/h̃/ hasperen sudurkarituaren inguruan
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Argitaratua
2025-01-29
Ander Egurtzegi
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3451-323X
Laburpena
Lan honetan euskarazko /h̃/ segmentuaren inguruan orain arte aurrera eraman diren hainbat ikerketaren emaitzak biltzen dira, segmentu honen ezaugarri nagusiak aurkeztuz. Alderdi tipologiko orokorretatik hasita, segmentu honen arrarotasuna gogorarazten da, eta baita bi hasperenen arteko sudurkaritasunean oinarritutako oposaketarena. Euskararen barnean izan duen garapena lantzean, Mitxelenak sutsu aldeztu zuen bokal arteko *n > /h̃/ bilakabide zuzena azalpen bezala gailendu dela aipatzen da, eta v. eta viii. mendeen arteko tartean kokatu daitekeela iradoki. Azkenik, alderdi fonetiko eta fonologiko sinkronikoak ekartzen dira: hots honen egitura fonetikoaren deskribapen zehatza eta bere ezaugarri fonologikoen, bere banaketaren, eragindako prozesuen, eta /h/ ahokariarekiko duen oposaketaren berri ematen da, Hualdek ekarritako /h̃/ sudurkarituaren proposamena aldeztuz, /ṼhṼ/ analisiaren aurka.
Nola aipatu
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2025. «/h̃/ Hasperen Sudurkarituaren Inguruan». Anuario Del Seminario De Filología Vasca "Julio De Urquijo" 57 ((1-2):275-94. https://doi.org/10.1387/asju.25952.
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References
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Blevins, Juliette. 2004. Evolutionary phonology. The emergence of sound patterns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Blevins, Juliette. 2015. Evolutionary Phonology: A holistic approach to sound change typology. In Patrick Honeybone & Joseph Salmons (arg.), The Oxford Handbook of Historical Phonology, 485-500. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Blevins, Juliette & Ander Egurtzegi. 2023. Refining explanation in Evolutionary Phonology: Macro-typologies and targeted typologies in action. Linguistic Typology 27(2). 289-311.
Blust, Robert. 2013. The Austronesian languages. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University.
Bourciez, Édouard. 1946. Éléments de linguistique romane. Paris: Klincksieck.
Camino, Iñaki. 2016. Amiküze eskualdeko heskuara (Mendaur 11). Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia.
Chambon, Jean-Pierre & Yann Greub. 2002. Note sur l’âge du protogascon. Revue de linguistique romane 66. 473-495.
Durvasula, Karthik. 2009. Understanding nasality. Newark: University of Delaware-ko doktorego tesia.
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2013. Diferentes tipos de aspiración en vasco (con análisis espectrales del dialecto suletino actual). In Eduardo Blasco, Paolo Francalacci, Alberto Nocentini & Giuseppe Tanda (arg.), Iberia e Sardegna, 151-169. Firenze: Le Monnier.
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2014. Towards a phonetically grounded diachronic phonology of Basque. Gasteiz: UPV/EHUko doktorego tesia.
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2015. Different distributions of contrastive vowel nasalization in Basque. Loquens 2(1). e017.
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2018. On the phonemic status of nasalized /h̃/ in modern Zuberoan Basque. Linguistics 56(6). 1353-1367. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling2018-0024.
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2022. Goizuetako azentueraren garapena kokatzen Euskara Batu Zaharraren prosodia zehazteko: Proposamenen ebaluazioa. FLV 133. 9-35.
Egurtzegi, Ander. Inprimategian. Metathesis. In Adam Ledgeway, Edith Aldridge, Anne Breitbarth, Katalin E. Kiss, Joseph Salmons & Alexandra Simonenko(arg.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Diachronic Linguistics. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.
Egurtzegi, Ander. Prestatzen. La aspiración en el contexto del contacto vasco-románico. In M.ª Jesús Torrens & C. Gutiérrez (arg.), Aportaciones de la filología y de la fonética al estudio del castellano temprano. Revista de Historia de la Lengua Española-n argitaratzekoa.
Egurtzegi, Ander & Ariztimuño, Borja. 2019. /f/-ren sarrera eta sorrera euskaran. In Epelde & Jauregi (arg.), Bihotz ahots. M.L. Oñederra irakaslearen omenez, 197-213. Bilbo: UPV/EHU.
Egurtzegi, Ander & Christopher Carignan. 2020. An acoustic description of Mixean Basque. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147(4). 2791-2802.
Egurtzegi, Ander & Christopher Carignan. Prestatzen. A typological rarity: The /h/ vs. /h̃/ contrast of Mixean Basque. LabPhon 17-n aurkeztua.
Egurtzegi, Ander & Gorka Elordieta. 2023. A history of the Basque prosodic systems. Diachronica 40(1). 30-72.
Egurtzegi, Ander, Gorka Elordieta, Oroitz Jauregi, Dorota Krajewska, Miren Lourdes Oñederra & Iñigo Urrestarazu-Porta. 2021. Nazioarteko Alfabeto Fonetikoa (2021ean moldatua). International Phonetic Association. https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/IPA_chart_trans/pdf (2024/01/03).
Egurtzegi, Ander, Andrea García-Covelo & Iñigo Urrestarazu-Porta. 2023. A nasalence study of the /h̃/ vs. /h/ opposition in Zuberoan Basque. In Radek Skarnitzl & Jan Volín (arg.), Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 3427-3431. Prague: Guarant International.
Fletcher, Samuel, Iradj Sooudi & Sharon Frost. 1974. Quantitative and graphic analysis of prosthetic treatment for 'nasalance' in speech. Journal of prosthetic dentistry 32(3). 284-291.
Gavel, Henri. 1921. Éléments de phonétique basque. RIEV 12(1). 1-536 (1. argit., Paris: Édouard Champion, 1920).
Gorrochategui, Joaquín. 1984. Estudio sobre la onomástica indígena aquitana. Bilbo: UPV/EHU & USal.
Grammont, Maurice. 1933. Traité de phonétique. Paris: Delagrave.
Guiter, Henri. 1989. Elementos de cronología fonética del vascuence. ASJU 23(3). 797-800.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 1993. Topics in Souletin Phonology. In José Ignacio Hualde & Jon Ortiz de Urbina (arg.), Generative studies in Basque linguistics, 289-327. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.105.12hua.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 1997. Aitzineuskararen leherkariak. ASJU 31. 411-424.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2003. Segmental phonology. In José Ignacio Hualde & Jon Ortiz de Urbina (arg.), A grammar of Basque, 15-65. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2015. Dialektologia dinamikoa. In Irantzu Epelde (arg.), Euskal hizkerak eta dialektoak gaur egun (Lapurdum-en ale bereziak 3), 125-153. Baiona: Iker-CNRS.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2017. Soinu aldakuntzen kronologiaz. FLV 124. 65-85.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2018. Aspiration in Basque. Papers in Historical Phonology 3. 1-27
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2022. Accent shift and the reconstruction of Old Common Basque accentuation. In Haruo Kubozono, Junko Ito & Armin Mester (arg.), Prosody and prosodic interfaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Igartua, Iván. 2008. La aspiración de origen nasal en la evolución fonológica del euskera: un caso de rhinoglottophilia. ASJU 42(1). 171-190.
Igartua, Iván. 2015. Diachronic effects of rhinoglottophilia, symmetries in sound change, and the curious case of Basque. Studies in Language 39(3). 635-663. https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.39.3.04iga.
Janda, Richard D. 2003. “Phonologization” as the start of dephoneticization – Or, on sound-change and its aftermath: Of extension, generalization, lexicalization, and morphologization. In Brian D. Joseph & Richard D. Janda (arg.), The handbook of historical linguistics, 401-422. Oxford: Blackwell.
Jauregi, Oroitz & Irantzu Epelde. 2011. Bokal sudurkariak gaurko lapurteran. Lapurdum 15. 29-42.
Jauregi, Oroitz & Irantzu Epelde. 2018. Pérdida de la aspiración en euskera. Daniel Recasens & Fernando Sánchez-Miret (arg.), Production and perception mechanisms of sound change, 189-201. Munich: Lincom.
Johnson, Sarah Ellen. 2019. Spontaneous nasalization: an articulatory investigation of glottal consonants in Thai. Champaign: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign-eko doktorego tesia.
Keating, Patricia. 1988. Underspecification in phonetics. Phonology 5. 275-292.
Ladefoged, Peter. 1971. Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (Berrarg. 1981).
Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson. 1996. The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lafon, René. 1958. Contribution à l'étude phonologique du parler basque de Larrau (Haute-Soule). In Diego Catalán (arg.), Estructuralismo e historia: Miscelánea homenaje a André Martinet, 2. lib., 77-106. La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Berrarg. in Jean Haritschelhar & Piarres Charritton, Vasconiana, 113-133. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia, 1999).
Lakarra, Joseba Andoni. 2009. *h3 > h1, *h2 > h1 eta horiei datxezkien zenbait fenomenoz. Lapurdum 13. 211-231.
Lakarra, Joseba Andoni. 2013. Root Structure. In M. Martínez-Areta (arg.), Basque and Proto-Basque. Language-internal and typological approaches to linguistic reconstruction (Mikroglottika 5), 173-221. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Larrasquet, Jean. 1932. Phonétique du basque de Larrajá (quartier de Barcus). RIEV 23. 153-191.
Larrasquet, Jean. 1939. Le basque de la Basse-Soule orientale. Paris: Klincksieck.
MacEachern, Margaret R. 1999. Laryngeal co-occurrence restrictions. New York: Garland Publishing.
Maddieson, Ian. 1984. Patterns of sounds. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Matisoff, James A. 1975. Rhinoglottophilia: the mysterious connection between nasality and glottality. In Charles A. Ferguson, Larry M. Hyman & John J. Ohala (arg.), Nasálfest: Papers from a symposium on nasals and nasalization, 265-287. Stanford: Language Universals Project.
Mitxelena, Koldo. 1950. De fonética vasca: la aspiración intervocálica. BAP 6. 443-459 (Berrargit. OC 7, 3-20).
Mitxelena, Koldo. 1977. Fonética histórica vasca. 2. argit. Donostia: Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia (1. argit., 1961; berrargit. OC 6).
Mitxelena, Koldo. 1981. Lengua común y dialectos vascos. ASJU 15. 291-313 (Berrargit. OC 7, 517-542).
Mitxelena, Koldo. 2011. Obras completas (ASJUren Gehigarriak 54-68), 15 lib. Donostia & Gasteiz: “Julio Urkixo” Euskal Filologia Mintegia, Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia & UPV/EHU (Joseba A. Lakarra & Iñigo Ruiz Arzalluz argit.).
Mitxelena, Koldo & Ibon Sarasola. 1987-2005. Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia / Diccionario General Vasco, 16 lib. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia (10. argit. elektr. 2022: http://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/oeh).
Moran, Steven & Daniel McCloy. 2019. PHOIBLE 2.0. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. https://phoible.org (2024/01/03).
Ohala, John J. 1983. The origin of sound patterns in vocal tract constraints. In Peter F. MacNeilage (arg.), The production of speech, 189-216. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Ohala, John J. 1993. The phonetics of sound change. In Charles Jones (arg.), Historical linguistics: Problems and perspectives, 237-278. London & New York: Longman.
Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1977. Le gascon: Études de philologie pyrénéenne, 4. argit. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
Shryock, Aaron. 1995. Investigating laryngeal contrasts: An acoustic study of consonants in Musey. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 89. Los Angeles: UCLAko doktorego tesia.
Trask, Robert L. 1997. The history of Basque. Londres: Routledge.
Ultan, Rusell. 1978. A Typological view of metathesis. In Joseph Greenberg (arg.), Universals of Human Language, 2. lib., 368-399. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Urquía Sebastián, Rittma & Stephen A. Marlett. 2008. Illustrations of the IPA: Yine. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38. 365-369.
Urrestarazu-Porta, Iñigo. 2021. Gogoetak Euskara Batu Zaharraren hausturaz. Gasteiz: UPV/EHUko master tesia.
Vogel, Alan R. 2003. Jarawara Verb Classes. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh-eko doktorego tesia.
Walker, Rachel & Geoffrey K. Pullum. 1999. Possible and impossible segments. Language 75(4). 764-780.
Zuloaga, E. 2020. Mendebaleko euskararen azterketa dialektologiko diakronikorantz. Gasteiz: UPV/EHUko doktorego tesia.
Blevins, Juliette. 2004. Evolutionary phonology. The emergence of sound patterns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Blevins, Juliette. 2015. Evolutionary Phonology: A holistic approach to sound change typology. In Patrick Honeybone & Joseph Salmons (arg.), The Oxford Handbook of Historical Phonology, 485-500. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Blevins, Juliette & Ander Egurtzegi. 2023. Refining explanation in Evolutionary Phonology: Macro-typologies and targeted typologies in action. Linguistic Typology 27(2). 289-311.
Blust, Robert. 2013. The Austronesian languages. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University.
Bourciez, Édouard. 1946. Éléments de linguistique romane. Paris: Klincksieck.
Camino, Iñaki. 2016. Amiküze eskualdeko heskuara (Mendaur 11). Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia.
Chambon, Jean-Pierre & Yann Greub. 2002. Note sur l’âge du protogascon. Revue de linguistique romane 66. 473-495.
Durvasula, Karthik. 2009. Understanding nasality. Newark: University of Delaware-ko doktorego tesia.
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2013. Diferentes tipos de aspiración en vasco (con análisis espectrales del dialecto suletino actual). In Eduardo Blasco, Paolo Francalacci, Alberto Nocentini & Giuseppe Tanda (arg.), Iberia e Sardegna, 151-169. Firenze: Le Monnier.
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2014. Towards a phonetically grounded diachronic phonology of Basque. Gasteiz: UPV/EHUko doktorego tesia.
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2015. Different distributions of contrastive vowel nasalization in Basque. Loquens 2(1). e017.
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2018. On the phonemic status of nasalized /h̃/ in modern Zuberoan Basque. Linguistics 56(6). 1353-1367. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling2018-0024.
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2022. Goizuetako azentueraren garapena kokatzen Euskara Batu Zaharraren prosodia zehazteko: Proposamenen ebaluazioa. FLV 133. 9-35.
Egurtzegi, Ander. Inprimategian. Metathesis. In Adam Ledgeway, Edith Aldridge, Anne Breitbarth, Katalin E. Kiss, Joseph Salmons & Alexandra Simonenko(arg.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Diachronic Linguistics. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.
Egurtzegi, Ander. Prestatzen. La aspiración en el contexto del contacto vasco-románico. In M.ª Jesús Torrens & C. Gutiérrez (arg.), Aportaciones de la filología y de la fonética al estudio del castellano temprano. Revista de Historia de la Lengua Española-n argitaratzekoa.
Egurtzegi, Ander & Ariztimuño, Borja. 2019. /f/-ren sarrera eta sorrera euskaran. In Epelde & Jauregi (arg.), Bihotz ahots. M.L. Oñederra irakaslearen omenez, 197-213. Bilbo: UPV/EHU.
Egurtzegi, Ander & Christopher Carignan. 2020. An acoustic description of Mixean Basque. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147(4). 2791-2802.
Egurtzegi, Ander & Christopher Carignan. Prestatzen. A typological rarity: The /h/ vs. /h̃/ contrast of Mixean Basque. LabPhon 17-n aurkeztua.
Egurtzegi, Ander & Gorka Elordieta. 2023. A history of the Basque prosodic systems. Diachronica 40(1). 30-72.
Egurtzegi, Ander, Gorka Elordieta, Oroitz Jauregi, Dorota Krajewska, Miren Lourdes Oñederra & Iñigo Urrestarazu-Porta. 2021. Nazioarteko Alfabeto Fonetikoa (2021ean moldatua). International Phonetic Association. https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/IPA_chart_trans/pdf (2024/01/03).
Egurtzegi, Ander, Andrea García-Covelo & Iñigo Urrestarazu-Porta. 2023. A nasalence study of the /h̃/ vs. /h/ opposition in Zuberoan Basque. In Radek Skarnitzl & Jan Volín (arg.), Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 3427-3431. Prague: Guarant International.
Fletcher, Samuel, Iradj Sooudi & Sharon Frost. 1974. Quantitative and graphic analysis of prosthetic treatment for 'nasalance' in speech. Journal of prosthetic dentistry 32(3). 284-291.
Gavel, Henri. 1921. Éléments de phonétique basque. RIEV 12(1). 1-536 (1. argit., Paris: Édouard Champion, 1920).
Gorrochategui, Joaquín. 1984. Estudio sobre la onomástica indígena aquitana. Bilbo: UPV/EHU & USal.
Grammont, Maurice. 1933. Traité de phonétique. Paris: Delagrave.
Guiter, Henri. 1989. Elementos de cronología fonética del vascuence. ASJU 23(3). 797-800.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 1993. Topics in Souletin Phonology. In José Ignacio Hualde & Jon Ortiz de Urbina (arg.), Generative studies in Basque linguistics, 289-327. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.105.12hua.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 1997. Aitzineuskararen leherkariak. ASJU 31. 411-424.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2003. Segmental phonology. In José Ignacio Hualde & Jon Ortiz de Urbina (arg.), A grammar of Basque, 15-65. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2015. Dialektologia dinamikoa. In Irantzu Epelde (arg.), Euskal hizkerak eta dialektoak gaur egun (Lapurdum-en ale bereziak 3), 125-153. Baiona: Iker-CNRS.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2017. Soinu aldakuntzen kronologiaz. FLV 124. 65-85.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2018. Aspiration in Basque. Papers in Historical Phonology 3. 1-27
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2022. Accent shift and the reconstruction of Old Common Basque accentuation. In Haruo Kubozono, Junko Ito & Armin Mester (arg.), Prosody and prosodic interfaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Igartua, Iván. 2008. La aspiración de origen nasal en la evolución fonológica del euskera: un caso de rhinoglottophilia. ASJU 42(1). 171-190.
Igartua, Iván. 2015. Diachronic effects of rhinoglottophilia, symmetries in sound change, and the curious case of Basque. Studies in Language 39(3). 635-663. https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.39.3.04iga.
Janda, Richard D. 2003. “Phonologization” as the start of dephoneticization – Or, on sound-change and its aftermath: Of extension, generalization, lexicalization, and morphologization. In Brian D. Joseph & Richard D. Janda (arg.), The handbook of historical linguistics, 401-422. Oxford: Blackwell.
Jauregi, Oroitz & Irantzu Epelde. 2011. Bokal sudurkariak gaurko lapurteran. Lapurdum 15. 29-42.
Jauregi, Oroitz & Irantzu Epelde. 2018. Pérdida de la aspiración en euskera. Daniel Recasens & Fernando Sánchez-Miret (arg.), Production and perception mechanisms of sound change, 189-201. Munich: Lincom.
Johnson, Sarah Ellen. 2019. Spontaneous nasalization: an articulatory investigation of glottal consonants in Thai. Champaign: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign-eko doktorego tesia.
Keating, Patricia. 1988. Underspecification in phonetics. Phonology 5. 275-292.
Ladefoged, Peter. 1971. Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (Berrarg. 1981).
Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson. 1996. The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lafon, René. 1958. Contribution à l'étude phonologique du parler basque de Larrau (Haute-Soule). In Diego Catalán (arg.), Estructuralismo e historia: Miscelánea homenaje a André Martinet, 2. lib., 77-106. La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Berrarg. in Jean Haritschelhar & Piarres Charritton, Vasconiana, 113-133. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia, 1999).
Lakarra, Joseba Andoni. 2009. *h3 > h1, *h2 > h1 eta horiei datxezkien zenbait fenomenoz. Lapurdum 13. 211-231.
Lakarra, Joseba Andoni. 2013. Root Structure. In M. Martínez-Areta (arg.), Basque and Proto-Basque. Language-internal and typological approaches to linguistic reconstruction (Mikroglottika 5), 173-221. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Larrasquet, Jean. 1932. Phonétique du basque de Larrajá (quartier de Barcus). RIEV 23. 153-191.
Larrasquet, Jean. 1939. Le basque de la Basse-Soule orientale. Paris: Klincksieck.
MacEachern, Margaret R. 1999. Laryngeal co-occurrence restrictions. New York: Garland Publishing.
Maddieson, Ian. 1984. Patterns of sounds. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Matisoff, James A. 1975. Rhinoglottophilia: the mysterious connection between nasality and glottality. In Charles A. Ferguson, Larry M. Hyman & John J. Ohala (arg.), Nasálfest: Papers from a symposium on nasals and nasalization, 265-287. Stanford: Language Universals Project.
Mitxelena, Koldo. 1950. De fonética vasca: la aspiración intervocálica. BAP 6. 443-459 (Berrargit. OC 7, 3-20).
Mitxelena, Koldo. 1977. Fonética histórica vasca. 2. argit. Donostia: Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia (1. argit., 1961; berrargit. OC 6).
Mitxelena, Koldo. 1981. Lengua común y dialectos vascos. ASJU 15. 291-313 (Berrargit. OC 7, 517-542).
Mitxelena, Koldo. 2011. Obras completas (ASJUren Gehigarriak 54-68), 15 lib. Donostia & Gasteiz: “Julio Urkixo” Euskal Filologia Mintegia, Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia & UPV/EHU (Joseba A. Lakarra & Iñigo Ruiz Arzalluz argit.).
Mitxelena, Koldo & Ibon Sarasola. 1987-2005. Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia / Diccionario General Vasco, 16 lib. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia (10. argit. elektr. 2022: http://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/oeh).
Moran, Steven & Daniel McCloy. 2019. PHOIBLE 2.0. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. https://phoible.org (2024/01/03).
Ohala, John J. 1983. The origin of sound patterns in vocal tract constraints. In Peter F. MacNeilage (arg.), The production of speech, 189-216. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Ohala, John J. 1993. The phonetics of sound change. In Charles Jones (arg.), Historical linguistics: Problems and perspectives, 237-278. London & New York: Longman.
Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1977. Le gascon: Études de philologie pyrénéenne, 4. argit. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
Shryock, Aaron. 1995. Investigating laryngeal contrasts: An acoustic study of consonants in Musey. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 89. Los Angeles: UCLAko doktorego tesia.
Trask, Robert L. 1997. The history of Basque. Londres: Routledge.
Ultan, Rusell. 1978. A Typological view of metathesis. In Joseph Greenberg (arg.), Universals of Human Language, 2. lib., 368-399. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Urquía Sebastián, Rittma & Stephen A. Marlett. 2008. Illustrations of the IPA: Yine. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38. 365-369.
Urrestarazu-Porta, Iñigo. 2021. Gogoetak Euskara Batu Zaharraren hausturaz. Gasteiz: UPV/EHUko master tesia.
Vogel, Alan R. 2003. Jarawara Verb Classes. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh-eko doktorego tesia.
Walker, Rachel & Geoffrey K. Pullum. 1999. Possible and impossible segments. Language 75(4). 764-780.
Zuloaga, E. 2020. Mendebaleko euskararen azterketa dialektologiko diakronikorantz. Gasteiz: UPV/EHUko doktorego tesia.
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