Marca Ciudad Sostenible y Verde. Una revisión exploratoria
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Publicado
19-01-2023
António Carrizo Moreira
Cristiana Rêga Pereira
Margarida Fernandes Lopes
Raquel Arêde Rodrigues Calisto
Vera Teixeira Vale
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6613-8796
Cristiana Rêga Pereira
Margarida Fernandes Lopes
Raquel Arêde Rodrigues Calisto
Vera Teixeira Vale
Resumen
Aunque el estudio de la marca de las ciudades no es algo nuevo, la importancia de la sostenibilidad y las exigencias medioambientales están suponiendo un enorme reto en las actividades de branding de las ciudades/lugares. Por ello, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo son entendidas las marcas sostenibles/verdes de las ciudades/lugares y cuáles son sus principales idiosincrasias. Para ello se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica exploratoria y se han analizado 32 artículos. Es posible concluir que hay tres vertientes principales que cubren el tema relacionado con la marca de ciudad o lugar verde, sostenible y lenta (cittaslow). Además, los recursos verdes son utilizados buscando mejorar la imagen de la ciudad, la calidad de vida urbana y los espacios verdes que apoyan a la ciudad como destino turístico. De forma complementaria, la sostenibilidad abarca también los aspectos económicos y sociales, que no están del todo cubiertos en la vertiente anterior. Por último, la perspectiva cittaslow sigue más de cerca la perspectiva sostenible que la verde/medioambiental. Las tres vertientes están muy segmentadas y la etapa de desarrollo está todavía en una fase de crecimiento. Las partes interesadas desempeñan un papel importante en la divulgación de los recursos naturales y los retos medioambientales para que una ciudad/lugar desarrolle una reputación sostenible positiva. Por último, hay un papel importante desde la perspectiva de las políticas públicas para posicionar la ciudad como un destino verde y sostenible.
Cómo citar
Carrizo Moreira, A., Rêga Pereira, C., Fernandes Lopes, M., Rodrigues Calisto, R. A., & Teixeira Vale, V. (2023). Marca Ciudad Sostenible y Verde. Una revisión exploratoria. Cuadernos De Gestión, 23(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.221715ac
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Keywords
Marca de lugar verde, Marca de ciudad verde, Marca de ciudad sostenible, Marca lugar sostenible, Marketing verde, Marketing sostenible
References
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Alon, I., Mersland, R., Musteen, M., & Randøy, T. (2020) The research frontier on internationalization of social enterprises. Journal of World Business, 55(5), 101091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2020.101091
Andersson I. (2016). ‘Green cities’ going greener? Local environmental policy-making and place branding in the ‘Greenest City in Europe’. European Planning Studies, 24(6), 1197–1215.
Andersson I., & James L. (2018). Altruism or entrepreneurialism? The co-evolution of green place branding and policy tourism in Växjö, Sweden. Urban Studies, 55(15), 3437–3453.
Acuti, D., Grazzini, L., Mazzoli, V., & Aiello, G. (2019). Stakeholder engagement in green place branding: A focus on user-generated content. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(2), 492–501. https:// doi.org/10.1002/csr.1703
Affolderbach, J., & Schulz, C. (2017). Positioning Vancouver through urban sustainability strategies? The Greenest City 2020 Action Plan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 164, 676–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.234
Ashworth, G., & Kavaratzis, M. (2009). Beyond the logo: Brand management for cities. Journal of Brand Management, 16(8), 520–531. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2550133
Biçakçi, A. B., & Genel, Z. (2017). A theoretical approach for sustainable communication in city branding: Multilateral symmetrical communication model. In Advertising and Branding: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. https:// doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1793-1.ch004
Birch, E. L., & Wachter, S. M. (2008). Introduction: Urban greening and the green city ideal. In E. L. B. & S. M. Wachter (Ed.), Growing greener cities: Urban sustainability in the twenty-first century (pp. 1–8).
Blichfeldt, B. S. (2005). Unmanageable place brands? Place Branding, 1(4), 388–401. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.5990036
Bochert, R., Cismaru, L., & Foris, D. (2017). Connecting the members of generation Y to destination brands: A case study of the CUBIS project. Sustainability, 9(7), 1197. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071197
Busch, H, & Anderberg, S. (2015). Green attraction—Transnational municipal climate networks and green city branding. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 5(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5539/jms.v5n4p1
Cai, L. (2001). Cooperative branding for rural destinations. Annuals of Tourism Research, 29(3), 720–742.
Chan C.-S. (2017). Health-related elements in green space branding in Hong Kong. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 21,192–202.
Chan, C.-S. (2019). Which city theme has the strongest local brand equity for Hong Kong: green, creative or smart city? Place Bran-ding and Public Diplomacy, 15(1), 12–27. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-018-0106-x
Chan, C.-S., & Marafa, L. M. (2014). Rebranding Hong Kong “Green”: the potential for connecting city branding with green resour-ces. World Leisure Journal, 56(1), 62–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2013.876587
Chan, C.-S., & Marafa, L. M. (2016). The green branding of Hong Kong: visitors’ and residents’ perceptions. Journal of Place Mana-gement and Development, 9(3), 289–312. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-02-2016-0008
Chan, C.-S., & Marafa, L. M. (2017). How a green city brand determines the willingness to stay in a city: the case of Hong Kong. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 34(6), 719–731. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1236768
Chan, C.-S., Marafa, L. M., Konijnendijk Van Den Bosch, C. C., & Randrup, T. B. (2018). Starting conditions for the green branding of a city. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 10, 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.05.006
Chen, C. W. (2021). Clarifying rebound effects of the circular economy in the context of sustainable cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 66, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102622
Çiçek, M., Ulu, S., & Uslay, C. (2019). The impact of the slow city movement on place authenticity, entrepreneurial opportunity, and economic development. Journal of Macromarketing, 39(4), 400–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146719882767
Denyer, D., & Tranfield, D. (2009). Producing a systematic review. In The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Research Methods (pp. 671–689).
Doyduk, H. B. B., & Okan, E.Y. (2017). Sustainable city branding: Cittaslow - the case of turkey. In Bayraktar A., & Uslay, C. (Eds.). Global Place Branding Campaigns across Cities, Regions, and Nations IGI Clobal (pp. 162–181).
Fastenrath S., Preller B. (2018). Freiburg: The emblematic Green City. In: Affolderbach, J., & Schulz, C. (Eds.). Green Building Transi-tions (pp. 69–98). The Urban Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77709-2_5
Florek, M., & Insch, A. (2008). The trademark protection of country brands: Insights from New Zealand. Journal of Place Manage-ment and Development, 1(3), 292–306. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538330810911271
Gruffudd, P. (1994). Place promotion: The use of publicity and marketing to sell towns and regions. In J. R. Gold & S. V. Ward (Eds.), Selling the countryside: Representations of Rural Britain (pp. 247–263).
Han J. H., Kim J. S., Lee C.-K., & Kim N. (2019). Role of place attachment dimensions in tourists’ decision-making process in Cittas-low. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 11, 108–119.
Hankinson, G. (2004). Relational network brands: Towards a conceptual model of place brands. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(2), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/135676670401000202
Ilhan, O. A., Karakaş, E., & Özkaraman, B. (2021). “Cittaslow”: An alternative model for local sustainable development or just a myth? Empirical evidence in the case of Tarakli (Turkey). Quaestiones Geographicae, 39(4), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2020-0029
Ince E., & Öztüren A. (2021). Strengths, weaknesses and challenges of municipalities in North Cyprus aspiring to be a sustainable Cittaslow tourism destination. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 13(4), 528–534. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/WHATT-02-2021-0031
Insch, A. (2011). Conceptualization and anatomy of green destination brands. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospita-lity Research, 5(3), 282–290. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506181111156970
Jones, M., Coviello, N. and Tang, Y. (2011) International entrepreneurship research (1989-2009): A domain ontology and thematic analysis. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(6), 632-659.
Kavaratzis, M., & Ashworth, G. J. (2005). City branding: An effective assertion of identity or a transitory marketing trick? Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale, 96(5), 506.
Kavaratzis, M. (2004). From city marketing to city branding: Towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands. Place Branding, 1(1), 58–73. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.5990005
Kerr, G. (2006). From destination brand to location brand. Journal of Brand Management, 13(4), 276–283.
Konijnendijk, C. C. (2010). Green cities, competitive cities – Promoting the role of green space in city branding.
Lupu C., Rodrigues A. I., Stoleriu O. M., & Gallarza M. G. (2021). A textual and visual analysis of the intrinsic value dimensions of romania: Towards a sustainable destination brand. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(1), 67.
Mallett, R., Hagen-Zanker, J., Slater, R., & Duvendack, M. (2012). The benefits and challenges of using systematic reviews in interna-tional development research. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 4(3), 445–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2012.711342
Metaxas, T.; Juarez, L., & Gavriilidis, G. (2021). Planning and Marketing the City for Sustainability: The Madrid Nuevo Norte Project. Sustainability, 13(4), 2094. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042094
Mitchell, G., Chan, F. K., Chen, W., Thadani, D., Robinson, G., Wang, Z., Li, L., Li, X., Mullins, M-T., & Chau, P. (2022). Can green city branding support China’s Sponge City Programme? Blue-Green Systems, 4(1), 24–44. https://doi.org/ 10.2166/BGS.2022.005
Parkerson, B., & Saunders, J. (2005). City branding: Can goods and services branding models be used to brand cities? Place Branding, 1(3), 242–264. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.5990026
Ripoll Gonzalez, L., & Gale, F. (2022). Sustainable city branding narratives: a critical appraisal of processes and outcomes. Journal of Place Management and Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-09-2021-0093
Rivero Moreno, L. D. (2020). Sustainable city storytelling: Cultural heritage as a resource for a greener and fairer urban development. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 10(4), 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-05-2019-0043
Sharmin, F., Sultan, M.T., Badulescu, D., Badulescu, A., Borma, A., & Li, B. (2021). Sustainable destination marketing ecosystem through smartphone-based social media: The consumers’ acceptance perspective. Sustainability, 13(4), 2308. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042308
Silva, P., & Moreira, A. C. (2019). A systematic review of the literature on industrial divestment. Baltic Journal of Management, 14(3), 443-461. https://doi.org/10.1108/BJM-01-2018-0040
Sun, F., Ye, C., Zheng, W., & Miao, X. (2022). Model of urban marketing strategy based on ecological environment quality. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 8, 8096122. https://doi.org/ 10.1155/2022/8096122
Taecharungroj, V., Muthuta, M., & Boonchaiyapruek, P. (2019). Sustainability as a place brand position: A resident-centric analysis of the ten towns in the vicinity of Bangkok. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 15(4), 210–228. https://doi.10.1057/s41254-019-00127-5
Tu W., Zhou L., Haobin B. Y., & Yan Q. (2022). Conceptualizing and assessing the competitiveness of slow tourism destinations: Evidence from the first accredited cittàslow in China. SAGE Open. https://doi.10.1177/21582440211068823
Turok, I. (2009). The distinctive city: Pitfalls in the pursuit of differential advantage. Environment and Planning A, 41(1), 13–30. https://doi.10.1068/a37379
Wagner, O., & Peters, M. (2009). Can association methods reveal the effects of internal branding on tourism destination stakehol-ders? Journal of Place Management and Development, 2(1), 52–69. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538330910942807
Wang, H.-J. (2019). Green city branding: perceptions of multiple stakeholders. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 28(3), 376–390. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-07-2018-1933
Weatherbee, G., Sears, D., & MacNeil, R. (2019). Mapping wine business research in the International Journal of Wine Business Research: 2007-2017. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 31(4), 591–601.
Weed, M. (2008). A potential method for the interpretative synthesis of qualitative research: Issues in the development of ‘me-ta-interpretation’. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(1), 13-28.
WCED. (1987). Brundtland Report. https://www.are.admin.ch/are/en/home/sustainable-development/international-cooperation/2030agenda/un-_-milestones-in-sustainable-development/1987--brundtland-report.html
Wong, I. A., Ruan, W. J., Cai, X., & Huang, G. I. (2021). Green-Induced tourist equity: the cross-level effect of regional environmental performance. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(7), 1043–1062. https://doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1851700
Zawadzka, A. K. (2017). Making small towns visible in europe: The case of cittaslow network – The strategy based on sustainable development. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 2017, 90–106. https://doi: 10.24193/TRAS.SI2017.6
Alon, I., Mersland, R., Musteen, M., & Randøy, T. (2020) The research frontier on internationalization of social enterprises. Journal of World Business, 55(5), 101091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2020.101091
Andersson I. (2016). ‘Green cities’ going greener? Local environmental policy-making and place branding in the ‘Greenest City in Europe’. European Planning Studies, 24(6), 1197–1215.
Andersson I., & James L. (2018). Altruism or entrepreneurialism? The co-evolution of green place branding and policy tourism in Växjö, Sweden. Urban Studies, 55(15), 3437–3453.
Acuti, D., Grazzini, L., Mazzoli, V., & Aiello, G. (2019). Stakeholder engagement in green place branding: A focus on user-generated content. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(2), 492–501. https:// doi.org/10.1002/csr.1703
Affolderbach, J., & Schulz, C. (2017). Positioning Vancouver through urban sustainability strategies? The Greenest City 2020 Action Plan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 164, 676–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.234
Ashworth, G., & Kavaratzis, M. (2009). Beyond the logo: Brand management for cities. Journal of Brand Management, 16(8), 520–531. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2550133
Biçakçi, A. B., & Genel, Z. (2017). A theoretical approach for sustainable communication in city branding: Multilateral symmetrical communication model. In Advertising and Branding: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. https:// doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1793-1.ch004
Birch, E. L., & Wachter, S. M. (2008). Introduction: Urban greening and the green city ideal. In E. L. B. & S. M. Wachter (Ed.), Growing greener cities: Urban sustainability in the twenty-first century (pp. 1–8).
Blichfeldt, B. S. (2005). Unmanageable place brands? Place Branding, 1(4), 388–401. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.5990036
Bochert, R., Cismaru, L., & Foris, D. (2017). Connecting the members of generation Y to destination brands: A case study of the CUBIS project. Sustainability, 9(7), 1197. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071197
Busch, H, & Anderberg, S. (2015). Green attraction—Transnational municipal climate networks and green city branding. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 5(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5539/jms.v5n4p1
Cai, L. (2001). Cooperative branding for rural destinations. Annuals of Tourism Research, 29(3), 720–742.
Chan C.-S. (2017). Health-related elements in green space branding in Hong Kong. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 21,192–202.
Chan, C.-S. (2019). Which city theme has the strongest local brand equity for Hong Kong: green, creative or smart city? Place Bran-ding and Public Diplomacy, 15(1), 12–27. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-018-0106-x
Chan, C.-S., & Marafa, L. M. (2014). Rebranding Hong Kong “Green”: the potential for connecting city branding with green resour-ces. World Leisure Journal, 56(1), 62–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2013.876587
Chan, C.-S., & Marafa, L. M. (2016). The green branding of Hong Kong: visitors’ and residents’ perceptions. Journal of Place Mana-gement and Development, 9(3), 289–312. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-02-2016-0008
Chan, C.-S., & Marafa, L. M. (2017). How a green city brand determines the willingness to stay in a city: the case of Hong Kong. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 34(6), 719–731. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1236768
Chan, C.-S., Marafa, L. M., Konijnendijk Van Den Bosch, C. C., & Randrup, T. B. (2018). Starting conditions for the green branding of a city. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 10, 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.05.006
Chen, C. W. (2021). Clarifying rebound effects of the circular economy in the context of sustainable cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 66, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102622
Çiçek, M., Ulu, S., & Uslay, C. (2019). The impact of the slow city movement on place authenticity, entrepreneurial opportunity, and economic development. Journal of Macromarketing, 39(4), 400–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146719882767
Denyer, D., & Tranfield, D. (2009). Producing a systematic review. In The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Research Methods (pp. 671–689).
Doyduk, H. B. B., & Okan, E.Y. (2017). Sustainable city branding: Cittaslow - the case of turkey. In Bayraktar A., & Uslay, C. (Eds.). Global Place Branding Campaigns across Cities, Regions, and Nations IGI Clobal (pp. 162–181).
Fastenrath S., Preller B. (2018). Freiburg: The emblematic Green City. In: Affolderbach, J., & Schulz, C. (Eds.). Green Building Transi-tions (pp. 69–98). The Urban Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77709-2_5
Florek, M., & Insch, A. (2008). The trademark protection of country brands: Insights from New Zealand. Journal of Place Manage-ment and Development, 1(3), 292–306. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538330810911271
Gruffudd, P. (1994). Place promotion: The use of publicity and marketing to sell towns and regions. In J. R. Gold & S. V. Ward (Eds.), Selling the countryside: Representations of Rural Britain (pp. 247–263).
Han J. H., Kim J. S., Lee C.-K., & Kim N. (2019). Role of place attachment dimensions in tourists’ decision-making process in Cittas-low. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 11, 108–119.
Hankinson, G. (2004). Relational network brands: Towards a conceptual model of place brands. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(2), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/135676670401000202
Ilhan, O. A., Karakaş, E., & Özkaraman, B. (2021). “Cittaslow”: An alternative model for local sustainable development or just a myth? Empirical evidence in the case of Tarakli (Turkey). Quaestiones Geographicae, 39(4), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2020-0029
Ince E., & Öztüren A. (2021). Strengths, weaknesses and challenges of municipalities in North Cyprus aspiring to be a sustainable Cittaslow tourism destination. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 13(4), 528–534. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/WHATT-02-2021-0031
Insch, A. (2011). Conceptualization and anatomy of green destination brands. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospita-lity Research, 5(3), 282–290. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506181111156970
Jones, M., Coviello, N. and Tang, Y. (2011) International entrepreneurship research (1989-2009): A domain ontology and thematic analysis. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(6), 632-659.
Kavaratzis, M., & Ashworth, G. J. (2005). City branding: An effective assertion of identity or a transitory marketing trick? Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale, 96(5), 506.
Kavaratzis, M. (2004). From city marketing to city branding: Towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands. Place Branding, 1(1), 58–73. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.5990005
Kerr, G. (2006). From destination brand to location brand. Journal of Brand Management, 13(4), 276–283.
Konijnendijk, C. C. (2010). Green cities, competitive cities – Promoting the role of green space in city branding.
Lupu C., Rodrigues A. I., Stoleriu O. M., & Gallarza M. G. (2021). A textual and visual analysis of the intrinsic value dimensions of romania: Towards a sustainable destination brand. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(1), 67.
Mallett, R., Hagen-Zanker, J., Slater, R., & Duvendack, M. (2012). The benefits and challenges of using systematic reviews in interna-tional development research. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 4(3), 445–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2012.711342
Metaxas, T.; Juarez, L., & Gavriilidis, G. (2021). Planning and Marketing the City for Sustainability: The Madrid Nuevo Norte Project. Sustainability, 13(4), 2094. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042094
Mitchell, G., Chan, F. K., Chen, W., Thadani, D., Robinson, G., Wang, Z., Li, L., Li, X., Mullins, M-T., & Chau, P. (2022). Can green city branding support China’s Sponge City Programme? Blue-Green Systems, 4(1), 24–44. https://doi.org/ 10.2166/BGS.2022.005
Parkerson, B., & Saunders, J. (2005). City branding: Can goods and services branding models be used to brand cities? Place Branding, 1(3), 242–264. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.5990026
Ripoll Gonzalez, L., & Gale, F. (2022). Sustainable city branding narratives: a critical appraisal of processes and outcomes. Journal of Place Management and Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-09-2021-0093
Rivero Moreno, L. D. (2020). Sustainable city storytelling: Cultural heritage as a resource for a greener and fairer urban development. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 10(4), 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-05-2019-0043
Sharmin, F., Sultan, M.T., Badulescu, D., Badulescu, A., Borma, A., & Li, B. (2021). Sustainable destination marketing ecosystem through smartphone-based social media: The consumers’ acceptance perspective. Sustainability, 13(4), 2308. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042308
Silva, P., & Moreira, A. C. (2019). A systematic review of the literature on industrial divestment. Baltic Journal of Management, 14(3), 443-461. https://doi.org/10.1108/BJM-01-2018-0040
Sun, F., Ye, C., Zheng, W., & Miao, X. (2022). Model of urban marketing strategy based on ecological environment quality. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 8, 8096122. https://doi.org/ 10.1155/2022/8096122
Taecharungroj, V., Muthuta, M., & Boonchaiyapruek, P. (2019). Sustainability as a place brand position: A resident-centric analysis of the ten towns in the vicinity of Bangkok. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 15(4), 210–228. https://doi.10.1057/s41254-019-00127-5
Tu W., Zhou L., Haobin B. Y., & Yan Q. (2022). Conceptualizing and assessing the competitiveness of slow tourism destinations: Evidence from the first accredited cittàslow in China. SAGE Open. https://doi.10.1177/21582440211068823
Turok, I. (2009). The distinctive city: Pitfalls in the pursuit of differential advantage. Environment and Planning A, 41(1), 13–30. https://doi.10.1068/a37379
Wagner, O., & Peters, M. (2009). Can association methods reveal the effects of internal branding on tourism destination stakehol-ders? Journal of Place Management and Development, 2(1), 52–69. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538330910942807
Wang, H.-J. (2019). Green city branding: perceptions of multiple stakeholders. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 28(3), 376–390. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-07-2018-1933
Weatherbee, G., Sears, D., & MacNeil, R. (2019). Mapping wine business research in the International Journal of Wine Business Research: 2007-2017. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 31(4), 591–601.
Weed, M. (2008). A potential method for the interpretative synthesis of qualitative research: Issues in the development of ‘me-ta-interpretation’. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(1), 13-28.
WCED. (1987). Brundtland Report. https://www.are.admin.ch/are/en/home/sustainable-development/international-cooperation/2030agenda/un-_-milestones-in-sustainable-development/1987--brundtland-report.html
Wong, I. A., Ruan, W. J., Cai, X., & Huang, G. I. (2021). Green-Induced tourist equity: the cross-level effect of regional environmental performance. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(7), 1043–1062. https://doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1851700
Zawadzka, A. K. (2017). Making small towns visible in europe: The case of cittaslow network – The strategy based on sustainable development. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 2017, 90–106. https://doi: 10.24193/TRAS.SI2017.6
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