The Russian Revolution in European cartoons. An analysis of historical agenda-setting
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Published
30-05-2022
María Sánchez Mellado
Abstract
The agenda-setting has been identified as a tool to study historical public opinion. This article offers an approach to public opinion about the Russian Revolution in Europe. For this purpose, a quantitative content analysis of 746 cartoons published in magazines from ten European countries from March 1917 to December 1917 has been carried out. The results show that in the image of the revolution there was a double account based on the division of Europe caused by the First World War between the Allies and aliadophiles and Central Empires and germanophiles.
How to Cite
Sánchez Mellado, M. (2022). The Russian Revolution in European cartoons. An analysis of historical agenda-setting. ZER - Journal of Communication Studies, 27(52). https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.23334
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Keywords
agenda-setting, cartoons, content analysis, Russian revolution, First World War
References
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Bednarz, Р. (2017). Das Eecho der Russischen Revolutionen von 1917 in der Schweizer Presse-Grundsätzliches. Quaestio Rossica, 5 (3), 729-737. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/qr.2017.3.247.
Caudill, E. (1997). An agenda-setting perspective on historical public opinion. En M. E. McCombs, D. L. Shaw, y D. Weaver (Ed.), Communication and democracy. Exploring the intellectual frontiers in agenda-setting theory (pp. 169-182). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Costa Martínez, R. (2018). La Huelga revolucionaria de 1917: un momento crítico para el sistema monárquico. La caída del segundo gobierno de Eduardo Dato. La Razón histórica: revista hispanoamericana de historia de las ideas políticas y sociales, 41, 220-246. https://bit.ly/3umDRyI.
Coupe, W. A. (1969). Observations on a theory of political caricature. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 11 (1), 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500005168.
Coupe, W. A. (1982). German cartoonists and the peace of Versailles. History Today, 32 (1), 46-53.
Cruz Seoane, M., y Sáiz, M. D. (1998). Historia del Periodismo en España. 3. El siglo XX: 1898-1936. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Danguy, L. (2019). La Grande Guerre du Nebelspalter ou l’art consommé de la litote. Revue suisse d’histoire, 69 (1), 27-48.
Danguy, L., y Kaenel, P. (2013). La plus ancienne revue satirique du monde. Genèse, histoire et visions du monde du Nebelspalter des années zurichoises (1875-1922). Relations Internationales, 153, 23-44. https://doi.org/10.3917/ri.153.0023.
Delporte, C. (1995). Images d’une guerre franco-française: la caricature au temps de l’Affaire Dreyfus. French cultural studies, 6 (17), 221–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/095715589500601706.
Demm, E. (1993). Propaganda and caricature in the first world war. Journal of Contemporary History, 28 (1), 163-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200949302800109.
DeSousa, M. A., y Medhurst, M. J. (1982). Political cartoons and american culture: significant symbols of campaign 1980. Studies in Visual Communication, 8 (1), 84-97.
Donnini, G. (1976). Il 1917 di Rusiia nella stampa italiana. Milano: Dott. A. Giuffrè Editore.
Etty, J. (2017). The legacy of 1917 in graphic satire. Slavic Review, 76 (3), 664-674. https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2017.174.
Filippova, T. A. (2017). The enemy within and the enemy without. Images of the 1917 revolution in Russian satirical journals. Russian Studies in History, 56 (1): 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611983.2017.1313656.
Fuentes Codera, M. (2014). España en la Primera Guerra Mundial. Una movilización cultural. Madrid: Akal.
Galic, R. (2010). La Révolution Russe et la guerre mondiale. Nouvelles de Russie. Janvier 1917-Mars 1918. Décryptage à partir du journal L’Illustration. Paris: L’Harmattan.
García Sanz, F. (2014) España en la Gran Guerra. Espías, Diplomáticos y Traficantes. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg.
Hamilton, J. M., Coleman, R., Grable, B., y Cole, J. (2006). An enabling environment. A reconsideration of the press and the Spanish-American War. Journalism Studies, 7 (1), 78-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700500450368.
Hupp Schillinger, E. (1996). British and U.S. newspaper coverage of the bolshevik revolution. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 43 (1), 10-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769906604300102.
Hussain, T., y Li, B. (2016). Newspaper cartoons as national interest agenda setting tool-examples from Pakistan. Science International, 28, 4929-4932.
Igartua, J. J., y Humanes, M. L. (2004). Teoría e Investigación en Comunicación Social. Madrid: Síntesis.
Ignatenko-Desanlis, O. (2016). L’image de Lénine entre février et octobre 1917. Revue des études slaves, 87 (3-4). https://bit.ly/3ug4x4w.
Jahn, H. F. (1995). Patriotic Culture in Russia during World War I. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Kessel, M. (2012). Talking war, debating unity. Order, conflict, and exclusion in ‘German humour’ in the First World War. En M. Kessel, y P. Merziger (Ed.), The Politics of Humour. Laughter, Inclusion and Exclusion in the Twentieth Century (pp. 82-107). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Knightley, P. (2001). The first casualty. The war correspondent as hero and myth-maker from the Crimea to Kosovo. London: Prion Books.
Krippendorff, K. (2014). Content Analysis. An introduction to its methodology. California: Sage Publications.
Laguna Platero, A. (2003). El poder de la imagen y la imagen del poder. La trascendencia de la prensa satírica en la comunicación social. IC Revista Científica de Información y Comunicación, 1, 111-132. https://bit.ly/3aU6BHo.
Laguna Platero, A., y Martínez, F. A. (2017). Representación de la revolución de octubre en la viñeta española. Tebeosfera. Tercera Época, 5. https://bit.ly/3eLXWIn.
Lazari, A. de, Riabov, O., y Zakowska, M. (2019). The Russian bear and the revolution: The bear metaphor for Russia in political caricatures of 1917-1918. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts, 9 (2), 325–345. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2019.206.
Leitsch, W. (1998). Die Ereignisse in Rußland von Oktober 1917 bis Januar 1918 in der Wiener Zeitung Neue Freie Presse. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 46 (2), 195-218.
Lenin, V. I. (1973). Obras, Tomo VI (1916-1917). Moscú: Editorial Progreso. https://bit.ly/3gS6Dn0.
Lippmann, W., y Merz, C. (1920, agosto). A Test of the news. New Republic. https://bit.ly/3eE6LDS.
López-Aranguren, E. (2016). El análisis de contenido tradicional. En M. G. Ferrando, F. Alvira, L. E. Alonso, y M. Escobar (Comp.), El análisis de la realidad social. Métodos y Técnicas de investigación. Cuarta Edición (pp. 594-616). Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Maestro Bäcksbacka, J. (2017). La revolución rusa en la prensa española de 1917. En . Pagès, y P. Gutiérrez-Álvarez (Ed.), La revolución rusa pasó por aquí (pp. 41-62). Barcelona: Laertes.
McCombs, M. E. (2014). Setting the Agenda. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Melancon, M. (1990). The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Russian Anti-War Movement, 1914-1917. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Milne, L. (2006). Novyi Satirikon, 1914-1918: The Patriotic Laughter of the Russian Liberal Intelligentsia during the First World War and the Revolution. The Slavonic and East European Review, 84 (4), 639-665.
Najjar, O. A. (2007). Cartoons as a site for the construction of Palestinian refugee identity. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 31 (3), 255-285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859907302455.
Nord, D. P. (1982). What can we do for them: journalism history and the history profession. Journalism History, 9 (2), 56-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.1982.12067001.
Oliveira, C. (1973). A Revolução Russa na imprensa portuguesa da época. Análise Social, 10 (40), 790-811.
Pérez Casanova, G. J. (2013). Trincheras de tinta: experiencias violentas de la gran guerra a través de la prensa española. Revista de Historia Actual, 11 (1), 25-35.
Pérez Casanova, G. J. (2014). Raemaekers y ‘Picarol’: la imagen del ejército alemán en la Gran Guerra desde una perspectiva aliadófila. En F. G. Ochoa (Ed.), La Guerra. Retórica y propaganda (1860-1970) (pp. 117-138). Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.
Pitcher, H. (1994). Witnesses of the Russian Revolution. London: John Murray.
Pytlovana, L. (2016). Russia in Punch cartoons: 1914-1918. Військово-науковий вісник, 25, 138-153.
Sánchez Aranda, J. J. (2005). Análisis de contenido cuantitativo de medios. En M. R. Berganza Conde, y J. A. Ruiz Román (Coord.), Investigar en Comunicación. Guía práctica de métodos y técnicas de investigación social en Comunicación (pp. 207-228). Madrid: McGraw-Hill.
Autor/a. (2020).
Sani, I., Abdullah, H. M., Abdullah, F. S., y Ali, A. M. (2012). Political cartoons as a vehicle of setting social agenda: the newspaper example. Asian Social Science, 8 (6), 156-164. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n6p156.
Shaw, D. L., Patnode, R., y Martinelli, D. K. (2008). Southern vs. northern news. A case study of historical agenda-setting, 1820–1860. En D. Sachsman, S. Kittrell Rushing, y R. Morris Jr. (Ed.), Words at War: The Civil War and American Journalism (pp. 13-24). S. l.: Purdue University Press.
Streicher, L. H. (1967). On a theory of political caricature. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 9 (4), 427-445. https://doi.org/10.1017/S001041750000462X
Várnagy, T. (2002). Caricaturing the twin towers attack: The New York Times worldview through its political cartoons. Caietele Echinox, 3, 253-267.
Walker, R. (2003). Political cartoons: now you see them! Canadian Parliamentary Review, 26 (1), 16-21.
Wilke, J. (1995). Agenda-Setting in an historical perspective: the coverage of the American Revolution in the German press (1773-83). European Journal of Communication, 10 (1), 63-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323195010001004.
Bednarz, Р. (2017). Das Eecho der Russischen Revolutionen von 1917 in der Schweizer Presse-Grundsätzliches. Quaestio Rossica, 5 (3), 729-737. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/qr.2017.3.247.
Caudill, E. (1997). An agenda-setting perspective on historical public opinion. En M. E. McCombs, D. L. Shaw, y D. Weaver (Ed.), Communication and democracy. Exploring the intellectual frontiers in agenda-setting theory (pp. 169-182). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Costa Martínez, R. (2018). La Huelga revolucionaria de 1917: un momento crítico para el sistema monárquico. La caída del segundo gobierno de Eduardo Dato. La Razón histórica: revista hispanoamericana de historia de las ideas políticas y sociales, 41, 220-246. https://bit.ly/3umDRyI.
Coupe, W. A. (1969). Observations on a theory of political caricature. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 11 (1), 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500005168.
Coupe, W. A. (1982). German cartoonists and the peace of Versailles. History Today, 32 (1), 46-53.
Cruz Seoane, M., y Sáiz, M. D. (1998). Historia del Periodismo en España. 3. El siglo XX: 1898-1936. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Danguy, L. (2019). La Grande Guerre du Nebelspalter ou l’art consommé de la litote. Revue suisse d’histoire, 69 (1), 27-48.
Danguy, L., y Kaenel, P. (2013). La plus ancienne revue satirique du monde. Genèse, histoire et visions du monde du Nebelspalter des années zurichoises (1875-1922). Relations Internationales, 153, 23-44. https://doi.org/10.3917/ri.153.0023.
Delporte, C. (1995). Images d’une guerre franco-française: la caricature au temps de l’Affaire Dreyfus. French cultural studies, 6 (17), 221–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/095715589500601706.
Demm, E. (1993). Propaganda and caricature in the first world war. Journal of Contemporary History, 28 (1), 163-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200949302800109.
DeSousa, M. A., y Medhurst, M. J. (1982). Political cartoons and american culture: significant symbols of campaign 1980. Studies in Visual Communication, 8 (1), 84-97.
Donnini, G. (1976). Il 1917 di Rusiia nella stampa italiana. Milano: Dott. A. Giuffrè Editore.
Etty, J. (2017). The legacy of 1917 in graphic satire. Slavic Review, 76 (3), 664-674. https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2017.174.
Filippova, T. A. (2017). The enemy within and the enemy without. Images of the 1917 revolution in Russian satirical journals. Russian Studies in History, 56 (1): 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611983.2017.1313656.
Fuentes Codera, M. (2014). España en la Primera Guerra Mundial. Una movilización cultural. Madrid: Akal.
Galic, R. (2010). La Révolution Russe et la guerre mondiale. Nouvelles de Russie. Janvier 1917-Mars 1918. Décryptage à partir du journal L’Illustration. Paris: L’Harmattan.
García Sanz, F. (2014) España en la Gran Guerra. Espías, Diplomáticos y Traficantes. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg.
Hamilton, J. M., Coleman, R., Grable, B., y Cole, J. (2006). An enabling environment. A reconsideration of the press and the Spanish-American War. Journalism Studies, 7 (1), 78-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700500450368.
Hupp Schillinger, E. (1996). British and U.S. newspaper coverage of the bolshevik revolution. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 43 (1), 10-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769906604300102.
Hussain, T., y Li, B. (2016). Newspaper cartoons as national interest agenda setting tool-examples from Pakistan. Science International, 28, 4929-4932.
Igartua, J. J., y Humanes, M. L. (2004). Teoría e Investigación en Comunicación Social. Madrid: Síntesis.
Ignatenko-Desanlis, O. (2016). L’image de Lénine entre février et octobre 1917. Revue des études slaves, 87 (3-4). https://bit.ly/3ug4x4w.
Jahn, H. F. (1995). Patriotic Culture in Russia during World War I. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Kessel, M. (2012). Talking war, debating unity. Order, conflict, and exclusion in ‘German humour’ in the First World War. En M. Kessel, y P. Merziger (Ed.), The Politics of Humour. Laughter, Inclusion and Exclusion in the Twentieth Century (pp. 82-107). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Knightley, P. (2001). The first casualty. The war correspondent as hero and myth-maker from the Crimea to Kosovo. London: Prion Books.
Krippendorff, K. (2014). Content Analysis. An introduction to its methodology. California: Sage Publications.
Laguna Platero, A. (2003). El poder de la imagen y la imagen del poder. La trascendencia de la prensa satírica en la comunicación social. IC Revista Científica de Información y Comunicación, 1, 111-132. https://bit.ly/3aU6BHo.
Laguna Platero, A., y Martínez, F. A. (2017). Representación de la revolución de octubre en la viñeta española. Tebeosfera. Tercera Época, 5. https://bit.ly/3eLXWIn.
Lazari, A. de, Riabov, O., y Zakowska, M. (2019). The Russian bear and the revolution: The bear metaphor for Russia in political caricatures of 1917-1918. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts, 9 (2), 325–345. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2019.206.
Leitsch, W. (1998). Die Ereignisse in Rußland von Oktober 1917 bis Januar 1918 in der Wiener Zeitung Neue Freie Presse. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 46 (2), 195-218.
Lenin, V. I. (1973). Obras, Tomo VI (1916-1917). Moscú: Editorial Progreso. https://bit.ly/3gS6Dn0.
Lippmann, W., y Merz, C. (1920, agosto). A Test of the news. New Republic. https://bit.ly/3eE6LDS.
López-Aranguren, E. (2016). El análisis de contenido tradicional. En M. G. Ferrando, F. Alvira, L. E. Alonso, y M. Escobar (Comp.), El análisis de la realidad social. Métodos y Técnicas de investigación. Cuarta Edición (pp. 594-616). Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Maestro Bäcksbacka, J. (2017). La revolución rusa en la prensa española de 1917. En . Pagès, y P. Gutiérrez-Álvarez (Ed.), La revolución rusa pasó por aquí (pp. 41-62). Barcelona: Laertes.
McCombs, M. E. (2014). Setting the Agenda. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Melancon, M. (1990). The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Russian Anti-War Movement, 1914-1917. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Milne, L. (2006). Novyi Satirikon, 1914-1918: The Patriotic Laughter of the Russian Liberal Intelligentsia during the First World War and the Revolution. The Slavonic and East European Review, 84 (4), 639-665.
Najjar, O. A. (2007). Cartoons as a site for the construction of Palestinian refugee identity. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 31 (3), 255-285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859907302455.
Nord, D. P. (1982). What can we do for them: journalism history and the history profession. Journalism History, 9 (2), 56-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.1982.12067001.
Oliveira, C. (1973). A Revolução Russa na imprensa portuguesa da época. Análise Social, 10 (40), 790-811.
Pérez Casanova, G. J. (2013). Trincheras de tinta: experiencias violentas de la gran guerra a través de la prensa española. Revista de Historia Actual, 11 (1), 25-35.
Pérez Casanova, G. J. (2014). Raemaekers y ‘Picarol’: la imagen del ejército alemán en la Gran Guerra desde una perspectiva aliadófila. En F. G. Ochoa (Ed.), La Guerra. Retórica y propaganda (1860-1970) (pp. 117-138). Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.
Pitcher, H. (1994). Witnesses of the Russian Revolution. London: John Murray.
Pytlovana, L. (2016). Russia in Punch cartoons: 1914-1918. Військово-науковий вісник, 25, 138-153.
Sánchez Aranda, J. J. (2005). Análisis de contenido cuantitativo de medios. En M. R. Berganza Conde, y J. A. Ruiz Román (Coord.), Investigar en Comunicación. Guía práctica de métodos y técnicas de investigación social en Comunicación (pp. 207-228). Madrid: McGraw-Hill.
Autor/a. (2020).
Sani, I., Abdullah, H. M., Abdullah, F. S., y Ali, A. M. (2012). Political cartoons as a vehicle of setting social agenda: the newspaper example. Asian Social Science, 8 (6), 156-164. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n6p156.
Shaw, D. L., Patnode, R., y Martinelli, D. K. (2008). Southern vs. northern news. A case study of historical agenda-setting, 1820–1860. En D. Sachsman, S. Kittrell Rushing, y R. Morris Jr. (Ed.), Words at War: The Civil War and American Journalism (pp. 13-24). S. l.: Purdue University Press.
Streicher, L. H. (1967). On a theory of political caricature. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 9 (4), 427-445. https://doi.org/10.1017/S001041750000462X
Várnagy, T. (2002). Caricaturing the twin towers attack: The New York Times worldview through its political cartoons. Caietele Echinox, 3, 253-267.
Walker, R. (2003). Political cartoons: now you see them! Canadian Parliamentary Review, 26 (1), 16-21.
Wilke, J. (1995). Agenda-Setting in an historical perspective: the coverage of the American Revolution in the German press (1773-83). European Journal of Communication, 10 (1), 63-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323195010001004.
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