Influencia de la internacionalización en el desempeño social de las empresas
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Publicado
10-10-2014
Javier Aguilera Caracuel
Blanca Luisa Delgado Márquez
María Dolores Vidal Salazar
Resumen
Recientemente estudios previos han comenzado a plantear la posible relación entre el fenómeno de la internacionalización y responsabilidad social corporativa de las organizaciones. En este trabajo analizamos en qué medida la internacionalización contribuye a una mejora sustancial del desempeño social de las empresas. Usando una muestra de 102 empresas estadounidenses de los sectores químico, energético y de maquinaria industrial, nuestros resultados muestran que no todas las dimensiones de la internacionalización permiten a las empresas adquirir conocimiento valioso que conduzca a una mejora de su desempeño social. Concretamente, comprobamos que, mientras el porcentaje de ventas en mercados extranjeros y la diversificación internacional cultural favorecen la puesta en marcha de prácticas de responsabilidad social corporativa avanzadas que redundan en un mejor desempeño social (cumpliendo con las demandas sociales de los grupos de interés de los distintos mercados donde operan), la diversificación internacional geográfica no tiene efecto directo en el desempeño social de las empresas. Por tanto, no es tan importante el número de mercados donde la empresa actúa, sino el grado de diferenciación cultural existente entre los mismos lo que hace que la propia empresa mejore su desempeño social. El presente trabajo incluye implicaciones relevantes para el mundo académico, directivos y reguladores públicos.
Cómo citar
Aguilera Caracuel, J., Delgado Márquez, B. L., & Vidal Salazar, M. D. (2014). Influencia de la internacionalización en el desempeño social de las empresas. Cuadernos De Gestión, 14(2), 15–32. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.130420ja
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Keywords
Empresas estadounidenses, sector químico, sector energético, sector de maquinaria industrial, diversificación internacional geográfica y cultural, análisis estático de datos de panel
References
Aguilera-Caracuel, J., Hurtado-Torres, N.E. y Aragón-Correa, J.A., 2012. Does international experience help firms to be green? A knowledge-based view of how international experience and organisational learning influence proactive environmental strategies. International Business Review, 21 (5), 847–861.
Aguilera-Caracuel, J., Hurtado-Torres, N.E., Aragón-Correa, J.A. y Rugman, A.M., 2013. Differentiated effects of formal and informal institutional distance between countries on the environmental performance of multinational enterprises. Journal of Business Research, 66 (12), 2657-2665.
Aragón-Correa, J.A. y Sharma, S., 2003. A contingent resource-based view of proactive corporate environmental strategy. Academy of Management Review, 28 (1), 71–88.
Bansal, P., 2005. Evolving sustainably: A longitudinal study of corporate sustainable development. Strategic Management Journal, 26 (3), 197–218.
Barkema, H.G. y Vermeulen, F., 1998. International expansion through start-up or acquisition: A learning perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 41 (1), 7–26.
Barney, J.B., 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–121.
Bierly P. y Chakrabarti, A., 1996. Generic knowledge strategies in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. Strategic Management Journal, 17(Winter Special Issue), 123–135.
Carpenter, M.A. y Fredrickson, J.W., 2001. Top management teams, global strategic posture, and the moderating role of uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 44 (3), 533–545.
Casillas, J.C., Moreno, A.M., Acedo, F.J. y Gallego, M.A., 2009. An integrative model of the role of knowledge in the internationalization process. Journal of World Business, 44 (3), 311–322.
Choi, J. y Chang, H., 2009. Stakeholder relations and the persistence of corporate financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30 (8), 895–907.
Christmann, P., 2004. Multinational companies and the natural environment: Determinants of global environmental policy standardization. Academy of Management Journal, 47 (5), 747–760.
Christmann, P. y Taylor, G., 2001. Globalization and the environment: Determinants of firm self regulation in China. Journal of International Business Studies, 32 (3), 439–458.
Daily, C., Certo, S.T. y Dalton, D.R., 2000. International experience in the executive suite: The path to prosperity? Strategic Management Journal, 21 (4), 515–523.
Dunning, J.H., 2003. Some antecedents of internalization theory. Journal of International Business Studies, 34 (2), 108–115.
Fombrun, C., 1996. Reputation: Realizing value from the corporate image, Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA.
Freeman, R.E., 1984. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Boston: Pitman Press.
Friedman, M., 1970. The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. New York Times Magazine (reprinted from Perspectives in Business Ethics, 3rd ed., 280-285, by Hartman, L.P., Ed. 2005, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill).
Hair, J.F., Andersson, R.E., Tatham R.L.y Black, W.C., 2009. Multivariate analysis (6th ed.). Madrid: Prentice Hall.
Hausman, J., 1978. Specification test in economic. Econometrica, 46, 1251–1271.
Herrera-Madueño, J., Larrán-Jorge, M. y Martínez-Martínez, D., 2013. Relación entre responsabilidad social y performance en las pequeñas y medianas empresas: Revisión bibliográfica. Cuadernos de Gestión, 13 (2), 39–65.
Hitt, M.A., Hoskisson, R.E. y Kim, H., 1997. International diversification: Effects on innovation and firm performance in product-diversified firms. Academy of Management Journal, 40 (4), 767–799.
Hofstede, G.H., 1980. Culture consequences: International differences in work-related values. Sage Publications, London (UK).
Hull, C.E. y Rothenberg, S., 2008. Firm performance: The interactions of corporate social performance with innovation and industry differentiation. Strategic Management Journal, 29 (7), 781–789.
Jensen, M.C., 2001. Value maximization, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function. Business Ethics Quarterly, 12 (2), 235–256.
King, A.A. y Shaver, J.M., 2001. Are aliens green? Assessing foreign establishments’ environmental conduct in the United States. Strategic Management Journal, 22 (11), 1069–1086.
Kochhar, R. y Hitt, M.A., 1995. Toward an integrative model of international diversification. Journal of International Management, 1 (1), 33-72.
Kolk, A. y van Tulder, R., 2010. International business, corporate social responsibility and sustainable development. International Business Review, 39 (8), 1359–1378.
Korten, D.C., 2001. When Corporations Rule the World (2nd. Ed.). San Francisco, CA: Berret-Koehler Publishers.
Li, L. y Qian, G., 2005. Dimensions of international diversification: Their joint effects on firm performance. Journal of Global Marketing, 18 (3), 7–35.
Margolis, J. D. y Walsh, J.P., 2001. People and Profits? The Search for a Link between a Company’s Social and Financial Performance. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Margolis, J. D. y Walsh, J.P., 2003. Misery loves companies: Rethinking social initiatives by business. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48 (2), 268–305.
McWilliams, A. y Siegel D., 2000. Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: Correlation or misspecification? Strategic Management Journal, 21 (5), 603–609.
McWilliams, A. y Siegel, D., 2001. Corporate social responsibility: A theory of the firm perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26 (1), 117–127.
Nonaka, I., 1994. A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5 (1), 14-37.
Orlitzky, M., Schmidt. F.L. y Rynes, S.L., 2003. Corporate social and financial performance: A meta-analysis. Organization Studies, 24 (3), 403–441.
Peng, M.W., 2001. The resource-based view and international business. Journal of Management, 27 (6), 803–829.
Peng, M.W., Wang, D.Y.L., y Jiang, Y., 2008. An institution-based view of international business strategy: A focus on emerging economies. Journal of International Business Studies, 39 (5), 920–936.
Penrose, E., 1959. The theory of the growth of the firm. New York: John Willey.
Perrini, F., Russo, A., Tencati, A. y Vurro, C., 2011. Deconstructing the relationship between corporate social and financial performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 102 (Suplemento 1), 59–76.
Qian, G., Li, L., Li, J. y Qian, Z., 2008. Regional diversification and firm performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 39 (2), 197–214.
Ringov, D. y Zollo, M., 2007. Corporate responsibility from a socio-institutional perspective. The impact of national culture on corporate social performance. Corporate Governance, 7 (4), 476-485.
Rugman, A.M., 1981. Inside the multinationals: The economics of internal markets. New York: Columbia University Press.
Sapienza, H., Autio, E., George, C., y Zahra, S.A., 2006. A capabilities perspective on the effects of early internationalization on firm survival and growth. Academy of Management Review, 31 (4), 914–933.
Scherer, A.G. y Palazzo, G., 2011. The new political role of business in a globalized world: A review of a new perspective on CSR and its implications for the firm, governance, and democracy. Journal of Management Studies, 48 (4), 899–931.
Shoham, A., Evangelista, F. y Albaum, G. 2001. Strategic firm type and export performance. International Marketing Review, 19(3), 236- 258
Strike, V.M., Gao, J. y Bansal, P., 2006. Being good while being bad: Social responsibility and the international diversification of US firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 37 (6), 850–862.
Surroca, J., Tribó, J.A. y Zahra, S.A., 2013. Stakeholder pressure on MNEs and the transfer of socially irresponsible practices to subsidiaries. Academy of Management Journal, 56 (2), 549–572.
Sveiby, K. E. 2001., A knowledge-based theory of the firm to guide in strategy formulation. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2 (4), 344–359.
Taneja, S.S., Taneja, P.K. y Gupta, R.K., 2011. Researches in corporate social responsibility: A review of shifting focus, paradigms, and methodologies. Journal of Business Ethics, 101 (3), 343–364.
The Hofstede Centre, http://geert-hofstede.com/countries.html
Van Raaij, F., 1997. Globalization of marketing communication? Journal of Economic Psychology, 18 (6), 259–270.
Waddock, S.A., 2004. Parallel universes: Companies, academics, and the progress of corporate citizenship. Business and Society Review, 109 (1), 303–319.
Waddock, S.A. y Graves, S.B., 1997. The corporate social performance-financial performance link. Strategic Management Journal, 18 (4), 303–319.
Wernerfelt, B., 1984. A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5 (2), 171–180.
Yang, F., Lin, C. y Chang, Y., 2010. The linkage between corporate social performance and corporate financial performance. African Journal of Business Management, 4 (4), 406–413.
Yeoh, P.L., 2004. International learning: Antecedents and performance applications among newly internationalizing companies in an exporting context. Journal of International Business Studies, 36 (1), 20–28.
Zahra, S. A., Neubaum, D.O. y Huse, M., 2000. Entrepreneurship in medium-size companies: Exploring the effects of ownership and governance systems. Journal of Management, 26 (5), 947–976.
Aguilera-Caracuel, J., Hurtado-Torres, N.E., Aragón-Correa, J.A. y Rugman, A.M., 2013. Differentiated effects of formal and informal institutional distance between countries on the environmental performance of multinational enterprises. Journal of Business Research, 66 (12), 2657-2665.
Aragón-Correa, J.A. y Sharma, S., 2003. A contingent resource-based view of proactive corporate environmental strategy. Academy of Management Review, 28 (1), 71–88.
Bansal, P., 2005. Evolving sustainably: A longitudinal study of corporate sustainable development. Strategic Management Journal, 26 (3), 197–218.
Barkema, H.G. y Vermeulen, F., 1998. International expansion through start-up or acquisition: A learning perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 41 (1), 7–26.
Barney, J.B., 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–121.
Bierly P. y Chakrabarti, A., 1996. Generic knowledge strategies in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. Strategic Management Journal, 17(Winter Special Issue), 123–135.
Carpenter, M.A. y Fredrickson, J.W., 2001. Top management teams, global strategic posture, and the moderating role of uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 44 (3), 533–545.
Casillas, J.C., Moreno, A.M., Acedo, F.J. y Gallego, M.A., 2009. An integrative model of the role of knowledge in the internationalization process. Journal of World Business, 44 (3), 311–322.
Choi, J. y Chang, H., 2009. Stakeholder relations and the persistence of corporate financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30 (8), 895–907.
Christmann, P., 2004. Multinational companies and the natural environment: Determinants of global environmental policy standardization. Academy of Management Journal, 47 (5), 747–760.
Christmann, P. y Taylor, G., 2001. Globalization and the environment: Determinants of firm self regulation in China. Journal of International Business Studies, 32 (3), 439–458.
Daily, C., Certo, S.T. y Dalton, D.R., 2000. International experience in the executive suite: The path to prosperity? Strategic Management Journal, 21 (4), 515–523.
Dunning, J.H., 2003. Some antecedents of internalization theory. Journal of International Business Studies, 34 (2), 108–115.
Fombrun, C., 1996. Reputation: Realizing value from the corporate image, Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA.
Freeman, R.E., 1984. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Boston: Pitman Press.
Friedman, M., 1970. The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. New York Times Magazine (reprinted from Perspectives in Business Ethics, 3rd ed., 280-285, by Hartman, L.P., Ed. 2005, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill).
Hair, J.F., Andersson, R.E., Tatham R.L.y Black, W.C., 2009. Multivariate analysis (6th ed.). Madrid: Prentice Hall.
Hausman, J., 1978. Specification test in economic. Econometrica, 46, 1251–1271.
Herrera-Madueño, J., Larrán-Jorge, M. y Martínez-Martínez, D., 2013. Relación entre responsabilidad social y performance en las pequeñas y medianas empresas: Revisión bibliográfica. Cuadernos de Gestión, 13 (2), 39–65.
Hitt, M.A., Hoskisson, R.E. y Kim, H., 1997. International diversification: Effects on innovation and firm performance in product-diversified firms. Academy of Management Journal, 40 (4), 767–799.
Hofstede, G.H., 1980. Culture consequences: International differences in work-related values. Sage Publications, London (UK).
Hull, C.E. y Rothenberg, S., 2008. Firm performance: The interactions of corporate social performance with innovation and industry differentiation. Strategic Management Journal, 29 (7), 781–789.
Jensen, M.C., 2001. Value maximization, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function. Business Ethics Quarterly, 12 (2), 235–256.
King, A.A. y Shaver, J.M., 2001. Are aliens green? Assessing foreign establishments’ environmental conduct in the United States. Strategic Management Journal, 22 (11), 1069–1086.
Kochhar, R. y Hitt, M.A., 1995. Toward an integrative model of international diversification. Journal of International Management, 1 (1), 33-72.
Kolk, A. y van Tulder, R., 2010. International business, corporate social responsibility and sustainable development. International Business Review, 39 (8), 1359–1378.
Korten, D.C., 2001. When Corporations Rule the World (2nd. Ed.). San Francisco, CA: Berret-Koehler Publishers.
Li, L. y Qian, G., 2005. Dimensions of international diversification: Their joint effects on firm performance. Journal of Global Marketing, 18 (3), 7–35.
Margolis, J. D. y Walsh, J.P., 2001. People and Profits? The Search for a Link between a Company’s Social and Financial Performance. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Margolis, J. D. y Walsh, J.P., 2003. Misery loves companies: Rethinking social initiatives by business. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48 (2), 268–305.
McWilliams, A. y Siegel D., 2000. Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: Correlation or misspecification? Strategic Management Journal, 21 (5), 603–609.
McWilliams, A. y Siegel, D., 2001. Corporate social responsibility: A theory of the firm perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26 (1), 117–127.
Nonaka, I., 1994. A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5 (1), 14-37.
Orlitzky, M., Schmidt. F.L. y Rynes, S.L., 2003. Corporate social and financial performance: A meta-analysis. Organization Studies, 24 (3), 403–441.
Peng, M.W., 2001. The resource-based view and international business. Journal of Management, 27 (6), 803–829.
Peng, M.W., Wang, D.Y.L., y Jiang, Y., 2008. An institution-based view of international business strategy: A focus on emerging economies. Journal of International Business Studies, 39 (5), 920–936.
Penrose, E., 1959. The theory of the growth of the firm. New York: John Willey.
Perrini, F., Russo, A., Tencati, A. y Vurro, C., 2011. Deconstructing the relationship between corporate social and financial performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 102 (Suplemento 1), 59–76.
Qian, G., Li, L., Li, J. y Qian, Z., 2008. Regional diversification and firm performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 39 (2), 197–214.
Ringov, D. y Zollo, M., 2007. Corporate responsibility from a socio-institutional perspective. The impact of national culture on corporate social performance. Corporate Governance, 7 (4), 476-485.
Rugman, A.M., 1981. Inside the multinationals: The economics of internal markets. New York: Columbia University Press.
Sapienza, H., Autio, E., George, C., y Zahra, S.A., 2006. A capabilities perspective on the effects of early internationalization on firm survival and growth. Academy of Management Review, 31 (4), 914–933.
Scherer, A.G. y Palazzo, G., 2011. The new political role of business in a globalized world: A review of a new perspective on CSR and its implications for the firm, governance, and democracy. Journal of Management Studies, 48 (4), 899–931.
Shoham, A., Evangelista, F. y Albaum, G. 2001. Strategic firm type and export performance. International Marketing Review, 19(3), 236- 258
Strike, V.M., Gao, J. y Bansal, P., 2006. Being good while being bad: Social responsibility and the international diversification of US firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 37 (6), 850–862.
Surroca, J., Tribó, J.A. y Zahra, S.A., 2013. Stakeholder pressure on MNEs and the transfer of socially irresponsible practices to subsidiaries. Academy of Management Journal, 56 (2), 549–572.
Sveiby, K. E. 2001., A knowledge-based theory of the firm to guide in strategy formulation. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2 (4), 344–359.
Taneja, S.S., Taneja, P.K. y Gupta, R.K., 2011. Researches in corporate social responsibility: A review of shifting focus, paradigms, and methodologies. Journal of Business Ethics, 101 (3), 343–364.
The Hofstede Centre, http://geert-hofstede.com/countries.html
Van Raaij, F., 1997. Globalization of marketing communication? Journal of Economic Psychology, 18 (6), 259–270.
Waddock, S.A., 2004. Parallel universes: Companies, academics, and the progress of corporate citizenship. Business and Society Review, 109 (1), 303–319.
Waddock, S.A. y Graves, S.B., 1997. The corporate social performance-financial performance link. Strategic Management Journal, 18 (4), 303–319.
Wernerfelt, B., 1984. A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5 (2), 171–180.
Yang, F., Lin, C. y Chang, Y., 2010. The linkage between corporate social performance and corporate financial performance. African Journal of Business Management, 4 (4), 406–413.
Yeoh, P.L., 2004. International learning: Antecedents and performance applications among newly internationalizing companies in an exporting context. Journal of International Business Studies, 36 (1), 20–28.
Zahra, S. A., Neubaum, D.O. y Huse, M., 2000. Entrepreneurship in medium-size companies: Exploring the effects of ownership and governance systems. Journal of Management, 26 (5), 947–976.
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