¿Asegurando el futuro? IDentidad y seguridad entre migrantes, responsables políticos y desarrolladores tecnológicos
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Publicado
27-03-2023
Kristina Grünenberg
Anja Simonsen
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6524-9761
Anja Simonsen
Resumen
En un intento por garantizar la seguridad nacional, el uso de tecnologías biométricas se ha incrementado en los últimos años. Estas involucran una amplia gama de prácticas tecnológicamente mediadas que dan formato y digitalizan atributos corporales como huellas dactilares, iris y rostro, para el registro y verificación de la identidad de las personas. Si bien la biometría se usa en una amplia gama de entornos y asume un papel regulador cada vez más importante en la sociedad, su uso es particularmente crucial en el seguimiento de los movimientos y en la identificación de migrantes. Con base en un trabajo de campo etnográfico multisituado, este artículo explora la relación entre el deseo de seguridad y la producción de identidades entre inmigrantes somalíes, responsables políticos de la Unión Europea y desarrolladores de tecnología. Estamos particularmente interesadas en las diversas formas en que se negocian lo que llamamos las «IDentidades» biométricas, dada la omnipresencia de fronteras y su extensión hasta los rincones más alejados de la sociedad. En el artículo argumentamos que la relación entre la seguridad y las tecnologías biométricas es importante tanto para migrantes somalíes como para desarrolladores de tecnología y los responsables políticos, aunque de maneras muy diferentes. Las prácticas que surgen de tales enredos están todas informadas por entendimientos contextuales y socioculturales, así como por las negociaciones de seguridad e identidad a lo largo de múltiples líneas. Argumentamos que la seguridad juega un papel destacado a pesar de las muy diferentes posiciones de estos actores en el mundo fronterizo biométrico.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
tecnologías biométricas, fronteras, seguridad, identidad migrante, desarrollo tecnológico
References
Aas, K. F. (2006). ‘The body does not lie’: Identity, risk and trust in technoculture. Crime, Media, Culture, 2(2), 143-158.
Amoore, L. (2013). The Politics of Possibility: Risk and Security Beyond Probability. Durham: Duke University Press.
Apap, J., & Carrera, S. (2003). Maintaining security within borders. Towards a permanent state of emergency in the EU? Centre for European Policy Studies, Policy Brief no. 41, 1-13. Available at: http://www.ceps.be.
Appel, H., Anand, N., & Gupta, A. (2018). Introduction. In N. Anand, A. Gupta & H. Appel (Eds.), The promise of infrastructure (pp. 1-41). Durham: Duke University Press.
Aradau, C., & Blanke, T. (2017). Politics of prediction: security and the time/space of governmentality in the age of big data. European Journal of Social Theory, 20(3), 373-391.
Bellagamba, A., & Klute, G. (2008). Tracing Emergent Powers in Contemporary Africa: Introduction. In A. Bellagamba & G. Klute (Eds.), Beside the State: Emergent Powers in Contemporary Africa (pp. 6-21). Köln: Köppe.
Besteman, C. (2017). Experimenting in Somalia: The new security empire. Anthropological Theory, 17(3), 404-420.
Bigo, D., & McCluskey, E. (2018). What Is a PARIS approach to (in)securitization? Political Anthropological Research for International Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777854.013.9.
Bourne, M., Johnson, H., & Lisle, D. (2015). Laboratizing the border: the production, translation and anticipation of security technologies. Security Dialogue, 46(4), 307-325.
Bradbury, M. (2008). Becoming Somaliland. Oxford: James Currey.
Breckenridge, K. (2005). The biometric state: the promise and peril of digital government in the New South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies, 31(2), 267-282.
Breckenridge, K. (2014). Biometric State: The Global Politics of Identification and Surveillance in South Africa, 1850 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brekke, J.P., & Brochmann, G. (2014). Stuck in transit: secondary migration of asylum seekers in Europe, national differences, and the Dublin regulation. Journal of Refugee Studies, 28(2), 145-162.
Bubandt, N. (2005). Vernacular security: the politics of feeling safe in global, national and local worlds. Security Dialogue, 36(3), 275-296.
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) (2018). FRA work in the ‘hotspots’. Available at: https://fra.europa.eu/en/theme/asylum-migration-borders/fra-work-hotspots.
Fratzke, S. (2015). Not adding up: the fading promise of Europe’s Dublin system. EU asylum: Towards 2020 project. Migration Policy Institute.
Frontex (2022). European Border and Coast Guard Agency. Available at: https://frontex.europa.eu/about-frontex/who-we-are/origin-tasks/
Frontex (2019). Budget 2018. Available at: https://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Key_Documents/Budget/Budget_2018.pdf.
Gates, K. (2011). Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance. New York: New York University Press.
Grünenberg, K. (2020a). Body cartographers: Mapping bodies and borders in the laboratory. In K. F. Olwig, K. Grünenberg, P. Møhl & A. Simonsen (Eds.), The Biometric Border World: Technologies, Bodies and Identities on the Move (pp. 34-53). London: Routledge.
Grünenberg, K. (2020b). The biometric community: friends, foes, and the political economy of biometrics. In K. F. Olwig, K. Grünenberg, P. Møhl & A. Simonsen (Eds.), The Biometric Border World: Technologies, Bodies and Identities on the Move (pp. 53-69). London: Routledge.
Grünenberg, K. (2021). The Face of ‘the other’: Biometric Facial Recognition, Imposters and the Art of Outplaying them. In S. Woolgar, E. Vogel, D. Moats & C.F. Helgesson (Eds.), The Imposter as Social Theory: Thinking with Gate Crashers, Cheats and Charlatans (pp. 191-217). Bristol: Bristol University Press.
Grünenberg, K. (2022). Wearing Someone Else’s Face: Biometric Technologies, Anti-spoofing and the Fear of the Unknown. Ethnos. 87(2), 223-240.
Grünenberg, K., Møhl, P., Fog Olwig, K. & Simonsen, A. (2022). Issue Introduction: IDentities and Identity: Biometric Technologies, Borders and Migration. Ethnos, 87(2), 211-222..
Hansen, P. (2006). Revolving Returnees. Meanings and Practices of Transnational Return Among Somalilanders (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). Department of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen.
IOM UN Migration. (2013). Tackling high youth unemployment in Somaliland. Available at: https://www.iom.int/news/tackling-high-youth-unemployment-somaliland.
Jensen, S., & Stepputat, F. (2013). Afterword. In M. Holbraad & A. M. Pedersen (Eds.), Times of Security: Ethnographies of Fear, Protest and the Future (pp. 213-221). London: Routledge.
Lyon, D. (2008). Biometrics, identification and surveillance. Bioethics, 22(9), 499-508.
Magnet, S. A. (2011). When Biometrics Fail: Gender, Race, and the Technology of Identity. Durham: Duke University Press.
Masco, J. (2017) ‘Boundless informant’: Insecurity in the age of ubiquitous surveillance. Anthropological Theory, 17(3), 382-403.
Menkhaus, K. (2007). Governance without government in Somalia. Spoilers, state, and the politics of coping. International Security, 31(3), 74-106.
Møhl, P. (2019). Border control and blurred responsibilities at the airport. In T. Diphoorn & E. Grassiani (Eds.), Security Blurs: The Politics of Plural Security Provision (pp. 118-135). London: Routledge.
Olwig, K. F., Grünenberg, K., Møhl, P. & Simonsen, A. (2020). The Biometric Border World: Technologies, Bodies and Identities on the Move. London: Routledge.
Pedersen, A. M., & Holbraad, M. (2013). Introduction: Times of Security. In M. Holbraad & A. M. Pedersen (Eds.), Times of Security: Ethnographies of Fear, Protest and the Future (pp. 1-27). London: Routledge.
Renders, M., & Terlinden, U. (2010). Negotiating statehood in a hybrid political order: the case of Somaliland. Development and Change, 41(4), 723-746.
Scheel, S. (2019). Autonomy of Migration: Appropriating Mobility within Biometric Border Regimes. London and New York: Routledge.
Schuster, L. (2005). The continuing mobility of migrants in Italy: shifting between places and statuses. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(4), 757-774.
Simonsen, A. (2017). Tahriib: The Journey into the unknown. An Ethnography of mobility, insecurities and uncertainties among Somalis en route (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). Department of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen.
Simonsen, A. (2020a). Crossing (biometric) borders: turning ‘gravity’ upside down. Ethnos, 87(2), 306-320.
Simonsen, A. (2020b). ‘In-formation’ and ‘Out-formation’: routines and gaps en route. In K. F. Olwig, K. Grünenberg, P. Møhl & A. Simonsen (Eds.), The Biometric Border World: Technologies, Bodies and Identities on the Move (pp. 147-160). London: Routledge.
Thales Group (2022). Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) overview. A short history. Available at: https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/government/biometrics/afis-history
Tsing, A. L. (2005). Friction. An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Van der Ploeg, I. (1999). The illegal body: ‘Eurodac’ and the politics of biometric identification. Ethics and Information Technology, 1, 295-302.
Amoore, L. (2013). The Politics of Possibility: Risk and Security Beyond Probability. Durham: Duke University Press.
Apap, J., & Carrera, S. (2003). Maintaining security within borders. Towards a permanent state of emergency in the EU? Centre for European Policy Studies, Policy Brief no. 41, 1-13. Available at: http://www.ceps.be.
Appel, H., Anand, N., & Gupta, A. (2018). Introduction. In N. Anand, A. Gupta & H. Appel (Eds.), The promise of infrastructure (pp. 1-41). Durham: Duke University Press.
Aradau, C., & Blanke, T. (2017). Politics of prediction: security and the time/space of governmentality in the age of big data. European Journal of Social Theory, 20(3), 373-391.
Bellagamba, A., & Klute, G. (2008). Tracing Emergent Powers in Contemporary Africa: Introduction. In A. Bellagamba & G. Klute (Eds.), Beside the State: Emergent Powers in Contemporary Africa (pp. 6-21). Köln: Köppe.
Besteman, C. (2017). Experimenting in Somalia: The new security empire. Anthropological Theory, 17(3), 404-420.
Bigo, D., & McCluskey, E. (2018). What Is a PARIS approach to (in)securitization? Political Anthropological Research for International Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777854.013.9.
Bourne, M., Johnson, H., & Lisle, D. (2015). Laboratizing the border: the production, translation and anticipation of security technologies. Security Dialogue, 46(4), 307-325.
Bradbury, M. (2008). Becoming Somaliland. Oxford: James Currey.
Breckenridge, K. (2005). The biometric state: the promise and peril of digital government in the New South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies, 31(2), 267-282.
Breckenridge, K. (2014). Biometric State: The Global Politics of Identification and Surveillance in South Africa, 1850 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brekke, J.P., & Brochmann, G. (2014). Stuck in transit: secondary migration of asylum seekers in Europe, national differences, and the Dublin regulation. Journal of Refugee Studies, 28(2), 145-162.
Bubandt, N. (2005). Vernacular security: the politics of feeling safe in global, national and local worlds. Security Dialogue, 36(3), 275-296.
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) (2018). FRA work in the ‘hotspots’. Available at: https://fra.europa.eu/en/theme/asylum-migration-borders/fra-work-hotspots.
Fratzke, S. (2015). Not adding up: the fading promise of Europe’s Dublin system. EU asylum: Towards 2020 project. Migration Policy Institute.
Frontex (2022). European Border and Coast Guard Agency. Available at: https://frontex.europa.eu/about-frontex/who-we-are/origin-tasks/
Frontex (2019). Budget 2018. Available at: https://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Key_Documents/Budget/Budget_2018.pdf.
Gates, K. (2011). Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance. New York: New York University Press.
Grünenberg, K. (2020a). Body cartographers: Mapping bodies and borders in the laboratory. In K. F. Olwig, K. Grünenberg, P. Møhl & A. Simonsen (Eds.), The Biometric Border World: Technologies, Bodies and Identities on the Move (pp. 34-53). London: Routledge.
Grünenberg, K. (2020b). The biometric community: friends, foes, and the political economy of biometrics. In K. F. Olwig, K. Grünenberg, P. Møhl & A. Simonsen (Eds.), The Biometric Border World: Technologies, Bodies and Identities on the Move (pp. 53-69). London: Routledge.
Grünenberg, K. (2021). The Face of ‘the other’: Biometric Facial Recognition, Imposters and the Art of Outplaying them. In S. Woolgar, E. Vogel, D. Moats & C.F. Helgesson (Eds.), The Imposter as Social Theory: Thinking with Gate Crashers, Cheats and Charlatans (pp. 191-217). Bristol: Bristol University Press.
Grünenberg, K. (2022). Wearing Someone Else’s Face: Biometric Technologies, Anti-spoofing and the Fear of the Unknown. Ethnos. 87(2), 223-240.
Grünenberg, K., Møhl, P., Fog Olwig, K. & Simonsen, A. (2022). Issue Introduction: IDentities and Identity: Biometric Technologies, Borders and Migration. Ethnos, 87(2), 211-222..
Hansen, P. (2006). Revolving Returnees. Meanings and Practices of Transnational Return Among Somalilanders (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). Department of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen.
IOM UN Migration. (2013). Tackling high youth unemployment in Somaliland. Available at: https://www.iom.int/news/tackling-high-youth-unemployment-somaliland.
Jensen, S., & Stepputat, F. (2013). Afterword. In M. Holbraad & A. M. Pedersen (Eds.), Times of Security: Ethnographies of Fear, Protest and the Future (pp. 213-221). London: Routledge.
Lyon, D. (2008). Biometrics, identification and surveillance. Bioethics, 22(9), 499-508.
Magnet, S. A. (2011). When Biometrics Fail: Gender, Race, and the Technology of Identity. Durham: Duke University Press.
Masco, J. (2017) ‘Boundless informant’: Insecurity in the age of ubiquitous surveillance. Anthropological Theory, 17(3), 382-403.
Menkhaus, K. (2007). Governance without government in Somalia. Spoilers, state, and the politics of coping. International Security, 31(3), 74-106.
Møhl, P. (2019). Border control and blurred responsibilities at the airport. In T. Diphoorn & E. Grassiani (Eds.), Security Blurs: The Politics of Plural Security Provision (pp. 118-135). London: Routledge.
Olwig, K. F., Grünenberg, K., Møhl, P. & Simonsen, A. (2020). The Biometric Border World: Technologies, Bodies and Identities on the Move. London: Routledge.
Pedersen, A. M., & Holbraad, M. (2013). Introduction: Times of Security. In M. Holbraad & A. M. Pedersen (Eds.), Times of Security: Ethnographies of Fear, Protest and the Future (pp. 1-27). London: Routledge.
Renders, M., & Terlinden, U. (2010). Negotiating statehood in a hybrid political order: the case of Somaliland. Development and Change, 41(4), 723-746.
Scheel, S. (2019). Autonomy of Migration: Appropriating Mobility within Biometric Border Regimes. London and New York: Routledge.
Schuster, L. (2005). The continuing mobility of migrants in Italy: shifting between places and statuses. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(4), 757-774.
Simonsen, A. (2017). Tahriib: The Journey into the unknown. An Ethnography of mobility, insecurities and uncertainties among Somalis en route (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). Department of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen.
Simonsen, A. (2020a). Crossing (biometric) borders: turning ‘gravity’ upside down. Ethnos, 87(2), 306-320.
Simonsen, A. (2020b). ‘In-formation’ and ‘Out-formation’: routines and gaps en route. In K. F. Olwig, K. Grünenberg, P. Møhl & A. Simonsen (Eds.), The Biometric Border World: Technologies, Bodies and Identities on the Move (pp. 147-160). London: Routledge.
Thales Group (2022). Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) overview. A short history. Available at: https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/government/biometrics/afis-history
Tsing, A. L. (2005). Friction. An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Van der Ploeg, I. (1999). The illegal body: ‘Eurodac’ and the politics of biometric identification. Ethics and Information Technology, 1, 295-302.
Sección
Artículos de investigación
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los contenidos de Papeles del CEIC se distribuyen bajo la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 España (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 ES)
Usted es libre de:
- copiar, distribuir y comunicar públicamente la obra
Bajo las condiciones siguientes:
- Reconocimiento — Debe reconocer los créditos de la obra de la manera especificada por el autor o el licenciador (pero no de una manera que sugiera que tiene su apoyo o apoyan el uso que hace de su obra).
- No comercial — No puede utilizar esta obra para fines comerciales.
- Sin obras derivadas — No se puede alterar, transformar o generar una obra derivada a partir de esta obra.
Entendiendo que:
- Renuncia — Alguna de estas condiciones puede no aplicarse si se obtiene el permiso del titular de los derechos de autor
- Dominio Público — Cuando la obra o alguno de sus elementos se halle en el dominio público según la ley vigente aplicable, esta situación no quedará afectada por la licencia.
- Otros derechos — Los derechos siguientes no quedan afectados por la licencia de ninguna manera:
- Los derechos derivados de usos legítimos u otras limitaciones reconocidas por ley no se ven afectados por lo anterior.
- Los derechos morales del autor;
- Derechos que pueden ostentar otras personas sobre la propia obra o su uso, como por ejemplo derechos de imagen o de privacidad.
- Aviso — Al reutilizar o distribuir la obra, tiene que dejar bien claro los términos de la licencia de esta obra.