Fictoreal humanity: creaturations and other women artifices
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Published
10-03-2025
Jimena Escudero Pérez
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1031-0574
Abstract
This article addresses the construction of femininity through narratives about the artificial woman. Alongside the history of what I refer to as creaturation (creature + creation) in literature and film, I explore the current coexistence with characters in general, and with creaturation in particular, in its humanising use of artificial intelligence. From its mythological genesis to the present day, this historical journey allows us to reflect on the construction of the feminine, essentially in terms of servility, abnegation, and as the work of man. The hypothesis of male creaturation is also questioned, with two fictional examples. The feminisation of AI serves to address the irrelevance of the gender binary and its role in (post)human identity. The study thus raises the implications of the persistence of this character and the socio-affective and identity effects of increasingly blurring fiction with reality.
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Keywords
criaturation, artificial inteligence, femininity, gender, character
References
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Filmografía
Villeneuve, D. (Dir.). (2017). Blade Runner 2049 [Película]. EE.UU.
Scott, R. (Dir.). (1982). Blade Runner [Película]. EE.UU.
Garland, A. (Dir). (2014). Ex Machina [Película]. Reinno Unido.
Jonze, S. (Dir). (2013). Her [Película]. EE.UU.
Schrader, M. (Dir.). (2021). Ich bin dein Mensch [Película]. Alemania.
Gillespie, C. (Dir.). (2007). Lars and the Real Girl [Película]. Canada.
Lang, F. (Dir.). (1927). Metropolis [Película]. Alemania.
James, C. W. (Dir.). (2013). The Machine [Película]. Reino Unido.
Bicknell, R. (Dir.). (2021). The Machine that Feels [Película]. Canada.
Forbes, B. (Dir.). (1975). The Stepford Wives [Película]. EE.UU.
Asimov, I. (1986). Satisfacción Garantizada. En Los Robots. Biblioteca de Ciencia Ficción. Ediciones Orbis, S.A.
Brown, R., y Shelling, J. (2019). Exploring the implications of child sex dolls. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 570, 1-13.
Butler, J. (2011). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
de l’Isle – Adam, A.V. (2020). La Eva Futura. M.A.R. Editor.
Kellett, E. E. (1901). The Lady Automaton. Pearson's Magazine. Recuperado de: https://www.forgottenfutures.com/game/ff9/aut.html. Última consulta: 07/01/2025.
Eubanks, V. (2018). Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. St. Martin's Press.
Ferrando, F. (2014). Is the post-human a post-woman? Cyborgs, robots, artificial intelligence and the futures of gender: a case study. European Journal of Futures Research, 2(1), 1-17.
Fessler, L. (2017). We tested bots like Siri and Alexa to see who would stand up to sexual harassment. Quartz Magazine. Recuperado de: https://qz.com/911681/we-tested-apples-siri-amazon-echos-alexa-microsofts-cortana-and-googles-google-home-to-see-which-personal-assistant-bots-stand-up-for-themselves-in-the-face-of-sexual-harassment Última consulta: 07/01/2025.
Gilbert, S. M., y Gubar, S. (2000). The madwoman in the attic: The woman writer and the nineteenth-century literary imagination. Yale University Press.
Haraway, D. (2015). Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making kin. Environmental humanities, 6(1), 159-165.
Hyde, J. Sh., Bigler, R. S., Joel, D., Chucky Tate, Ch., y van Anders, S. M. (2019). The future of sex and gender in psychology: Five challenges to the gender binary. American Psychologist, 74(2), 171-193.
Jane, E. A. (2020). Online abuse and harassment. En K. Ross (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of gender, media, and communication (pp. 1-16). John Wiley & Sons.
Kloer, A. (2010). Are Robots the Future of Prostitution? Recuperado de: http://www.pinoyexchange.com/forums/showthread.php?t=442361. Última consulta: 08/01/2024.
Levy, D. (2009). Love and sex with robots: The evolution of human-robot relationships. Harper Perennial.
Levy, D., y Loebner, H. (2007). Robot prostitutes as alternatives to human sex workers. IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, Rome, Vol. 14. Recuperado de: http://www. roboethics. org/icra2007/contributions/LEVY% 20Robot% 20Prostitutes% 20as% 20Alternatives% 20to% 20Human% 20Sex% 20Workers. (Pdf). Última consulta: 07/01/2025.
Nass, C. I., y Brave, S. (2005). Wired for speech: How voice activates and advances the human-computer relationship. MIT press.
Nordmo, M., Næss, J. Ø., Husøy, M. F., y Arnestad, M. N. (2020). Friends, lovers or nothing: Men and women differ in their perceptions of sex robots and platonic love robots. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.
Oleksy, T., y Wnuk, A. (2021). Do women perceive sex robots as threatening? The role of political views and presenting the robot as a female-vs male-friendly product. Computers in Human Behavior, 117(3), 106664.
Ovidio (1997). Metamorfosis. Biblok.
Paasonen, S. (2005). Figures of fantasy: Internet, women, and cyberdiscourse. Peter Lang.
Parviainen, J., y Coeckelbergh, M. (2021). The political choreography of the Sophia robot: beyond robot rights and citizenship to political performances for the social robotics market. AI & Society, 36(3), 715-724.
Reynolds, E. (2018). The Agony of Sophia, the World’s First Robot Citizen Condemned to a Lifeless Career in Marketing. Wired, June 1.
Richardson, K. (2016). The asymmetrical 'relationship' parallels between prostitution and the development of sex robots. Acm Sigcas Computers and Society, 45(3), 290-293.
Rogers, B. (2005). The domestication of women: Discrimination in developing societies. Routledge.
Sánchez Romero, M. (2022). Prehistoria de las Mujeres. Editorial Planeta.
Song, X., Xu, B., y Zhao, Z. (2022). Can people experience romantic love for artificial intelligence? An empirical study of intelligent assistants. Information & Management, 59(2), 103595.
Tsing, A. (2012). Unruly Edges: Mushrooms as Companion Species for Donna Haraway. Environmental humanities, 1(1), 141-154.
von Harbou, T. (2001). Metropolis. James A. Rock & Co.
Wachter-Boettcher, S. (2017). Technically wrong: Sexist apps, biased algorithms, and other threats of toxic tech. WW Norton & Company.
Zugman, A., Alliende, L. M., Medel, V., Bethlehem, R. A., Seidlitz, J., Ringlein, G., y Crossley, N. A. (2023). Country-level gender inequality is associated with structural differences in the brains of women and men. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(20), e2218782120.
Filmografía
Villeneuve, D. (Dir.). (2017). Blade Runner 2049 [Película]. EE.UU.
Scott, R. (Dir.). (1982). Blade Runner [Película]. EE.UU.
Garland, A. (Dir). (2014). Ex Machina [Película]. Reinno Unido.
Jonze, S. (Dir). (2013). Her [Película]. EE.UU.
Schrader, M. (Dir.). (2021). Ich bin dein Mensch [Película]. Alemania.
Gillespie, C. (Dir.). (2007). Lars and the Real Girl [Película]. Canada.
Lang, F. (Dir.). (1927). Metropolis [Película]. Alemania.
James, C. W. (Dir.). (2013). The Machine [Película]. Reino Unido.
Bicknell, R. (Dir.). (2021). The Machine that Feels [Película]. Canada.
Forbes, B. (Dir.). (1975). The Stepford Wives [Película]. EE.UU.
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