Documentar lo invisible: Cómo el activismo de datos llena los vacíos visuales
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Publicado
28-09-2022
Miren Gutiérrez
Resumen
This article examines, from the perspective of data activism, how some organizations are developing new languages to talk about invisibility, disappearance, and liminality. To do this, it uses open source intelligence (known as OSINT), maps, and public and citizen data. Examining four pioneering projects which incorporate these practices (Forensic Architecture, Bellingcat, Syrian Archive, and the work of activist María Salguero), the article discusses how technologies such as OSINT and maps can serve to chart the previously unmapped and, by doing so, shed light on the agency and destinies of invisible people. Facing traditional ways of talking about abuse and suffering in documentaries, this type of data activism offers counter-narratives that renew the visual language to deal with human rights abuses. By embracing OSINT and maps to visualize disappearance, data activism has gained the precision of digital tools and has influenced investigative and journalistic practices. This analysis also suggests that OSINT and digital cartography could be part of a renewal in documentary production.
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Keywords
activismo de datos, migración, inteligencia de código abierto, mapas, agencia
References
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Bellingcat and Migrantes de Otro Mundo (2020). Manpreet vino de la India para caer en Veracruz, México. YouTube. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdFhzCePGRQ
Bjerregaard, M. (March 5, 2014). What Indonesians really think about The Act of Killing. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/mar/05/act-of-killing-screening-in-indonesia
Butler, J., & Athanasiou, A. (2013). Dispossession: The Performative in the Political. Cambridge: Polity Press.
BBC World Service (July 12, 2019). Sudan’s Livestream Massacre. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-48956133
Bernstein, S., Bernstein, B., & Hitchcock, A. (2014). German Concentration Camps Factual Survey [documentary film]. United Kingdom: Sidney Bernstein.
Brugioni, D.A. (1983). Auschwitz and Birkenau: Why the World War II Photo Interpreters Failed to Identify the Extermination Complex. Military Intelligence, 9(1), 50-55. Retrieved from: https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/imint/holocaust2.htm
Brugioni, D.A., & Poirier, R.G. (1979). The Holocaust Revisited: A Retrospective Analysis of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex. American Intelligence Journal, 2(1), 21-40.
CARE (January 11, 2021). The 10 Most Under-Reported Humanitarian Crises of 2020. CARE. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/report/burundi/10-most-under-reported-humanitarian-crises-2020
Cuttitta, P. (2014). «Borderising» the Island Setting and Narratives of the Lampedusa «Border Play.» ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 13(2), 196-219.
DeLanda, M. (1991). War in the Age of Intelligent Machines. New York: Zone Books.
D’Ignazio, C., & Klein, L.F. (2019). Data Feminism. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Elsaesser, T. (2017). Simulation and the Labour of Invisibility: Harun Farocki’s Life Manuals. Animation: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 12(3), 214-229.
Farocki, H. (1989). Bilder Der Welt Und Inschrift des Krieges [documentary film]. West Germany: Harun Farocki Filmproduktion. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjOl8TY8GkU
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Fumega, S. (2021). Femicide Data Standardization. ILDA. Retrieved from: https://idatosabiertos.org/en/proyectos/estandardatosfemicidios/
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Gatti, G. (2020). The Social Disappeared: Genealogy, Global Circulations, and (Possible) Uses of a Category for the Bad Life. Public Culture, 32(1), 25-43.
Genova, E., & Zontini, E. (2020). Liminal Lives: Navigating In-Betweenness in the Case of Bulgarian and Italian Migrants in Brexiting Britain. Ośrodek Badań Nad Migracjami, 9(1), 47-64.
Greenberg, J., & Scanlon, T.J. (2016). Old Media, New Media, and the Complex Story of Disasters. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. Retrieved from: https://oxfordre.com/naturalhazardscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.001.0001/acrefore-9780199389407-e-21
Gutierrez, M. (2018a). Data Activism and Social Change. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gutierrez, M. (2018b). Maputopias: Cartographies of Knowledge, Communication, and Action in the Big Data Society – The Cases of Ushahidi and InfoAmazonia. GeoJournal, 84(1), 1-20.
Gutierrez, M. (2020). Data and Documentaries: Methodological Hybridizations in Activism. Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 12(2), 315-331.
Gutierrez, M. (2021). Data Activism and Meta-Documentary in Six Films by Forensic Architecture. Studies in Documentary Film, 1-21.
Hepp, A. (2016). Pioneer Communities: Collective Actors in Deep Mediatisation. Media, Culture & Society, 38(6), 918-933.
Horvath, A., Thomassen, B., & Wydra, H. (2018). Liminality and the Search for Boundaries. In A. Horvath, B. Thomassen & H. Wydra. (Eds.), Breaking Boundaries: Varieties of Liminality (pp. 1-8). New York: Berghahn Books.
Karagiannis, C., & Vergidis, K. (2021). Digital Evidence and Cloud Forensics: Contemporary Legal Challenges and the Power of Disposal. Information, 12(5), 1-16.
Kukutai, T., & Taylor, J. (2016). Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Toward an Agenda. Canberra: The Australian National University.
Lanzmann, C. (1985). Shoah [documentary film]. France: New Yorker Films.
Lettieri, M. (2017). Violence Against Women in Mexico. University of San Diego. Retrieved from: https://sites.sandiego.edu/tbi-femicide/files/2017/12/2016-2017-Femicide-Report-Final.pdf
Linfield, S. (2010). The Cruel Radiance: Photography and Political Violence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mann, S., Nolan, J., & Wellman, B. (2003). Sousveillance: Inventing and Using Wearable Computing Devices for Data Collection in Surveillance Environments, Surveillance & Society, 1(3), 331-355.
Marker, C. (1983). Sans Soleil [documentary film]. France: Argos Films.
Mehrabi, N., Morstatter, F., Saxena, N., Lerman, K., & Galstyan, A. (2019). A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learning. Retrieved from: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.09635.pdf
Meier, P. (July 2, 2012). How Crisis Mapping Saved Lives in Haiti. Relief Web. OCHA. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/how-crisis-mapping-saved-lives-haiti
Meier, P. (August 4, 2015). Counter-Mapping the State with UAVs. IRevolutions. Retrieved from: https://irevolutions.org/2015/08/04/counter-mapping-with-uavs/
Migration Data Portal (August 24, 2020). How a Lack of Data Is Perpetuating the Invisibility of Migrant Women’s Deaths. Migration Data Portal. Retrieved from: https://migrationdataportal.org/blog/how-lack-data-perpetuating-invisibility-migrant-womens-deaths
Moeller, S.D. (2006). «Regarding the pain of others»: Media, bias and the coverage of international disasters. Journal of International Affairs, 59(2), 173-196.
Morrow, N., Mock, N., & Papendieck, A. (2011). Independent Evaluation of the Ushahidi Haiti Project [Online]. ALNAP. Retrieved from: http://www.alnap.org/resource/6000
Moyo, I. (2019). On Borders and the Liminality of Undocumented Zimbabwean Migrants in South Africa. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 18(1), 60-74.
Niklas, J., & Gangadharan, S.P. (2018). Between Antidiscrimination and Data: Understanding Human Rights Discourse on Automated Discrimination in Europe. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2014). Human Rights and Human Trafficking. Retrieved from: https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/fs36_en.pdf
Oppenheimer, J. (2012). The Act of Killing [documentary film]. Denmark, Norway and UK: Final Cut for Real, Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), Radio (DR), Spring Films, Novaya Zemlya, Piraya Film.
Panh, R. (2013). L’Image Manquante [documentary film]. Cambodia: Catherine Dussart Productions (CDP), Arte France, Bophana Production. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FR6TnyoAO0
Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. New York: Penguin Press HC.
Peluso, N.L. (1995). Whose Woods Are These? Territories in Kalimantan. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pena, J. (2020). El cine después de Auschwitz. Barcelona: Catedra.
Radjawali, I., & Pye, O. (2015). Counter-Mapping Land Grabs with Community Drones in Indonesia - Land Grabbing, Conflict, and Agrarian environmental Transformations: Perspectives from East and Southeast Asia. In International Institute of Social Sciences. International academic conference, 5-6 June 2015, Chiang Mai University.
Reinhardt, M., Edwards, H., & Duganne, E. (Eds.) (2007). Beautiful Suffering: Photography and the Traffic in Pain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Salguero, M. (2019). Los Feminicidios en México. Ushahidi. Retrieved from: https://feminicidiosmx.crowdmap.com/
Scharl, A., & Tochtermann, K. (Eds.) (2007). The Geospatial Web: How Geobrowsers, Social Software and the Web 2.0 Are Shaping the Network Society. London: Springer-Verlag London.
Sontag, S. (2005). On Photography. Bedfords, UK: Rosetta.
Stiegler, B. (2012). Die Aufklärung in the Age of Philosophical Engineering Digital. In M. Hildebrandt (Ed.), Enlightenment Yearbook 2013 (pp. 29-39). Leiden: IOS Press.
Syrian Archive (August 23, 2020). Strike on the Martyr Abdo Salama School in Sarmin. Syrian Archive. Retrieved from: https://syrianarchive.org/en/investigations/sarminschool
Taylor, L. (July 10, 2018). As Technology Advances, Women Are Left behind in Digital Divide. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-women-digital-idUSKBN1K02NT
Triebert, C, Hill, E., Browne, M., Hufrst, W., Khavin, D., & Froliak, M. (October 13, 2019). How Times Reporters Proved Russia Bombed Syrian Hospitals. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/13/reader-center/russia-syria-hospitals-investigation.html
Turner, V. (1969). The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Turner, V. (1974). Liminal to Liminoid, in Play, Flow, and Ritual: An Essay in Comparative Symbology. Rice Institute Pamphlet - Rice University Studies, 60(3), 53-92.
UN Migration (March 9, 2018). UN Migration Agency: Lack Of Data Perpetuates Invisibility of Migrant Women’s Deaths. UN Migration. Retrieved from https://www.iom.int/news/un-migration-agency-lack-data-perpetuates-invisibility-migrant-womens-deaths
Weaver, M., & Quinn, B. (June 11, 2013). Turkey Violence Intensifies as Police Try to Clear Taksim Square - as It Happened. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/turkey-police-move-into-taksim-square
Woodside, A. (2010). Case Study Research: Theory, Methods, and Practice. Bradford: Emerald Group Pub.
World Population Review (2022). Most Dangerous Countries for Women 2022. Retrieved from https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women
Yin, R.K. (2002). Case Study Research: Design Methods. Vol. 5. London, New Delhi: SAGE.
Ahmad, M.I. (2019). Bellingcat and How Open Source Reinvented Investigative Journalism. The New York Review of Books. Retrieved from: https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/06/10/bellingcat-and-how-open-source-reinvented-investigative-journalism/
Amnesty International (2021a). Enforced Disappearances. Retrieved from: https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/enforced-disappearances/
Amnesty International (2021b). Amnesty International Report 2020/21. Retrieved from: https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/English.pdf
Azoulay, A. (2015). Civil Imagination: A Political Ontology of Photography. New York: Verso Books.
Bazan, C. (September 7, 2020). María Salguero, la geofísica que le pone nombre a las cifras de feminicidios en México. Efeminista. Retrieved from: https://efeminista.com/maria-salguero-feminicidios-mexico/
Bellingcat and Migrantes de Otro Mundo (2020). Manpreet vino de la India para caer en Veracruz, México. YouTube. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdFhzCePGRQ
Bjerregaard, M. (March 5, 2014). What Indonesians really think about The Act of Killing. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/mar/05/act-of-killing-screening-in-indonesia
Butler, J., & Athanasiou, A. (2013). Dispossession: The Performative in the Political. Cambridge: Polity Press.
BBC World Service (July 12, 2019). Sudan’s Livestream Massacre. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-48956133
Bernstein, S., Bernstein, B., & Hitchcock, A. (2014). German Concentration Camps Factual Survey [documentary film]. United Kingdom: Sidney Bernstein.
Brugioni, D.A. (1983). Auschwitz and Birkenau: Why the World War II Photo Interpreters Failed to Identify the Extermination Complex. Military Intelligence, 9(1), 50-55. Retrieved from: https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/imint/holocaust2.htm
Brugioni, D.A., & Poirier, R.G. (1979). The Holocaust Revisited: A Retrospective Analysis of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex. American Intelligence Journal, 2(1), 21-40.
CARE (January 11, 2021). The 10 Most Under-Reported Humanitarian Crises of 2020. CARE. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/report/burundi/10-most-under-reported-humanitarian-crises-2020
Cuttitta, P. (2014). «Borderising» the Island Setting and Narratives of the Lampedusa «Border Play.» ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 13(2), 196-219.
DeLanda, M. (1991). War in the Age of Intelligent Machines. New York: Zone Books.
D’Ignazio, C., & Klein, L.F. (2019). Data Feminism. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Elsaesser, T. (2017). Simulation and the Labour of Invisibility: Harun Farocki’s Life Manuals. Animation: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 12(3), 214-229.
Farocki, H. (1989). Bilder Der Welt Und Inschrift des Krieges [documentary film]. West Germany: Harun Farocki Filmproduktion. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjOl8TY8GkU
Forensic Architecture (FA) (February 2, 2017). About Saydnaya. Forensic Architecture. Retrieved from: http://www.forensic-architecture.org/case/saydnaya/
Forensic Architecture (FA) (July 3, 2020). The Killing of Muhammad al Arab. Forensic Architecture. Retrieved from: https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-muhammad-al-arab
Fumega, S. (2021). Femicide Data Standardization. ILDA. Retrieved from: https://idatosabiertos.org/en/proyectos/estandardatosfemicidios/
Gandt, L. (October 4, 2018). «High Probability» Greek Soldiers Killed Syrian Man at Turkish Border, Report Finds. Financial Times. Retrieved from: https://medium.com/unificationfoundation/its-time-to-end-enterprise-data-silofication-f1ed464f1ba0
Gatti, G. (2020). The Social Disappeared: Genealogy, Global Circulations, and (Possible) Uses of a Category for the Bad Life. Public Culture, 32(1), 25-43.
Genova, E., & Zontini, E. (2020). Liminal Lives: Navigating In-Betweenness in the Case of Bulgarian and Italian Migrants in Brexiting Britain. Ośrodek Badań Nad Migracjami, 9(1), 47-64.
Greenberg, J., & Scanlon, T.J. (2016). Old Media, New Media, and the Complex Story of Disasters. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. Retrieved from: https://oxfordre.com/naturalhazardscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.001.0001/acrefore-9780199389407-e-21
Gutierrez, M. (2018a). Data Activism and Social Change. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gutierrez, M. (2018b). Maputopias: Cartographies of Knowledge, Communication, and Action in the Big Data Society – The Cases of Ushahidi and InfoAmazonia. GeoJournal, 84(1), 1-20.
Gutierrez, M. (2020). Data and Documentaries: Methodological Hybridizations in Activism. Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 12(2), 315-331.
Gutierrez, M. (2021). Data Activism and Meta-Documentary in Six Films by Forensic Architecture. Studies in Documentary Film, 1-21.
Hepp, A. (2016). Pioneer Communities: Collective Actors in Deep Mediatisation. Media, Culture & Society, 38(6), 918-933.
Horvath, A., Thomassen, B., & Wydra, H. (2018). Liminality and the Search for Boundaries. In A. Horvath, B. Thomassen & H. Wydra. (Eds.), Breaking Boundaries: Varieties of Liminality (pp. 1-8). New York: Berghahn Books.
Karagiannis, C., & Vergidis, K. (2021). Digital Evidence and Cloud Forensics: Contemporary Legal Challenges and the Power of Disposal. Information, 12(5), 1-16.
Kukutai, T., & Taylor, J. (2016). Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Toward an Agenda. Canberra: The Australian National University.
Lanzmann, C. (1985). Shoah [documentary film]. France: New Yorker Films.
Lettieri, M. (2017). Violence Against Women in Mexico. University of San Diego. Retrieved from: https://sites.sandiego.edu/tbi-femicide/files/2017/12/2016-2017-Femicide-Report-Final.pdf
Linfield, S. (2010). The Cruel Radiance: Photography and Political Violence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mann, S., Nolan, J., & Wellman, B. (2003). Sousveillance: Inventing and Using Wearable Computing Devices for Data Collection in Surveillance Environments, Surveillance & Society, 1(3), 331-355.
Marker, C. (1983). Sans Soleil [documentary film]. France: Argos Films.
Mehrabi, N., Morstatter, F., Saxena, N., Lerman, K., & Galstyan, A. (2019). A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learning. Retrieved from: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.09635.pdf
Meier, P. (July 2, 2012). How Crisis Mapping Saved Lives in Haiti. Relief Web. OCHA. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/how-crisis-mapping-saved-lives-haiti
Meier, P. (August 4, 2015). Counter-Mapping the State with UAVs. IRevolutions. Retrieved from: https://irevolutions.org/2015/08/04/counter-mapping-with-uavs/
Migration Data Portal (August 24, 2020). How a Lack of Data Is Perpetuating the Invisibility of Migrant Women’s Deaths. Migration Data Portal. Retrieved from: https://migrationdataportal.org/blog/how-lack-data-perpetuating-invisibility-migrant-womens-deaths
Moeller, S.D. (2006). «Regarding the pain of others»: Media, bias and the coverage of international disasters. Journal of International Affairs, 59(2), 173-196.
Morrow, N., Mock, N., & Papendieck, A. (2011). Independent Evaluation of the Ushahidi Haiti Project [Online]. ALNAP. Retrieved from: http://www.alnap.org/resource/6000
Moyo, I. (2019). On Borders and the Liminality of Undocumented Zimbabwean Migrants in South Africa. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 18(1), 60-74.
Niklas, J., & Gangadharan, S.P. (2018). Between Antidiscrimination and Data: Understanding Human Rights Discourse on Automated Discrimination in Europe. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2014). Human Rights and Human Trafficking. Retrieved from: https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/fs36_en.pdf
Oppenheimer, J. (2012). The Act of Killing [documentary film]. Denmark, Norway and UK: Final Cut for Real, Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), Radio (DR), Spring Films, Novaya Zemlya, Piraya Film.
Panh, R. (2013). L’Image Manquante [documentary film]. Cambodia: Catherine Dussart Productions (CDP), Arte France, Bophana Production. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FR6TnyoAO0
Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. New York: Penguin Press HC.
Peluso, N.L. (1995). Whose Woods Are These? Territories in Kalimantan. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pena, J. (2020). El cine después de Auschwitz. Barcelona: Catedra.
Radjawali, I., & Pye, O. (2015). Counter-Mapping Land Grabs with Community Drones in Indonesia - Land Grabbing, Conflict, and Agrarian environmental Transformations: Perspectives from East and Southeast Asia. In International Institute of Social Sciences. International academic conference, 5-6 June 2015, Chiang Mai University.
Reinhardt, M., Edwards, H., & Duganne, E. (Eds.) (2007). Beautiful Suffering: Photography and the Traffic in Pain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Salguero, M. (2019). Los Feminicidios en México. Ushahidi. Retrieved from: https://feminicidiosmx.crowdmap.com/
Scharl, A., & Tochtermann, K. (Eds.) (2007). The Geospatial Web: How Geobrowsers, Social Software and the Web 2.0 Are Shaping the Network Society. London: Springer-Verlag London.
Sontag, S. (2005). On Photography. Bedfords, UK: Rosetta.
Stiegler, B. (2012). Die Aufklärung in the Age of Philosophical Engineering Digital. In M. Hildebrandt (Ed.), Enlightenment Yearbook 2013 (pp. 29-39). Leiden: IOS Press.
Syrian Archive (August 23, 2020). Strike on the Martyr Abdo Salama School in Sarmin. Syrian Archive. Retrieved from: https://syrianarchive.org/en/investigations/sarminschool
Taylor, L. (July 10, 2018). As Technology Advances, Women Are Left behind in Digital Divide. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-women-digital-idUSKBN1K02NT
Triebert, C, Hill, E., Browne, M., Hufrst, W., Khavin, D., & Froliak, M. (October 13, 2019). How Times Reporters Proved Russia Bombed Syrian Hospitals. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/13/reader-center/russia-syria-hospitals-investigation.html
Turner, V. (1969). The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Turner, V. (1974). Liminal to Liminoid, in Play, Flow, and Ritual: An Essay in Comparative Symbology. Rice Institute Pamphlet - Rice University Studies, 60(3), 53-92.
UN Migration (March 9, 2018). UN Migration Agency: Lack Of Data Perpetuates Invisibility of Migrant Women’s Deaths. UN Migration. Retrieved from https://www.iom.int/news/un-migration-agency-lack-data-perpetuates-invisibility-migrant-womens-deaths
Weaver, M., & Quinn, B. (June 11, 2013). Turkey Violence Intensifies as Police Try to Clear Taksim Square - as It Happened. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/turkey-police-move-into-taksim-square
Woodside, A. (2010). Case Study Research: Theory, Methods, and Practice. Bradford: Emerald Group Pub.
World Population Review (2022). Most Dangerous Countries for Women 2022. Retrieved from https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women
Yin, R.K. (2002). Case Study Research: Design Methods. Vol. 5. London, New Delhi: SAGE.
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