Ideas of class
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Argitaratua
27-03-2023
David S. Parker
Laburpena
This text was originally published by David S. Parker in 1998 as an introduction to the book The Idea of the Middle Class: White-Collar Workers and Peruvian Society, 1900-1950, published by Penn State University Press. In the book, the author reflects on the union organization of private employees in Lima (Peru) and the origin of the 1924 law that established a legal distinction between empleado (white-collar employee) and obrero (blue-collar worker). Both the “constructivist” school and the linguistic turn argue that social classes are abstractions, inventions of the collective imaginary, that is, ideas that compete in an ideological market. Among the infinite ways of conceptualizing society, only a few images and discourses become common sense, influencing the formation of identities and inspiring laws and public policies. This text affirms and characterizes that the formation of the middle class concept in Peru is due to ideological, discursive and political processes.
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References
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Angell, A. (1972). Politics and the Labour Movement in Chile. London: Oxford University Press.
Angell, A. (1982). Classroom Maoists: The Politics of Peruvian Schoolteachers Under Military Government. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 1(5), 13-15.
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Basadre, J. (Ed.) (1983). Historia de la República del Perú, 1822-1933. Lima: Editorial Universitaria.
Basadre, J., & Ferrero, R. (1963). Historia de la Cámara de Comercio de Lima. Lima: Editorial Santiago Velarde.
Bourdieu, P. (1985). The Social Space and the Genesis of Groups. Theory and Society, 14(6), 723-744.
Bourdieu, P. (1990). In Other Words: Essays Toward a Reflexive Sociology. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Chavarría, J. (1979). José Carlos Mariátegui and the Rise of Modern Peru, 1890-1930. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Costa Pinto, L. (1964). Estructura de clase y cambio social. Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Davis, S. M. (1972). Empleados and Obreros. In S. M. Davis & L. W. Goodman (Eds.), Workers and Managers in Latin America (pp. 31-34). Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath.
El Tiempo (1919). El Tiempo. Lima, 19 December.
Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and Power. London: Longman.
Filgueira, C., & Geneletti, C. (1981). Estratificación y movilidad ocupacional en América Latina. Santiago: Cuadernos de CEPAL.
Furbank, P. N. (1985). Unholy Pleasure, or the Idea of Social Class. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
García Calderón, F. (1907). Le Pérou contemporain. Paris: Dujarric et Cie.
Gardiner, M. (1992). The Bakhtin Circle and the theory of ideology. In The Dialogics of Critique: M. M. Bakhtin and the Theory of Ideology (pp. 59-98). London: Routledge.
Garland, A. (1907). Peru in 1906. With a Brief Historical and Geographical Sketch. Lima: La Industria.
Germaná, C., & Westwell, P. (1983). The Middle Strata and the Problem of Class Alliances. Latin American Perspectives, 10(2-3), 171-184.
Graciarena, J. (1967). Poder y clases sociales en el desarrollo de América Latina. Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Herbold, C. F. (1973). Developments in the Peruvian Administrative System, 1919-1930: Modern and Traditional Qualities of Government Under Authoritarian Regimes [Unpublished doctoral dissertation (PhD)]. Yale, Yale University Press.
Holquist, M. (1990). Language as dialogue. In Dialogism: Bakhtin and his World (pp. 39-64). London: Routledge.
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Johnson, J. J. (1958). Political Change in Latin America: The Emergence of the Middle Sectors. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Joyce, P. (1991). Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class, 1848-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Katznelson, I., & Zolberg, A. R. (Eds.). (1986). Working-Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Lockwood, D. (1958). The Blackcoated Worker: A Study in Class Consciousness. London: Allen & Unwin.
Mallon, F. E. (1994). The Promise and Dilemma of Subaltern Studies: Perspectives from Latin American History. American Historical Review, 99(12), 1491-1515.
Miró Quesada Sosa, A. (1946). Lima: ciudad de los reyes. Buenos Aires: Emecé.
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Palmer, B. D. (1990). Descent into Discourse: The Reification of Language and the Writing of Social History. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Parker, D. S. (1990). The Rise of the Peruvian Middle Class: A Social and Political History of White-Collar Workers in Peru, 1900-1950 [Unpublished doctoral dissertation (PhD)]. Stanford, Stanford University.
Partido Democrático Reformista (1935). Lima 1919-1930. Lima: Partido Democrático Reformista.
Petras, J. (1970). Politics and Social Structure in Latin America. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Pike, F. B. (1963). Aspects of Class Relations in Chile, 1850-1960. Hispanic American Historical Review, 43(2), 14-33.
Portocarrero, J. (1987). Sindicalismo peruano: primera etapa 1911-1930. Lima: Labor.
Ratinoff, L. (1967). The New Urban Groups: The Middle Classes. In S. M. Lipset & A. Solari (Eds.), Elites in Latin America (pp. 61-93). New York: Oxford University Press.
Reddy, W. M. (1987). Money and Liberty in Modern Europe: A Critique of Historical Understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rodgers, D. T., & Wilenz, S. (1991). Languages of Power in the United States. In P. J. Corfield (Ed.), Language, Class, and History (pp. 240-263). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Romero, F. (1951). Evolución industrial y educación técnica. Lima: Editorial Hora del Hombre.
Salazar, G. (1986). Documento de Trabajo, nº 60. Para una historia de la clase media en Chile. Santiago: LOM.
Salisbury, R. H. (1969). An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups. Midwest Journal of Political Science, 13(2), 11-12.
Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Scott, J. C. (1990). Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Stedman Jones, G. (1983). Rethinking Chartism. In Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class History, 1832-1982 (pp. 90-178). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Steinberg, M. W. (1994). The Dialogue of Struggle: The Contest over Ideological Boundaries in the Case of London Silk Weavers in the Early Nineteenth Century. Social Science History, 18(4), 508-515.
Sunkel, O. (1973). Transnational Capitalism and National Disintegration in Latin America. Social and Economic Studies, 22(3), 132-176.
Temoche Benites, R. (1987). Cofradías, gremios, mutuales, y sindicatos en el Perú. Lima: Escuela Nueva.
Thorp, R., & Bertram, G. (1978). Peru 1890-1977: Growth and Policy in an Open Economy. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wahrman, D. (1995). Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780-1840. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wolfe, J. (1993). Working Women, Working Men: São Paulo and the Rise of Brazil’s Industrial Working Class. Durham: Duke University Press.
Wrightson, K. (1991). Estates, Degrees, and Sorts: Changing Perceptions of Society in Tudor and Stuart England. In P. J. Corfield (Ed.), Language, Class, and History (pp. 30-52). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Yepes del Castillo, E. (1972). Perú 1820-1920: un siglo de desarrollo capitalista. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
Angell, A. (1972). Politics and the Labour Movement in Chile. London: Oxford University Press.
Angell, A. (1982). Classroom Maoists: The Politics of Peruvian Schoolteachers Under Military Government. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 1(5), 13-15.
Bardella, G. (1964). Setenta y cinco años de vida económica del Perú: 1889-1964. Lima: Banco de Crédito del Perú.
Basadre, J. (Ed.) (1983). Historia de la República del Perú, 1822-1933. Lima: Editorial Universitaria.
Basadre, J., & Ferrero, R. (1963). Historia de la Cámara de Comercio de Lima. Lima: Editorial Santiago Velarde.
Bourdieu, P. (1985). The Social Space and the Genesis of Groups. Theory and Society, 14(6), 723-744.
Bourdieu, P. (1990). In Other Words: Essays Toward a Reflexive Sociology. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Chavarría, J. (1979). José Carlos Mariátegui and the Rise of Modern Peru, 1890-1930. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Costa Pinto, L. (1964). Estructura de clase y cambio social. Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Davis, S. M. (1972). Empleados and Obreros. In S. M. Davis & L. W. Goodman (Eds.), Workers and Managers in Latin America (pp. 31-34). Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath.
El Tiempo (1919). El Tiempo. Lima, 19 December.
Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and Power. London: Longman.
Filgueira, C., & Geneletti, C. (1981). Estratificación y movilidad ocupacional en América Latina. Santiago: Cuadernos de CEPAL.
Furbank, P. N. (1985). Unholy Pleasure, or the Idea of Social Class. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
García Calderón, F. (1907). Le Pérou contemporain. Paris: Dujarric et Cie.
Gardiner, M. (1992). The Bakhtin Circle and the theory of ideology. In The Dialogics of Critique: M. M. Bakhtin and the Theory of Ideology (pp. 59-98). London: Routledge.
Garland, A. (1907). Peru in 1906. With a Brief Historical and Geographical Sketch. Lima: La Industria.
Germaná, C., & Westwell, P. (1983). The Middle Strata and the Problem of Class Alliances. Latin American Perspectives, 10(2-3), 171-184.
Graciarena, J. (1967). Poder y clases sociales en el desarrollo de América Latina. Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Herbold, C. F. (1973). Developments in the Peruvian Administrative System, 1919-1930: Modern and Traditional Qualities of Government Under Authoritarian Regimes [Unpublished doctoral dissertation (PhD)]. Yale, Yale University Press.
Holquist, M. (1990). Language as dialogue. In Dialogism: Bakhtin and his World (pp. 39-64). London: Routledge.
Hoselitz, B. F. (1965). El desarrollo económico en América Latina. Desarrollo Económico, 2(4), 49-65.
Ilustración Obrera (1917). Ilustración Obrera, 77, 13-21. Lima, 25 August.
Johnson, J. J. (1958). Political Change in Latin America: The Emergence of the Middle Sectors. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Joyce, P. (1991). Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class, 1848-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Katznelson, I., & Zolberg, A. R. (Eds.). (1986). Working-Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Lockwood, D. (1958). The Blackcoated Worker: A Study in Class Consciousness. London: Allen & Unwin.
Mallon, F. E. (1994). The Promise and Dilemma of Subaltern Studies: Perspectives from Latin American History. American Historical Review, 99(12), 1491-1515.
Miró Quesada Sosa, A. (1946). Lima: ciudad de los reyes. Buenos Aires: Emecé.
Nun, J. (1968). A Latin American Phenomenon: The Middle-Class Military Coup. In J. Petras & M. Zeitlin (Eds.), Latin America: Reform or Revolution? A Reader (pp. 145-185). Greenwich, Conn: Fawcett.
Palmer, B. D. (1987). Response to Joan Scott. International Labor and Working-Class History, 31(1), 14-23.
Palmer, B. D. (1990). Descent into Discourse: The Reification of Language and the Writing of Social History. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Parker, D. S. (1990). The Rise of the Peruvian Middle Class: A Social and Political History of White-Collar Workers in Peru, 1900-1950 [Unpublished doctoral dissertation (PhD)]. Stanford, Stanford University.
Partido Democrático Reformista (1935). Lima 1919-1930. Lima: Partido Democrático Reformista.
Petras, J. (1970). Politics and Social Structure in Latin America. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Pike, F. B. (1963). Aspects of Class Relations in Chile, 1850-1960. Hispanic American Historical Review, 43(2), 14-33.
Portocarrero, J. (1987). Sindicalismo peruano: primera etapa 1911-1930. Lima: Labor.
Ratinoff, L. (1967). The New Urban Groups: The Middle Classes. In S. M. Lipset & A. Solari (Eds.), Elites in Latin America (pp. 61-93). New York: Oxford University Press.
Reddy, W. M. (1987). Money and Liberty in Modern Europe: A Critique of Historical Understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rodgers, D. T., & Wilenz, S. (1991). Languages of Power in the United States. In P. J. Corfield (Ed.), Language, Class, and History (pp. 240-263). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Romero, F. (1951). Evolución industrial y educación técnica. Lima: Editorial Hora del Hombre.
Salazar, G. (1986). Documento de Trabajo, nº 60. Para una historia de la clase media en Chile. Santiago: LOM.
Salisbury, R. H. (1969). An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups. Midwest Journal of Political Science, 13(2), 11-12.
Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Scott, J. C. (1990). Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Stedman Jones, G. (1983). Rethinking Chartism. In Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class History, 1832-1982 (pp. 90-178). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Steinberg, M. W. (1994). The Dialogue of Struggle: The Contest over Ideological Boundaries in the Case of London Silk Weavers in the Early Nineteenth Century. Social Science History, 18(4), 508-515.
Sunkel, O. (1973). Transnational Capitalism and National Disintegration in Latin America. Social and Economic Studies, 22(3), 132-176.
Temoche Benites, R. (1987). Cofradías, gremios, mutuales, y sindicatos en el Perú. Lima: Escuela Nueva.
Thorp, R., & Bertram, G. (1978). Peru 1890-1977: Growth and Policy in an Open Economy. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wahrman, D. (1995). Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780-1840. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wolfe, J. (1993). Working Women, Working Men: São Paulo and the Rise of Brazil’s Industrial Working Class. Durham: Duke University Press.
Wrightson, K. (1991). Estates, Degrees, and Sorts: Changing Perceptions of Society in Tudor and Stuart England. In P. J. Corfield (Ed.), Language, Class, and History (pp. 30-52). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Yepes del Castillo, E. (1972). Perú 1820-1920: un siglo de desarrollo capitalista. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
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