Libertad de tránsito y autoridad internacional en los primeros años de la Sociedad de Naciones

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Publicado 14-03-2024
José Antonio Sánchez Román

Resumen

La Sociedad de Naciones recurrió al término tránsito como una suerte de metáfora espacial vinculada al movimiento y la libre circulación, buscando reforzar su autoridad internacional. Este artículo explora cómo la SdN utilizó la idea de tránsito en la primera mitad de la década de 1920 para intentar construirse un espacio de autoridad, más allá de la soberanía territorial, presentando a la organización como la valedora de la libertad de movimientos de personas y mercancías, una de las claves para la cooperación y la paz internacional, según lo entendían los impulsores del nuevo orden internacional que se intentaba construir a partir de 1919. El artículo explora igualmente los límites que rápidamente emergieron para que los expertos de la Liga construyeran su autoridad sobre los principios del tránsito y la libertad de movimientos.

Abstract 24 | PDF Downloads 26 XML Downloads 2

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

Keywords

Sociedad de Naciones, tránsito, libertad de movimientos, internacionalismo, imperialismo

References
ANASTASIADOU, Irene, In Search of a Railway Europe: Transnational Railway Developments in Interwar Europe, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR658478, 2009.

ARDELEANU, Constantin, The European Commission of the Danube, 1856-1948: An Experiment in International Administration, Brill, Leiden, 2020.

BACON, Ruth E., “British Policy and the Regulation of European Rivers of International Concern”, British Yearbook of International Law, vol. 10, 1929, pp. 158-170.

BACON, Ruth E., “British and American Policy and the Right of Fluvial Navigation”, British Yearbook of International Law, vol. 13, 1932, pp. 76-92.

BECKER, Peter, “Remaking Mobility: International Conferences and the Emergence of the Modern Passport System”, en BECKER, Peter y WHEATLEY, Natasha, Remaking Central Europe: The League of Nations and the Former Habsburg Lands, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2020, pp. 193-212.

BECKER, Peter y WHEATLEY, Natasha, “Introduction. Central Europe and the New International Order”, en Becker, Peter y Wheatley, Natasha, Remaking Central Europe: The League of Nations and the Former Habsburg Lands, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2020, pp. 1-15.

BLACKBURN, Glen A., “International Control of the River Danube”, Current History, vol. 32, no. 6, 1930, pp. 1154-1159.

BUYST, Erik y FRANASZEK, Piotr, “Sectoral Developments, 1914-1945,” en BROADBERRY, Stephen y O’ROURKE, Kevin H., The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe. Vol 2, 1870 to the Present, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010, pp. 208-231.

CLAVIN, Patricia, “An Epilogue to the Making and Unmaking of Central Europe and Global Order”, en BECKER, Peter y WHEATLEY, Natasha, Remaking Central Europe: The League of Nations and the Former Habsburg Lands, Oxford, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2020, pp. 363-378.

DUNGY, Madeleine, “International Commerce in the Wake of Empire: Central European Economic Integration between National and Imperial Sovereignty”, en BECKER, Peter y WHEATLEY, Natasha, Remaking Central Europe: The League of Nations and the Former Habsburg Lands, Oxford, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2020, pp. 214-239.

FARQUET, Christophe, La défense du paradis fiscal suisse avant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale: Une histoire internationale, Éditions Alphil-Presses universitaires suisses, Neuchâtel, 2016.

GATEJEL, Luminita, “Imperial Cooperation at the Margins of Europe: The European Commission of the Danube, 1856-65”, European Review of History/Revue Européenne d’Histoire, vol. 24, no. 5, 2017, pp. 781-800.

GERWARTH, Robert, The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End, 1917-1923, Allan Lane, Londres, 2016.

GOROVE, Stephen, “Internationalization of the Danube: A Lesson in History”, Journal of Public Law, vol. 8, no. 1, 1959, pp. 125-154.

HANTOS, Elemér, “Une nouvelle organization des transports des transports en Europe Centrale”, Revue Économique Internationale, vol. 23, 1931, pp. 268-295.

HEADRICK, Daniel R., The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and International Politics 1851-1945, Oxford University Press, Nueva York,1991.

HERREN, Madeleine, Internationale Organisationen seit 1865: Eine Globalgeschichte der internationalen Ordnung, WBG, Darmstadt, 2009.

HOSTIE, Jan Frans, “Communications and Transportation”, en GORIS, Jan-Albert, Belgium, Berkeley, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1945.

JOHNSON, Ralph W., “Freedom of Navigation for International Rivers: What does it Mean?”, Michigan Law Review, vol. 62, no. 3 (1964), pp. 465-484.

KAECKENBEECK, Georges, International Rivers, H. M. Stationery Office, Londres, 1920.

KAISER, Wolfram y SCHOT, John, Writing the Rules for Europe: Experts, Cartels, and International Organizations, Palgrave MacMillan, Nueva York, 2014.

KENT, Bruce, The Spoils of War: The Politics, Economics, and Diplomacy of Reparations 1918-1932, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.

KOMLOS, John, The Habsburg Monarchy as a Customs Union: Economic Development in Austria-Hungary in the Nineteenth Century, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1983.

MAZOWER, Mark, Governing the World: The History of an Idea, Allen Lane, Londres, 2012.

MCCLURE, Wallace, World Prosperity as Sought through the Economic Work of the League of Nations, MacMillan Company, Nueva York, 1933.

MCKEOWN, Adam M., Melancholy Order: Asian Migration and the Globalization of Borders, Columbia University Press, Nueva York, 2008.

MURPHY, Craig N., International Organization and Industrial Change: Global Governance since 1850, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1994.

OPITZ, Sven y TELLMAN, Ute, “Global Territories: Zones of Economic and Legal dis/connectivity”, Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, vol. 13, no. 3, 2012, pp. 261-282.

PEDERSEN, Susan, The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015.

POPPER, Otto, “The International Regime of the Danube”, The Geographical Journal, vol. 102, no. 5/6, 1943, pp. 240-253.

REINALDA, Bob, Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day, Taylor & Francis, Hoboken, 2009.

ROSENBERG, Emily S., “Transnational Currents in a Shrinking World”, en Emily S. ROSENBERG, Emily S., A World Connecting 1870-1945, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Ma., 2010.

SALTER, J. A., Allied Shipping Control: An Experiment in International Administration, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1921.

SÁNCHEZ ROMÁN, José Antonio, “From the Tigris to the Amazon: Peripheral Expertise, Impossible Cooperation and Economic Multilateralism at the League of Nations, 1920-1946”, en JACKSON, Simon y O’MALLEY, Alanna, The Institution of International Order: From the League of Nations to the United Nations, Routledge, Londres, 2018, pp. 43-64.

SCHENK, Joep, “The Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine: A First Step towards European Economic Security?”, en DE GRAAF, Beatriz; DE HAAN, Ido y VICK, Brian, Securing Europe after Napoleon: 1815 and the New European Security Culture, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2019, pp. 75-94.

SCHIPPER, Frank; LAGENDIJK, Vicent y ANASTASIADOU, Irene, “New Connections for an Old Continent. Rail, Road and Electricity in the League of Nations Organisation for Communication and Transit”, en BADENOCH, Alexander y FICKERS, Andreas, Materializing Europe: Transnational Infrastructures and the Project of Europe, Palgrave McMillan, Londres, 2010, pp. .

SCHOT, Johan; BUITER, Hans y ANASTASIADOU, Irene, “The dynamics of transnational railway governance in Europe during the long nineteenth century”, History and Technology, vol. 27, no. 3, 2011, pp. 265-289.

SHERMAN, Gordon, “International Organization of the Danube under the Peace Treaties”, American Journal of International Law, vol. 17, no. 3, 1923, pp. 438-459.

SMITH, Neil, American Empire: Roosevelt’s Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization, University of California, Berkeley, 2003.

TEICHOVA, Alica y RATCLIFFE, Penelope, “British Interests in Danube Navigation after 1918”, Business History, vol. 27, no. 3, 1985, pp. 283-300.

TORPEY, John, La invención del pasaporte: Estado, vigilancia y ciudadanía, Cambalache, Oviedo, 2020.

TULUS, Arthur, “Problema Dunarii la Conferinta de Pace de la Paris si în Perioada Imediat Urmatorare”, Analele Universitatii ‘Dunarea de Jos’ din Galati, Seria 19 Istorie, vol. 7, 2008, pp. 175-182.

TULUS, Arthur, “Nicolae Titulescu’s Position on the International Regime of Waterways. The International Straits Commission versus the European Commission of the Danube”, Danubius, vol. 35, 2017, pp. 117-132.

WALTERS, F. P., Historia de la Sociedad de Naciones, Madrid, Tecnos, Madrid, 1971.

WEIß, Norman, “Institutionalised Co-operation on International Communication: The International Administrative Unions as a Means of Governing Globalisation Processes”, en LÖHR, Isabella y WENZLHUEMER, Roland, The Nation State and Beyond: Governing Globalization Processes in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2013, pp. 65-82.

Sección
Miscelánea