Modificando el “Sueño Americano”: una etnografía de prevenciones de ejecuciones hipotecarias durante la Gran Recesión
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Publicado
27-03-2023
Anna Jefferson
Charlotte Perez
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3751-9044
Resumen
La crisis de la vivienda en los Estados Unidos y la Gran Recesión de 2007-2009 propició un ajuste de cuentas personales, políticas, y culturales con facetas centrales de la identidad estadounidense, a saber, lo que significa ser de clase media. Históricamente, la propiedad de la vivienda es un símbolo clave de haber alcanzado el «Sueño Americano». Como fenómeno cultural, la ejecución hipotecaria es, por lo tanto, un símbolo cargado tanto de movilidad individual hacia abajo como de amenazas al mito nacional del Sueño Americano. Basándose en un trabajo de campo etnográfico realizado en el estado de Michigan entre 2009 y 2011, este artículo argumenta que la crisis de la vivienda provocó un estado de clase liminal de quienes se encontraban «enfrentando la ejecución hipotecaria». Desde ese punto de vista, los propietarios de viviendas enfrentando ejecuciones hipotecarias y los consejeros de vivienda que los ayudaron reexaminaron críticamente la clase media. El trabajo de campo revela que se basaron en demandas materiales, morales y políticas para obtener modificaciones hipotecarias para reafirmar su condición de clase media. Cuando estos esfuerzos fracasaron, recurrieron a críticas sistémicas en lugar de la culpa individualizada que el Sueño Americano predeciría.
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Keywords
clase media, Estados Unidos, ejecución hipotecaria, etnografía
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Visacovsky, S. E. (2017). When Time Freezes: Socio-Anthropological Research on Social Crises. Iberoamericana - Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 46(1), 6-16.
Weiss, H. (2014). Homeownership in Israel: The social costs of middle-class debt. Cultural Anthropology, 29(1), 128-149.
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Williams, B. (2004). Debt for Sale: A Social History of the Credit Trap. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Zhang, L. (2010). In search of paradise: Middle-class living in a Chinese metropolis. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Castro Baker, A., & Keene, D. E. (2016). “There’s a Difference—I Own This”: Negotiating Social and Financial Services under Threat of Mortgage Foreclosure. Social Work, 61(4), 321-330.
Chinoy, E. (1992 [1955]). Automobile Workers and the American Dream. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Coontz, S. (1992). The way we never were: American families and the nostalgia trap. New York: Basic Books, A Member Of The Perseus Book Group.
CoreLogic (2017). United States Residential Foreclosure Crisis: Ten Years Later. https://www.corelogic.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/research/foreclosure-report/national-foreclosure-report-10-year.pdf. Last access: 04/07/2022.
Cullen, J. (2003). The American dream: a short history of an idea that shaped a nation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Drexler, E. (2008). Aceh, Indonesia: Securing the Insecure State. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Dudley, K. M. (1994). The end of the line: lost jobs, new lives in postindustrial America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dudley, K. M. (1999). (Dis)locating the middle class. Anthropology Newsletter, 40(4), 1-4.
Dudley, K. M. (2000). Debt and dispossession: farm loss in America’s heartland. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Elyachar, J. (2002). Empowerment Money: The World Bank, Non-Governmental Organizations, and the Value of Culture in Egypt. Public Culture, 14(3), 493-513.
Fehérváry, K. (2012). The Postsocialist Middle Classes and the New “Family House”. In R. Heiman, C. Freeman & M. Leichty (Eds.), The Global Middle Classes (pp. 117-144). Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press.
Fields, D., Libman, K., & Saegert, S. (2010). Turning everywhere, getting nowhere: experiences of seeking help for mortgage delinquency and their implications for foreclosure prevention. Housing Policy Debate, 20(4), 647-686.
Formanack, A. (2018). This land is my land: Absence and ruination in the American dream of (mobile) homeownership. City & Society, 30(3), 293-317.
Formanack, A. (2020). Property without prosperity: Subjective valuation, financial citizenship, and negotiating moral personhood among manufactured homeowners. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 43(1), 54-68.
Gillin, J. (1955). National and Regional Cultural Values in the United States. Social Forces, 34(2), 107-113.
Goddard, V. (2006). “This is History”: Nation and Experience in Times of Crisis—Argentina 2001. History and Anthropology, 17(3), 267-286.
Heiman, R. (2015). Driving after class: Anxious Times in an American suburb. Oakland: University of California Press.
Heiman, R., Liechty, M., & Freeman, C. (2012). Charting an Anthropology of the Middle Classes. In R. Heiman, C. Freeman & M. Leichty (Eds.), The Global Middle Classes (pp. 3-29). Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press.
Hornsey, M. J., Bierwiaczonek, K., Sassenberg, K., & Douglas, K. M. (2022). Individual, intergroup and nation-level influences on belief in conspiracy theories. Nature Reviews Psychology, 2(2): 85-97.
Immergluck, D. (2009). Foreclosed: high-risk lending, deregulation, and the undermining of America’s mortgage market. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Jefferson, A. (2013a). Governing Uncertainty (Tesis doctoral inedita). East Lansing: Michigan State University.
Jefferson, A. (2013b). Narratives of Moral Order in Michigan’s Foreclosure Crisis. City & Society, 25(1): 92-112.
Jefferson, A. (2015). “Not what it used to be”: Schemas of class and contradiction in the Great Recession. Economic Anthropology, 2(2), 310-325.
McGinnis, T. A. (2009). Seeing Possible Futures: Khmer Youth and the Discourse of the American Dream. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 40(1), 62-81.
Montgomerie, J. (2009). The Pursuit of (Past) Happiness? Middle-class Indebtedness and American Financialisation. New Political Economy, 14(1), 1-24.
Newman, K. S. (2006). Falling from grace: downward mobility in the age of affluence. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ortner, S. B. (2003). New Jersey dreaming: capital, culture, and the class of ’58. Durham: Duke University Press.
Ortner, S. B. (2006). Anthropology and social theory: culture, power, and the acting subject. Durham: Duke University Press.
Parker, D. S., & Walker, L. E. (2013). Latin America’s middle class: Unsettled debates and New Histories. Lanham: Lexington Books.
Pattillo, M. (2007). Black on the block: the politics of race and class in the city. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Perin, C. (1997). Everything in its place: social order and land use in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Porter, A. (2010). Fleeting Dreams and Flowing Goods: Citizenship and Consumption in Havana Cuba. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 31(1), 134-149.
Reid, C. (2010). Sought or Sold? Social Embeddedness and Consumer Decisions in the Mortgage Market. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. https://doi.org/https://www.frbsf.org/.
Rohe, W. M., Quercia R. G., & Van Zandt, S. (2007). The Social-Psychological Effects of Affordable Homeownership. In W. M. Rohe & H. L. Watson (Eds.), Chasing the American Dream: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Affordable Homeownership. Cornell University Press.
Ronald, R. (2008). Unravelling home ownership ideology. The Ideology of Home Ownership, 16-47.
Ross, L. M. (2009). The Internal Costs of Foreclosure: A Qualitative Study Exploring Issues of Trust, Insecurity, and Self in the Face of Foreclosure (Trabajo de Fin de Máster inédito). Washington D.C., George Washington University.
Sabaté Muriel, I. (2018). To repay or not to repay: Financial vulnerability among mortgage debtors in Spain. Etnografica, 22(1), 5-26.
Sabaté Muriel, I. (2020). “Good faith debtors” and the deservingness of debt relief during the Spanish home repossessions crisis. Etnografica, 24(1), 187-200.
Saegert, S., Fields, D., & Libman, K. (2009). Deflating the Dream: Radical Risk and the Neoliberalization of Homeownership. Journal of Urban Affairs, 31(3), 297-317.
Spindler, G. D., & Spindler, L. (1983). Anthropologists View American Culture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 12(1), 49-78.
Stout, N. (2015). #Indebted: Disciplining the Moral Valence of Mortgage Debt Online. Cultural Anthropology, 31(1), 82-106.
Stout, N. (2016). Petitioning a giant: Debt, reciprocity, and mortgage modification in the Sacramento Valley. American Ethnologist, 43(1), 158-171.
Sugrue, Th. J. (1996). The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Thomassen, B. (2009). The Uses and Meanings of Liminality. International Political Anthropology, 2(1), 5-27.
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2012). The Recession of 2007-2009. BLS Spotlight on Statistics. https://www.corelogic.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/research/foreclosure-report/national-foreclosure-report-10-year.pdf. Last access: 04/07/2022.
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). (2010). Report to Congress on the Root Causes of the Foreclosure Crisis. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). (2012). Federal Government and State Attorneys General Reach $25 Billion Agreement with Five Largest Mortgage Services to Address Mortgage Loan Servicing and Foreclosure Abuses. https://archives.hud.gov/news/2012/SettlementFeb92012.cfm. Last access: 10/10/2022.
Verdery, K. (1998). Transnationalism, Nationalism, Citizenship, and Property: Eastern Europe since 1989. American Ethnologist, 25(2), 291-306.
Visacovsky, S. E. (2017). When Time Freezes: Socio-Anthropological Research on Social Crises. Iberoamericana - Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 46(1), 6-16.
Weiss, H. (2014). Homeownership in Israel: The social costs of middle-class debt. Cultural Anthropology, 29(1), 128-149.
White, B. (2010). The Morality of Strategic Default. Los Angeles: UCLA Law Review Discourses.
Williams, B. (2004). Debt for Sale: A Social History of the Credit Trap. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Zhang, L. (2010). In search of paradise: Middle-class living in a Chinese metropolis. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
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