship. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48(1), 1-22.
Young, D.G. (2012). A flip-flopper and a dumb guy walk into a bar: Political humor and priming in the 2004 campaign. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 25(3), 215-231.
Zillmann, D. (1983). Disparagement humor. In P.E. McGhee y J.H. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of humor research (pp. 85-107). New York: Springer.
Zillmann, D., y Cantor, J. (1972). Directionality os transitory dominance as a communication variable affecting humor appreciation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(2), 191-198.
Ziv, A. (1998). Jewish humor. New Brunswich NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Attardo, S., y Raskin, V. (1991). Script theory revis(it)ed: Joke similarity and joke representation model. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 4(3-4), 293-348.
Bauer, S.M. (2010). From jeering to giggling: Spain’s dramatic break from a satirical to an avant-garde humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 23(1), 65-81.
Baumgartner, J.C. (2013). No laughing matter? young adults and the «spillover effect» of candidate-centered political humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 26(1), 23-43.
Baym, G. (2005). The daily show: Discursive integration and the reinvention of political journalism. Political Communication, 22(3), 259-276.
Baym, G. (2007). Representation and the politics of play: Stephen Colbert’s better know a district. Political Communication, 24(4), 359-376.
Baym, G. (2010). From Cronkrite to Colbert. The Evolution of Broadcast News. Boulder CO: Paradigm.
Baym, G., y Jones, J.P. (2012). News parody in global perspective: Politics, power, and resistance. Popular Communication, 10(1-2), 2-13.
Baym, G., y Jones, J.P. (2013). News parody and political satire across the globe. New York y London: Routledge.
Bell, D.A. (1976 [1994]). Las contradicciones culturales del capitalismo. Madrid: Alianza.
Berger, P.L. (1997). Redeeming laughter. The comic dimension of human experience. Berlin y New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Bergson, H. (1900 [1973]). La risa: Ensayo sobre la significación de lo cómico. Madrid: Espasa Calpe.
Bore, I.K. (2012). Focus group research and TV comedy audiences. Participations. Journal of Audience & Reception Studies, 9(2), 3-22.
Condren, C. (2012). Satire and definition. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 25(4), 375-399.
Davies, C. (1991). Exploring the thesis of the self-deprecating jewish sense of humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 4(2), 189-210.
Davies, C. (1998). Jokes and their relation to society. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Davies, C. (2002). The mirth of nations. New Brunswich NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Dundes, A. (1987). Cracking jokes: Studies of sick humor cycles and stereotypes. California: Ten Speed Press.
Elliott, R. (1960). The power of Satire: Magic, Ritual, Art. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ferguson, M.A., y Ford, T.E. (2008). Disparagement humor: A theoretical and empirical review of psychoanalytic, superiority, and social identity theories. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 21(3), 283-312.
Forabosco, G. (1992). Cognitive aspects of the humor process: The concept of incongruity. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 5(1-2), 45-68.
Ford, T.E. (2000). Effects of sexist humor on tolerance of sexist events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(9), 1094-1107.
Ford, T.E., y Ferguson, M.A. (2004). Social consequences of disparagement humor: A prejudice norm theory. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(1), 79-94.
González Ballesteros, T. (1981). Aspectos jurídicos de la censura cinematográfica en España. Madrid: Universidad Complutense.
Holbert, R.L., Hmielowski, J., Jain, P., Lather, J., y Morey, A. (2011). Adding nuance to the study of political humor effects: Experimental research on juvenalian satire versus horatian satire. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(3), 187-211.
Holmes, J. (2000). Politeness, power and provocation: How humour functions in the workplace. Discourse Studies, 2(2), 159-185.
Jenkins, R. (1994). Subversive laughter. The liberating power of comedy. New York: Free Press.
Jenkins, R. (2001). Dario fo and Franca Rame: Artful laughter. New York: Aperture Foundation.
Kercher, S.E. (2006). Revel with a cause: Liberal Satire in Postwar America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kuipers, G. (2001). Good Humor, Bad Taste. A Sociology of Joke. Berlín: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kuipers, G. (2008). The sociology of humor. In V. Raskin (Ed.), The primer of humor research (pp. 361-398). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kuipers, G. (2011). The politics of humour in the public sphere: Cartoons, power and modernity in the first transnational humour scandal. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 14(1), 63-80.
Lamarre, H.L., Landreville, K.D., y Beam, M.A. (2009). The irony of satire. Political ideology and the motivation to see what you want to see in The Colbert Report. International Journal of Press-Politics, 14(2), 212-231.
Landreville, K.D., Holbert, R.L., y Lamarre, H.L. (2010). The influence of late-night TV comedy viewing on political talk: A moderated-mediation model. International Journal of Press Politics, 15(4), 482-498.
Lewis, P. (1997). The killing jokes of the american eighties. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 10(3), 251-283.
Lewis, P., Davies, C., Kuipers, G., Martin, R.A., Oring, E., y Raskin, V. (2008). The muhammad cartoons and humor research: A collection of essays. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 21(1), 1-46.
Lockyer, S., y Pickering, M.J. (2001). Dear shit-shovellers: Humour, censure and the discourse of complaint. Discourse & Society, 12(5), 633-651.
Moreno, C. (2012). Humor, violence and infotaintment in the Basque Country. The Vaya Semanita phenomenon on basque public television, 2003-2005. In J.A. Mingolarra, C. Arocena y R. Martín Sabaris (Eds.), Violence and communication (pp. 171-190). Reno NE: University of Reno.
Mulkay, M.J. (1988). On humour: Its nature and its place in modern society. Cambridge MA: Polity Press.
Norrick, N.R. (1993). Conversational joking: Humor in everyday talk. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Norris, P. (2000). A virtuous circle. Political Communication in Postindustrial Societies. Cambridge MA: Cambridge University Press.
Oring, E. (2003). Humor and the suppresion of sentiment. In E. Oring (Ed.), Engaging humor (pp. 71-84). Urbana y Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Provenza, P., y Dion, D. (2010). ¡Satiristas! Comedians, contrarians, reconteurs & vulgarians. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
Raskin, V. (1985). Semantic mechanisms of humor. Hingham: Reidel Publishing Company.
Raskin, V. (1998). The sense of humor and truth. In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of humor: Explorations of personality characteristic (pp. 95-108). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Rogak, L. (2011). And nothing but the truthiness. The rise (and further rise) of Stephen Colbert. New York: Thomas Dunne Books.
Scheufele, D.A. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effects. Journal of Communication, 49, 103-122.
Sherman, L.W. (1988). Humor and social distance in elementary school children. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 1(4), 389-404.
Shifman, L., Coleman, S., y Ward, S. (2007). Only joking? Online humour in the 2005 UK general election. Communication and Society, 10(4), 465-487.
Simon, B., y Klandermans, B. (2001). Politicized collective identity: A social psychological analysis. American Psychologist, 56(4), 319-331.
Sloterdijk, P. (1983 [2003]). Crítica de la razón cínica. Madrid: Siruela.
Sternbergh, A. (2006). «Stephen Colbert Has America by the Ballots». New York Magazine. 16 de Octubre http://nymag.com/news/politics/22322/index1.html
Valhondo, J.L. (2011). Monarcas, bufones, políticos y audiencias. Comparación de la sátira televisiva en Reino Unido y España. Revista Latina De Comunicación Social, 66, 252-273.
Xenos, M.A., y Becker, A.B. (2009). Moments of zen: Effects of the daily show on information seeking and political learning. Political Communication, 26(3), 317-332.
Young, D.G. (2004). Late-night comedy in election 2000: Its influence on candidate trait ratings and the moderating effects of political knowledge and partisanship. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48(1), 1-22.
Young, D.G. (2012). A flip-flopper and a dumb guy walk into a bar: Political humor and priming in the 2004 campaign. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 25(3), 215-231.
Zillmann, D. (1983). Disparagement humor. In P.E. McGhee y J.H. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of humor research (pp. 85-107). New York: Springer.
Zillmann, D., y Cantor, J. (1972). Directionality os transitory dominance as a communication variable affecting humor appreciation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(2), 191-198.
Ziv, A. (1998). Jewish humor. New Brunswich NJ: Transaction Publishers.
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