Documenting the Invisible: How Data Activism Fills Visual Gaps
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Publicado
28-09-2022
Miren Gutiérrez
Resumo
Este artículo examina, desde la perspectiva del activismo de datos, cómo algunas organizaciones están desarrollando nuevos lenguajes para hablar sobre la invisibilización, la desaparición y la liminalidad. Para ello, estas emplean la inteligencia de fuentes abiertas (conocida como Open Source Intelligence [OSINT, por sus siglas en inglés]), los mapas y los datos públicos y ciudadanos. Al examinar cuatro proyectos pioneros en la incorporación de estas prácticas (Forensic Architecture, Bellingcat, Syrian Archive y el trabajo de la activista María Salguero), el artículo plantea cómo tecnologías como la OSINT y los mapas pueden servir para mapear lo antes no cartografiado y, de esta forma, arrojar luz sobre la agencia y los destinos de personas invisibilizadas. Frente a las formas tradicionales de hablar sobre los abusos y el sufrimiento en los documentales, este tipo de activismo de datos ofrece contra-narrativas que renuevan el lenguaje visual para tratar sobre abusos de derechos humanos. Al adoptar OSINT y mapas para visualizar la desaparición, el activismo de datos ha adquirido la precisión de las herramientas digitales y ha influido en las prácticas periodísticas y de investigación. Este análisis también sugiere que OSINT y la cartografía digital podrían ser parte de una renovación en la producción documental.
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References
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Gutierrez, M. (2018b). Maputopias: Cartographies of Knowledge, Communication, and Action in the Big Data Society – The Cases of Ushahidi and InfoAmazonia. GeoJournal, 84(1), 1-20.
Gutierrez, M. (2020). Data and Documentaries: Methodological Hybridizations in Activism. Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 12(2), 315-331.
Gutierrez, M. (2021). Data Activism and Meta-Documentary in Six Films by Forensic Architecture. Studies in Documentary Film, 1-21.
Hepp, A. (2016). Pioneer Communities: Collective Actors in Deep Mediatisation. Media, Culture & Society, 38(6), 918-933.
Horvath, A., Thomassen, B., & Wydra, H. (2018). Liminality and the Search for Boundaries. In A. Horvath, B. Thomassen & H. Wydra. (Eds.), Breaking Boundaries: Varieties of Liminality (pp. 1-8). New York: Berghahn Books.
Karagiannis, C., & Vergidis, K. (2021). Digital Evidence and Cloud Forensics: Contemporary Legal Challenges and the Power of Disposal. Information, 12(5), 1-16.
Kukutai, T., & Taylor, J. (2016). Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Toward an Agenda. Canberra: The Australian National University.
Lanzmann, C. (1985). Shoah [documentary film]. France: New Yorker Films.
Lettieri, M. (2017). Violence Against Women in Mexico. University of San Diego. Retrieved from: https://sites.sandiego.edu/tbi-femicide/files/2017/12/2016-2017-Femicide-Report-Final.pdf
Linfield, S. (2010). The Cruel Radiance: Photography and Political Violence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mann, S., Nolan, J., & Wellman, B. (2003). Sousveillance: Inventing and Using Wearable Computing Devices for Data Collection in Surveillance Environments, Surveillance & Society, 1(3), 331-355.
Marker, C. (1983). Sans Soleil [documentary film]. France: Argos Films.
Mehrabi, N., Morstatter, F., Saxena, N., Lerman, K., & Galstyan, A. (2019). A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learning. Retrieved from: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.09635.pdf
Meier, P. (July 2, 2012). How Crisis Mapping Saved Lives in Haiti. Relief Web. OCHA. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/how-crisis-mapping-saved-lives-haiti
Meier, P. (August 4, 2015). Counter-Mapping the State with UAVs. IRevolutions. Retrieved from: https://irevolutions.org/2015/08/04/counter-mapping-with-uavs/
Migration Data Portal (August 24, 2020). How a Lack of Data Is Perpetuating the Invisibility of Migrant Women’s Deaths. Migration Data Portal. Retrieved from: https://migrationdataportal.org/blog/how-lack-data-perpetuating-invisibility-migrant-womens-deaths
Moeller, S.D. (2006). «Regarding the pain of others»: Media, bias and the coverage of international disasters. Journal of International Affairs, 59(2), 173-196.
Morrow, N., Mock, N., & Papendieck, A. (2011). Independent Evaluation of the Ushahidi Haiti Project [Online]. ALNAP. Retrieved from: http://www.alnap.org/resource/6000
Moyo, I. (2019). On Borders and the Liminality of Undocumented Zimbabwean Migrants in South Africa. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 18(1), 60-74.
Niklas, J., & Gangadharan, S.P. (2018). Between Antidiscrimination and Data: Understanding Human Rights Discourse on Automated Discrimination in Europe. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2014). Human Rights and Human Trafficking. Retrieved from: https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/fs36_en.pdf
Oppenheimer, J. (2012). The Act of Killing [documentary film]. Denmark, Norway and UK: Final Cut for Real, Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), Radio (DR), Spring Films, Novaya Zemlya, Piraya Film.
Panh, R. (2013). L’Image Manquante [documentary film]. Cambodia: Catherine Dussart Productions (CDP), Arte France, Bophana Production. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FR6TnyoAO0
Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. New York: Penguin Press HC.
Peluso, N.L. (1995). Whose Woods Are These? Territories in Kalimantan. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pena, J. (2020). El cine después de Auschwitz. Barcelona: Catedra.
Radjawali, I., & Pye, O. (2015). Counter-Mapping Land Grabs with Community Drones in Indonesia - Land Grabbing, Conflict, and Agrarian environmental Transformations: Perspectives from East and Southeast Asia. In International Institute of Social Sciences. International academic conference, 5-6 June 2015, Chiang Mai University.
Reinhardt, M., Edwards, H., & Duganne, E. (Eds.) (2007). Beautiful Suffering: Photography and the Traffic in Pain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Salguero, M. (2019). Los Feminicidios en México. Ushahidi. Retrieved from: https://feminicidiosmx.crowdmap.com/
Scharl, A., & Tochtermann, K. (Eds.) (2007). The Geospatial Web: How Geobrowsers, Social Software and the Web 2.0 Are Shaping the Network Society. London: Springer-Verlag London.
Sontag, S. (2005). On Photography. Bedfords, UK: Rosetta.
Stiegler, B. (2012). Die Aufklärung in the Age of Philosophical Engineering Digital. In M. Hildebrandt (Ed.), Enlightenment Yearbook 2013 (pp. 29-39). Leiden: IOS Press.
Syrian Archive (August 23, 2020). Strike on the Martyr Abdo Salama School in Sarmin. Syrian Archive. Retrieved from: https://syrianarchive.org/en/investigations/sarminschool
Taylor, L. (July 10, 2018). As Technology Advances, Women Are Left behind in Digital Divide. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-women-digital-idUSKBN1K02NT
Triebert, C, Hill, E., Browne, M., Hufrst, W., Khavin, D., & Froliak, M. (October 13, 2019). How Times Reporters Proved Russia Bombed Syrian Hospitals. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/13/reader-center/russia-syria-hospitals-investigation.html
Turner, V. (1969). The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Turner, V. (1974). Liminal to Liminoid, in Play, Flow, and Ritual: An Essay in Comparative Symbology. Rice Institute Pamphlet - Rice University Studies, 60(3), 53-92.
UN Migration (March 9, 2018). UN Migration Agency: Lack Of Data Perpetuates Invisibility of Migrant Women’s Deaths. UN Migration. Retrieved from https://www.iom.int/news/un-migration-agency-lack-data-perpetuates-invisibility-migrant-womens-deaths
Weaver, M., & Quinn, B. (June 11, 2013). Turkey Violence Intensifies as Police Try to Clear Taksim Square - as It Happened. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/turkey-police-move-into-taksim-square
Woodside, A. (2010). Case Study Research: Theory, Methods, and Practice. Bradford: Emerald Group Pub.
World Population Review (2022). Most Dangerous Countries for Women 2022. Retrieved from https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women
Yin, R.K. (2002). Case Study Research: Design Methods. Vol. 5. London, New Delhi: SAGE.
Ahmad, M.I. (2019). Bellingcat and How Open Source Reinvented Investigative Journalism. The New York Review of Books. Retrieved from: https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/06/10/bellingcat-and-how-open-source-reinvented-investigative-journalism/
Amnesty International (2021a). Enforced Disappearances. Retrieved from: https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/enforced-disappearances/
Amnesty International (2021b). Amnesty International Report 2020/21. Retrieved from: https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/English.pdf
Azoulay, A. (2015). Civil Imagination: A Political Ontology of Photography. New York: Verso Books.
Bazan, C. (September 7, 2020). María Salguero, la geofísica que le pone nombre a las cifras de feminicidios en México. Efeminista. Retrieved from: https://efeminista.com/maria-salguero-feminicidios-mexico/
Bellingcat and Migrantes de Otro Mundo (2020). Manpreet vino de la India para caer en Veracruz, México. YouTube. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdFhzCePGRQ
Bjerregaard, M. (March 5, 2014). What Indonesians really think about The Act of Killing. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/mar/05/act-of-killing-screening-in-indonesia
Butler, J., & Athanasiou, A. (2013). Dispossession: The Performative in the Political. Cambridge: Polity Press.
BBC World Service (July 12, 2019). Sudan’s Livestream Massacre. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-48956133
Bernstein, S., Bernstein, B., & Hitchcock, A. (2014). German Concentration Camps Factual Survey [documentary film]. United Kingdom: Sidney Bernstein.
Brugioni, D.A. (1983). Auschwitz and Birkenau: Why the World War II Photo Interpreters Failed to Identify the Extermination Complex. Military Intelligence, 9(1), 50-55. Retrieved from: https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/imint/holocaust2.htm
Brugioni, D.A., & Poirier, R.G. (1979). The Holocaust Revisited: A Retrospective Analysis of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex. American Intelligence Journal, 2(1), 21-40.
CARE (January 11, 2021). The 10 Most Under-Reported Humanitarian Crises of 2020. CARE. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/report/burundi/10-most-under-reported-humanitarian-crises-2020
Cuttitta, P. (2014). «Borderising» the Island Setting and Narratives of the Lampedusa «Border Play.» ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 13(2), 196-219.
DeLanda, M. (1991). War in the Age of Intelligent Machines. New York: Zone Books.
D’Ignazio, C., & Klein, L.F. (2019). Data Feminism. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Elsaesser, T. (2017). Simulation and the Labour of Invisibility: Harun Farocki’s Life Manuals. Animation: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 12(3), 214-229.
Farocki, H. (1989). Bilder Der Welt Und Inschrift des Krieges [documentary film]. West Germany: Harun Farocki Filmproduktion. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjOl8TY8GkU
Forensic Architecture (FA) (February 2, 2017). About Saydnaya. Forensic Architecture. Retrieved from: http://www.forensic-architecture.org/case/saydnaya/
Forensic Architecture (FA) (July 3, 2020). The Killing of Muhammad al Arab. Forensic Architecture. Retrieved from: https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-muhammad-al-arab
Fumega, S. (2021). Femicide Data Standardization. ILDA. Retrieved from: https://idatosabiertos.org/en/proyectos/estandardatosfemicidios/
Gandt, L. (October 4, 2018). «High Probability» Greek Soldiers Killed Syrian Man at Turkish Border, Report Finds. Financial Times. Retrieved from: https://medium.com/unificationfoundation/its-time-to-end-enterprise-data-silofication-f1ed464f1ba0
Gatti, G. (2020). The Social Disappeared: Genealogy, Global Circulations, and (Possible) Uses of a Category for the Bad Life. Public Culture, 32(1), 25-43.
Genova, E., & Zontini, E. (2020). Liminal Lives: Navigating In-Betweenness in the Case of Bulgarian and Italian Migrants in Brexiting Britain. Ośrodek Badań Nad Migracjami, 9(1), 47-64.
Greenberg, J., & Scanlon, T.J. (2016). Old Media, New Media, and the Complex Story of Disasters. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. Retrieved from: https://oxfordre.com/naturalhazardscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.001.0001/acrefore-9780199389407-e-21
Gutierrez, M. (2018a). Data Activism and Social Change. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gutierrez, M. (2018b). Maputopias: Cartographies of Knowledge, Communication, and Action in the Big Data Society – The Cases of Ushahidi and InfoAmazonia. GeoJournal, 84(1), 1-20.
Gutierrez, M. (2020). Data and Documentaries: Methodological Hybridizations in Activism. Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 12(2), 315-331.
Gutierrez, M. (2021). Data Activism and Meta-Documentary in Six Films by Forensic Architecture. Studies in Documentary Film, 1-21.
Hepp, A. (2016). Pioneer Communities: Collective Actors in Deep Mediatisation. Media, Culture & Society, 38(6), 918-933.
Horvath, A., Thomassen, B., & Wydra, H. (2018). Liminality and the Search for Boundaries. In A. Horvath, B. Thomassen & H. Wydra. (Eds.), Breaking Boundaries: Varieties of Liminality (pp. 1-8). New York: Berghahn Books.
Karagiannis, C., & Vergidis, K. (2021). Digital Evidence and Cloud Forensics: Contemporary Legal Challenges and the Power of Disposal. Information, 12(5), 1-16.
Kukutai, T., & Taylor, J. (2016). Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Toward an Agenda. Canberra: The Australian National University.
Lanzmann, C. (1985). Shoah [documentary film]. France: New Yorker Films.
Lettieri, M. (2017). Violence Against Women in Mexico. University of San Diego. Retrieved from: https://sites.sandiego.edu/tbi-femicide/files/2017/12/2016-2017-Femicide-Report-Final.pdf
Linfield, S. (2010). The Cruel Radiance: Photography and Political Violence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mann, S., Nolan, J., & Wellman, B. (2003). Sousveillance: Inventing and Using Wearable Computing Devices for Data Collection in Surveillance Environments, Surveillance & Society, 1(3), 331-355.
Marker, C. (1983). Sans Soleil [documentary film]. France: Argos Films.
Mehrabi, N., Morstatter, F., Saxena, N., Lerman, K., & Galstyan, A. (2019). A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learning. Retrieved from: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.09635.pdf
Meier, P. (July 2, 2012). How Crisis Mapping Saved Lives in Haiti. Relief Web. OCHA. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/how-crisis-mapping-saved-lives-haiti
Meier, P. (August 4, 2015). Counter-Mapping the State with UAVs. IRevolutions. Retrieved from: https://irevolutions.org/2015/08/04/counter-mapping-with-uavs/
Migration Data Portal (August 24, 2020). How a Lack of Data Is Perpetuating the Invisibility of Migrant Women’s Deaths. Migration Data Portal. Retrieved from: https://migrationdataportal.org/blog/how-lack-data-perpetuating-invisibility-migrant-womens-deaths
Moeller, S.D. (2006). «Regarding the pain of others»: Media, bias and the coverage of international disasters. Journal of International Affairs, 59(2), 173-196.
Morrow, N., Mock, N., & Papendieck, A. (2011). Independent Evaluation of the Ushahidi Haiti Project [Online]. ALNAP. Retrieved from: http://www.alnap.org/resource/6000
Moyo, I. (2019). On Borders and the Liminality of Undocumented Zimbabwean Migrants in South Africa. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 18(1), 60-74.
Niklas, J., & Gangadharan, S.P. (2018). Between Antidiscrimination and Data: Understanding Human Rights Discourse on Automated Discrimination in Europe. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2014). Human Rights and Human Trafficking. Retrieved from: https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/fs36_en.pdf
Oppenheimer, J. (2012). The Act of Killing [documentary film]. Denmark, Norway and UK: Final Cut for Real, Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), Radio (DR), Spring Films, Novaya Zemlya, Piraya Film.
Panh, R. (2013). L’Image Manquante [documentary film]. Cambodia: Catherine Dussart Productions (CDP), Arte France, Bophana Production. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FR6TnyoAO0
Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. New York: Penguin Press HC.
Peluso, N.L. (1995). Whose Woods Are These? Territories in Kalimantan. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pena, J. (2020). El cine después de Auschwitz. Barcelona: Catedra.
Radjawali, I., & Pye, O. (2015). Counter-Mapping Land Grabs with Community Drones in Indonesia - Land Grabbing, Conflict, and Agrarian environmental Transformations: Perspectives from East and Southeast Asia. In International Institute of Social Sciences. International academic conference, 5-6 June 2015, Chiang Mai University.
Reinhardt, M., Edwards, H., & Duganne, E. (Eds.) (2007). Beautiful Suffering: Photography and the Traffic in Pain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Salguero, M. (2019). Los Feminicidios en México. Ushahidi. Retrieved from: https://feminicidiosmx.crowdmap.com/
Scharl, A., & Tochtermann, K. (Eds.) (2007). The Geospatial Web: How Geobrowsers, Social Software and the Web 2.0 Are Shaping the Network Society. London: Springer-Verlag London.
Sontag, S. (2005). On Photography. Bedfords, UK: Rosetta.
Stiegler, B. (2012). Die Aufklärung in the Age of Philosophical Engineering Digital. In M. Hildebrandt (Ed.), Enlightenment Yearbook 2013 (pp. 29-39). Leiden: IOS Press.
Syrian Archive (August 23, 2020). Strike on the Martyr Abdo Salama School in Sarmin. Syrian Archive. Retrieved from: https://syrianarchive.org/en/investigations/sarminschool
Taylor, L. (July 10, 2018). As Technology Advances, Women Are Left behind in Digital Divide. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-women-digital-idUSKBN1K02NT
Triebert, C, Hill, E., Browne, M., Hufrst, W., Khavin, D., & Froliak, M. (October 13, 2019). How Times Reporters Proved Russia Bombed Syrian Hospitals. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/13/reader-center/russia-syria-hospitals-investigation.html
Turner, V. (1969). The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Turner, V. (1974). Liminal to Liminoid, in Play, Flow, and Ritual: An Essay in Comparative Symbology. Rice Institute Pamphlet - Rice University Studies, 60(3), 53-92.
UN Migration (March 9, 2018). UN Migration Agency: Lack Of Data Perpetuates Invisibility of Migrant Women’s Deaths. UN Migration. Retrieved from https://www.iom.int/news/un-migration-agency-lack-data-perpetuates-invisibility-migrant-womens-deaths
Weaver, M., & Quinn, B. (June 11, 2013). Turkey Violence Intensifies as Police Try to Clear Taksim Square - as It Happened. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/turkey-police-move-into-taksim-square
Woodside, A. (2010). Case Study Research: Theory, Methods, and Practice. Bradford: Emerald Group Pub.
World Population Review (2022). Most Dangerous Countries for Women 2022. Retrieved from https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women
Yin, R.K. (2002). Case Study Research: Design Methods. Vol. 5. London, New Delhi: SAGE.
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