La diversidad sexo-genérica en demografía: una historia de inercias, vacíos y rupturas
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Publicado
14-10-2025
Celia Fernández-Carro
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9065-3528
Resumen
La demografía es una disciplina de las Ciencias Sociales que persigue la excelencia en el diseño y aplicación de métodos de análisis cuantitativos. Por eso, resulta paradójico que todavía no haya tomado parte en los debates metodológicos sobre la medición de la complejidad no binaria del género y las sexualidades. El objetivo de este trabajo es reflexionar sobre la capacidad y disposición de la demografía para participar en la investigación social cuantitativa sobre la diversidad sexual y de género, examinando la conceptualización que los estudios demográficos hacen del sexo, el género y las sexualidades como categorías analíticas, y su influencia en las herramientas de registro de datos. El trabajo repasa los principales desafíos para el estudio de la diversidad sexo-genérica, principalmente relacionados con la falta de cuestionamiento de sus bases epistemológicas, a la vez que señala algunas potencialidades de cara al futuro. Una mirada crítica a la participación de
la demografía en la investigación social sobre la diversidad sexo-genérica es fundamental por su vínculo la sociología cuantitativa, a la que surte constantemente de herramientas técnico-analíticas, pero también porque el conocimiento generado es una pieza clave para la visibilización y reconocimiento de las experiencias de las personas LGTBIQ+.
Cómo citar
Fernández-Carro, C. (2025). La diversidad sexo-genérica en demografía: una historia de inercias, vacíos y rupturas. Papeles De Identidad. Contar La investigación De Frontera, 2025(2), papel 325. https://doi.org/10.1387/pceic.25296
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Keywords
métodos cuantitativos, demografía feminista, diversidad sexogenérica, población LGTBIQ , SOGI data
References
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Badgett, M. L., Baker, K. E., Conron, K. J., Gates, G. J., Gill, A., Greytak, E., y Herman, J. L. (2014). Best practices for asking questions to identify transgender and other gender minority respondents on population-based surveys (GenIUSS). The GenIUSS Group, UCLA Williams Institute.
Baumle, A. K., Compton, D. R., y Poston, D. L. Jr. (2009). Same-sex partners: The social demography of sexual orientation. State University of New York Press.
Baumle, A.K., y Dreon, B. (2019). The Demography of Sexuality. En D. L. Poston (Ed.), Handbook of Population (pp. 279-288). Springer.
Baumle, A. K. (2022). Demography of Transgender, Nonbinary and Gender Minority Populations. Springer International Publishing.
Baumle, A. K., y Nordmarken, S. (2022). Introduction to the Demography of Transgender, Nonbinary, and Gender Minority Populations. En A. Baumle (Ed.), Demography of Transgender, Nonbinary and Gender Minority Populations (pp. 1-12). Springer International Publishing.
Biggs, M. (2023). Gender Identity in the 2021 Census of England and Wales: How a Flawed Question Created Spurious Data. Sociology, 58(6), 1305-1323.
Boertien, D., y Vignoli, D. (2019). Legalizing same-sex marriage matters for the subjective well-being of individuals in same-sex unions. Demography, 56(6), 2109-2121.
Browne, K. (2008). Selling my queer soul or queerying quantitative research? Sociological Research Online, 13(1), 200-214.
Butler, J. (2007). El género en disputa: el feminismo y la subversión de la identidad. Paidós
Caldwell, J. C. (1996). Demography and social science. Population Studies, 50(3), 305-333.
Canales, A. I. (2021). Demografía de la desigualdad. Nueva sociedad, 293, 154-166.
Cochran, S. D., Björkenstam, C., y Mays, V. M. (2016). Sexual orientation and all-cause mortality among US adults aged 18 to 59 years, 2001-2011. American Journal of Public Health, 106(5), 918-920.
Compton, D. L. R., y Baumle, A. K. (2018). Demographics of gay and lesbian partnerships and families. En N. E. Riley y J. Brunson (Eds.), International Handbook on Gender and Demographic Processes (pp. 267-285). Springer.
Cortina, C. (2016). Demographics of same-sex couples in Spain. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas (REIS), 153, 3-22.
Davidian, A. (2011). Beyond the locker room: Changing narratives on early surgery for intersex children. Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender, and Society, 26, 1-26.
Department of Health of Australia (2012). National LGBTI Ageing and Aged Care Strategy. Australian Government.
Durso, L. E., y Gates, G. J. (2013). Best practices: Collecting and analyzing data on sexual minorities. En A. Baumle (Eds.), International Handbook on the Demography of Sexuality (pp. 21-42). Springer Netherlands.
Escobedo Rivera, J. (2007). El dato en la investigación demográfica: una visión epistemológica. Papeles de Población, 13(54), 9-21.
European Commission (2023). Guidance note on the collection and use for data LGTBIQ equality. Publications Office of the European Union.
Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body: Gender politics and the construction of sexuality. Basic Book.
Federici, N., Caselli, G., Egidi, V., y Fong, M. (1985). The Status of Women, Population and Development. IUSSP Newsletter, 23-24, 77-98.
Fernández-Carro, C., Grande-Martín, R., Miret, P., y Seiz, M. (2022). Generaciones y curso(s) de vida: una mirada longitudinal a los retos demográficos contemporáneos. RES. Revista Española de Sociología, 31(2), 1-10.
Fischer M., Kroh M., De Vries L., Kasprowski D., Kühne S., Richter D., y Zindel, Z. (2022). Sexual and Gender Minority (SGM) research meets household panel surveys: research potentials of the German socio-economic panel and its boost sample of sgm households. European Sociological Review, 38(2), 321-335.
Fuchs, S., y Ward, S. (1994). What is deconstruction, and where and when does it take place? Making facts in science, building cases in law. American Sociological Review, 59(4), 481-500.
Gates, G. J. (2011). How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender? Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law.
Gieseking, J. J. (2018). Size matters to lesbians, too: Queer feminist interventions into the scale of big data. The Professional Geographer, 70(1), 150-156.
Guyan, K. (2022). Constructing a queer population? Asking about sexual orientation in Scotland’s 2022 census. Journal of Gender Studies, 31(6), 782-792.
Hammarström, A., y Annandale, E. (2012). A conceptual muddle: an empirical analysis of the use of ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ in ‘gender-specific medicine journals. PLoS One, 7(4), e34193.
Henehan, D., Rothblum, E. D., Solomon, S. E., y Balsam, K. F. (2008). Social and demographic characteristics of gay, lesbian, and heterosexual adults with and without children. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 3(2-3), 35-79.
Horton, H. D. (1999). Critical demography: The paradigm of the future? Sociological Forum, 14(3), 363-367.
Hubert, M., Bajos, N., y Sandfort, T. (Eds.) (1998). Sexual behaviour and HIV/AIDS in Europe: Comparisons of national surveys. Routledge.
Hughes, C., y Cohen, R. L. (Eds.) (2013). Feminism counts: quantitative methods and researching gender. Routledge.
Janssens, A. (2007). ‘Were women present at the demographic transition?’ A question revisited. The History of the Family, 12(1), 43-49.
Lagos, D., y Compton, D. L. (2021). Evaluating the use of a two-step gender identity measure in the 2018 General Social Survey. Demography, 58(2), 763-772.
Le Bras, H. (2000). L’invention des populations: biologie, idéologie et politique. Odile Jacob.
Lombardi, E., y Banik, S. (2016). The utility of the two-step gender measure within trans and cis populations. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 13(3), 288-296.
McDaniel, S. A. (1996). Toward a synthesis of feminist and demographic perspectives on fertility. The Sociological Quarterly, 37(1), 83-104.
Mackinnon, A. (1995). Were women present at the demographic transition? Questions from a feminist historian to historical demographers. Gender & History, 7(2), 222-240.
Mason, K. O. (1986). The Status of Women: Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Demographic Studies. Sociological Forum, 1(2), 284-300.
Meerwijk, E. L., y Sevelius, J. M. (2017). Transgender Population Size in the United States: A Meta-Regression of Population-Based Probability Samples. American Journal of Public Health, 107(2), 1-8.
Nicholson, L. J. (1999). Interpreting “Gender”. En The Play of Reason: From the Modern to the Postmodern (pp. 53-76). Cornell University Press.
Office for National Statistics (2023). Gender identity, England, and Wales: Census 2021. Recuperado de: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/genderidentit y/bulletins/genderidentityenglandandwales/census2021.
ONU (2023). Diccionario demográfico multilingüe. División de Población, ONU.
Ortega, A. A. C. (2023). Toward critical demography 2.0. Human Geography, 16(3), 343-354.
Patterson, G. (2019). Queering and transing quantitative research. En W. P. Banks, M. B. Cox y C. Dadas (Eds.), Re/orienting writing studies: Queer methods, queer projects (pp. 54-74). Utah State University Press.
Petit, V. (2013). Counting populations, understanding societies: Towards an interpretative demography (Vol. 1). Springer Science & Business Media.
Presser, H. B. (1997). Demography, feminism, and the science-policy nexus. Population and Development Review, 23(2), 295-331.
Randall, S., y Koppenhaver, T. (2004). Qualitative data in demography: The sound of silence and other problems. Demographic Research, 11, 57-94.
Reisner, S. L., Conron, K. J., Tardiff, L. A., Jarvi, S., Gordon, A. R., y Austin, S. B. (2014). Using a two-step method to measure transgender identity in Latin America/the Caribbean, Portugal, and Spain. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(8), 1503-1514.
Reynolds, P. (2001). Accounting for sexuality: the scope and limitations of census data on sexual identity and difference. Radical Statistics, 78, 63-76.
Riley, N. E. (1999). Challenging demography: Contributions from feminist theory. Sociological Forum, 14(3), 369-397.
Riley, N., y McCarthy, J. (2003). Demography in the age of the postmodern. Cambridge University Press.
Riley, N. E. (2019). Demography of Gender. En D. L. Poston (Ed.), Handbook of Population (pp. 107-142). Springer International Publishing.
Ruberg, B., y Ruelos, S. (2020). Data for queer lives: How LGBTQ gender and sexuality identities challenge norms of demographics. Big Data & Society, 7(1).
Sanderson, W. C., y Scherbov, S. (2007). A new perspective on population aging. Demographic Research, 16, 27-58.
Scherpe, J. (2011). Changing one’s legal gender in Europe. The “W” case in comparative perspective. Hong Kong Law Journal, 41, 109-123.
Scott, J. (2010). Quantitative methods and gender inequalities. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 13(3), 223-236.
Sell, R. L. (2017). Challenges and Solutions to Collecting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), 1212-1214.
Slade, T., Gross, D. P., Niwa, L., McKillop, A. B., y Guptill, C. (2021). Sex and gender demographic questions: improving methodological quality, inclusivity, and ethical administration. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 24(6), 727-738.
Stang, M. F. (2019). La diversidad sexual y de género en censos y encuestas de América Latina: entre la invisibilidad y la lógica heteronormativa. Notas de Población, 108, 221-243.
Statistics Canada (2022). Broad age groups and gender: Canada, provinces, and territories. Recuperado de: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810003601.
Strmic-Pawl, H. V., Jackson, B. A., y Garner, S. (2018). Race counts: racial and ethnic data on the US Census and the implications for tracking inequality. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 4(1), 1-13.
Strong, J., Nandagiri, R., Randall, S., y Coast, E. (2023). Qualitative research in demography: marginal and marginalised. En P. Liamputtong (Ed.), How to Conduct Qualitative Research in Social Science (pp. 147-163). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Thorsteinsson, E. B., Bjarnason, T., Loi, N. M., y Arnarsson, A. M. (2022). Sexual orientation and migration intentions among rural, exurban and urban adolescents in Iceland. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 24(1), 31-47.
Torgrimson, B. N., y Minson, C. T. (2005). Sex and gender: what is the difference? Journal of applied physiology, 99(3), 785-787.
Truman, J., Morgan, R., Gilbert, T., y Vaghela, P. (2019). Measuring sexual orientation and gender identity in the National Crime Victimization Survey. Journal of Official Statistics, 35(4), 835-858.
Watkins, S. C. (1993). If all we knew about women were what we read in demography, what would we know? Demography, 30(4), 551-578.
Westbrook, L., y Saperstein, A. (2015). New Categories Are Not Enough: Rethinking the Measurement of Sex and Gender in Social Surveys. Gender & Society, 29(4), 534-560
Williams, J. R. (2010). Doing feminist‐demography. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 13(3), 197-210.
Wilson, T., Temple, J., Lyons, A., y Shalley, F. (2020). What is the size of Australia’s sexual minority population? BMC Research Notes, 13(535), 1-6.
Badgett, M. L., Baker, K. E., Conron, K. J., Gates, G. J., Gill, A., Greytak, E., y Herman, J. L. (2014). Best practices for asking questions to identify transgender and other gender minority respondents on population-based surveys (GenIUSS). The GenIUSS Group, UCLA Williams Institute.
Baumle, A. K., Compton, D. R., y Poston, D. L. Jr. (2009). Same-sex partners: The social demography of sexual orientation. State University of New York Press.
Baumle, A.K., y Dreon, B. (2019). The Demography of Sexuality. En D. L. Poston (Ed.), Handbook of Population (pp. 279-288). Springer.
Baumle, A. K. (2022). Demography of Transgender, Nonbinary and Gender Minority Populations. Springer International Publishing.
Baumle, A. K., y Nordmarken, S. (2022). Introduction to the Demography of Transgender, Nonbinary, and Gender Minority Populations. En A. Baumle (Ed.), Demography of Transgender, Nonbinary and Gender Minority Populations (pp. 1-12). Springer International Publishing.
Biggs, M. (2023). Gender Identity in the 2021 Census of England and Wales: How a Flawed Question Created Spurious Data. Sociology, 58(6), 1305-1323.
Boertien, D., y Vignoli, D. (2019). Legalizing same-sex marriage matters for the subjective well-being of individuals in same-sex unions. Demography, 56(6), 2109-2121.
Browne, K. (2008). Selling my queer soul or queerying quantitative research? Sociological Research Online, 13(1), 200-214.
Butler, J. (2007). El género en disputa: el feminismo y la subversión de la identidad. Paidós
Caldwell, J. C. (1996). Demography and social science. Population Studies, 50(3), 305-333.
Canales, A. I. (2021). Demografía de la desigualdad. Nueva sociedad, 293, 154-166.
Cochran, S. D., Björkenstam, C., y Mays, V. M. (2016). Sexual orientation and all-cause mortality among US adults aged 18 to 59 years, 2001-2011. American Journal of Public Health, 106(5), 918-920.
Compton, D. L. R., y Baumle, A. K. (2018). Demographics of gay and lesbian partnerships and families. En N. E. Riley y J. Brunson (Eds.), International Handbook on Gender and Demographic Processes (pp. 267-285). Springer.
Cortina, C. (2016). Demographics of same-sex couples in Spain. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas (REIS), 153, 3-22.
Davidian, A. (2011). Beyond the locker room: Changing narratives on early surgery for intersex children. Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender, and Society, 26, 1-26.
Department of Health of Australia (2012). National LGBTI Ageing and Aged Care Strategy. Australian Government.
Durso, L. E., y Gates, G. J. (2013). Best practices: Collecting and analyzing data on sexual minorities. En A. Baumle (Eds.), International Handbook on the Demography of Sexuality (pp. 21-42). Springer Netherlands.
Escobedo Rivera, J. (2007). El dato en la investigación demográfica: una visión epistemológica. Papeles de Población, 13(54), 9-21.
European Commission (2023). Guidance note on the collection and use for data LGTBIQ equality. Publications Office of the European Union.
Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body: Gender politics and the construction of sexuality. Basic Book.
Federici, N., Caselli, G., Egidi, V., y Fong, M. (1985). The Status of Women, Population and Development. IUSSP Newsletter, 23-24, 77-98.
Fernández-Carro, C., Grande-Martín, R., Miret, P., y Seiz, M. (2022). Generaciones y curso(s) de vida: una mirada longitudinal a los retos demográficos contemporáneos. RES. Revista Española de Sociología, 31(2), 1-10.
Fischer M., Kroh M., De Vries L., Kasprowski D., Kühne S., Richter D., y Zindel, Z. (2022). Sexual and Gender Minority (SGM) research meets household panel surveys: research potentials of the German socio-economic panel and its boost sample of sgm households. European Sociological Review, 38(2), 321-335.
Fuchs, S., y Ward, S. (1994). What is deconstruction, and where and when does it take place? Making facts in science, building cases in law. American Sociological Review, 59(4), 481-500.
Gates, G. J. (2011). How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender? Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law.
Gieseking, J. J. (2018). Size matters to lesbians, too: Queer feminist interventions into the scale of big data. The Professional Geographer, 70(1), 150-156.
Guyan, K. (2022). Constructing a queer population? Asking about sexual orientation in Scotland’s 2022 census. Journal of Gender Studies, 31(6), 782-792.
Hammarström, A., y Annandale, E. (2012). A conceptual muddle: an empirical analysis of the use of ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ in ‘gender-specific medicine journals. PLoS One, 7(4), e34193.
Henehan, D., Rothblum, E. D., Solomon, S. E., y Balsam, K. F. (2008). Social and demographic characteristics of gay, lesbian, and heterosexual adults with and without children. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 3(2-3), 35-79.
Horton, H. D. (1999). Critical demography: The paradigm of the future? Sociological Forum, 14(3), 363-367.
Hubert, M., Bajos, N., y Sandfort, T. (Eds.) (1998). Sexual behaviour and HIV/AIDS in Europe: Comparisons of national surveys. Routledge.
Hughes, C., y Cohen, R. L. (Eds.) (2013). Feminism counts: quantitative methods and researching gender. Routledge.
Janssens, A. (2007). ‘Were women present at the demographic transition?’ A question revisited. The History of the Family, 12(1), 43-49.
Lagos, D., y Compton, D. L. (2021). Evaluating the use of a two-step gender identity measure in the 2018 General Social Survey. Demography, 58(2), 763-772.
Le Bras, H. (2000). L’invention des populations: biologie, idéologie et politique. Odile Jacob.
Lombardi, E., y Banik, S. (2016). The utility of the two-step gender measure within trans and cis populations. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 13(3), 288-296.
McDaniel, S. A. (1996). Toward a synthesis of feminist and demographic perspectives on fertility. The Sociological Quarterly, 37(1), 83-104.
Mackinnon, A. (1995). Were women present at the demographic transition? Questions from a feminist historian to historical demographers. Gender & History, 7(2), 222-240.
Mason, K. O. (1986). The Status of Women: Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Demographic Studies. Sociological Forum, 1(2), 284-300.
Meerwijk, E. L., y Sevelius, J. M. (2017). Transgender Population Size in the United States: A Meta-Regression of Population-Based Probability Samples. American Journal of Public Health, 107(2), 1-8.
Nicholson, L. J. (1999). Interpreting “Gender”. En The Play of Reason: From the Modern to the Postmodern (pp. 53-76). Cornell University Press.
Office for National Statistics (2023). Gender identity, England, and Wales: Census 2021. Recuperado de: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/genderidentit y/bulletins/genderidentityenglandandwales/census2021.
ONU (2023). Diccionario demográfico multilingüe. División de Población, ONU.
Ortega, A. A. C. (2023). Toward critical demography 2.0. Human Geography, 16(3), 343-354.
Patterson, G. (2019). Queering and transing quantitative research. En W. P. Banks, M. B. Cox y C. Dadas (Eds.), Re/orienting writing studies: Queer methods, queer projects (pp. 54-74). Utah State University Press.
Petit, V. (2013). Counting populations, understanding societies: Towards an interpretative demography (Vol. 1). Springer Science & Business Media.
Presser, H. B. (1997). Demography, feminism, and the science-policy nexus. Population and Development Review, 23(2), 295-331.
Randall, S., y Koppenhaver, T. (2004). Qualitative data in demography: The sound of silence and other problems. Demographic Research, 11, 57-94.
Reisner, S. L., Conron, K. J., Tardiff, L. A., Jarvi, S., Gordon, A. R., y Austin, S. B. (2014). Using a two-step method to measure transgender identity in Latin America/the Caribbean, Portugal, and Spain. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(8), 1503-1514.
Reynolds, P. (2001). Accounting for sexuality: the scope and limitations of census data on sexual identity and difference. Radical Statistics, 78, 63-76.
Riley, N. E. (1999). Challenging demography: Contributions from feminist theory. Sociological Forum, 14(3), 369-397.
Riley, N., y McCarthy, J. (2003). Demography in the age of the postmodern. Cambridge University Press.
Riley, N. E. (2019). Demography of Gender. En D. L. Poston (Ed.), Handbook of Population (pp. 107-142). Springer International Publishing.
Ruberg, B., y Ruelos, S. (2020). Data for queer lives: How LGBTQ gender and sexuality identities challenge norms of demographics. Big Data & Society, 7(1).
Sanderson, W. C., y Scherbov, S. (2007). A new perspective on population aging. Demographic Research, 16, 27-58.
Scherpe, J. (2011). Changing one’s legal gender in Europe. The “W” case in comparative perspective. Hong Kong Law Journal, 41, 109-123.
Scott, J. (2010). Quantitative methods and gender inequalities. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 13(3), 223-236.
Sell, R. L. (2017). Challenges and Solutions to Collecting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), 1212-1214.
Slade, T., Gross, D. P., Niwa, L., McKillop, A. B., y Guptill, C. (2021). Sex and gender demographic questions: improving methodological quality, inclusivity, and ethical administration. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 24(6), 727-738.
Stang, M. F. (2019). La diversidad sexual y de género en censos y encuestas de América Latina: entre la invisibilidad y la lógica heteronormativa. Notas de Población, 108, 221-243.
Statistics Canada (2022). Broad age groups and gender: Canada, provinces, and territories. Recuperado de: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810003601.
Strmic-Pawl, H. V., Jackson, B. A., y Garner, S. (2018). Race counts: racial and ethnic data on the US Census and the implications for tracking inequality. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 4(1), 1-13.
Strong, J., Nandagiri, R., Randall, S., y Coast, E. (2023). Qualitative research in demography: marginal and marginalised. En P. Liamputtong (Ed.), How to Conduct Qualitative Research in Social Science (pp. 147-163). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Thorsteinsson, E. B., Bjarnason, T., Loi, N. M., y Arnarsson, A. M. (2022). Sexual orientation and migration intentions among rural, exurban and urban adolescents in Iceland. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 24(1), 31-47.
Torgrimson, B. N., y Minson, C. T. (2005). Sex and gender: what is the difference? Journal of applied physiology, 99(3), 785-787.
Truman, J., Morgan, R., Gilbert, T., y Vaghela, P. (2019). Measuring sexual orientation and gender identity in the National Crime Victimization Survey. Journal of Official Statistics, 35(4), 835-858.
Watkins, S. C. (1993). If all we knew about women were what we read in demography, what would we know? Demography, 30(4), 551-578.
Westbrook, L., y Saperstein, A. (2015). New Categories Are Not Enough: Rethinking the Measurement of Sex and Gender in Social Surveys. Gender & Society, 29(4), 534-560
Williams, J. R. (2010). Doing feminist‐demography. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 13(3), 197-210.
Wilson, T., Temple, J., Lyons, A., y Shalley, F. (2020). What is the size of Australia’s sexual minority population? BMC Research Notes, 13(535), 1-6.
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