The explananda in North Germanic Tonogenesis
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Argitaratua
2025-01-29
Tomas Riad
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3121-9104
Laburpena
The article discusses two explananda relating to tonogenesis in North Germanic: A) the origin of a tonal representation, B) the origin of a lexical distinction. Tradition has largely focused on B before A. I elucidate the assumptions of B > A hypothesis and argue that it fails to properly address the phonologization of lexical tones. The alternative hypothesis, A > B, primarily looks to account for the phonologization of lexical tone (i.e., A). The mechanism assumed is the same as is active today: reduction of secondary stress in the word-internal clash context with attendant reanalysis of a postlexical tone as lexical. A prosodic post-lexical rule – present in all dialects today – assigns the word tone of accent 2, which subsequently becomes lexicalized in a morpheme by morpheme manner. The developments of a postposed definite article and epenthetic vowels, processes that are always mentioned as instrumental in demonstrating the lexical distinction (B) do not directly bear on tonogenesis as such. The result is that A is the first explanandum.
Nola aipatu
Riad, Tomas. 2025. «The Explananda in North Germanic Tonogenesis». Anuario Del Seminario De Filología Vasca "Julio De Urquijo" 57 ((1-2):841-57. https://doi.org/10.1387/asju.25974.
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References
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Bruce, Gösta. 1977. Swedish word accents in sentence perspective. Lund: Gleerup.
Bye, Patrik. 2004. Evolutionary Typology and Scandinavian Pitch Accent. Ms., University of Tromsø.
Bye, Patrik. Forthc. Lexical Accent and Intonation in Peninsular North Germanic: Pragmatics, Phonology, Geography, History. In Pavel Iosad & Björn Köhnlein (eds.), Synchronic and diachronic approaches to tonal accent. Oxford: OUP.
d’Alquen, Richard & Kevin Brown. 1992. The origin of Scandinavian accents I and II. In Irmegard Rauch, Gerald F. Carr, & Robert L. Kyes (eds.), On Germanic Linguistics. Issues and Methods, 61–80. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Elstad, Kåre. 1980. Some remarks on Scandinavian tonogenesis. Nordlyd 3. 62–77.
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Gussenhoven, Carlos & Gösta Bruce. 1999. Word prosody and intonation. In Harry van der Hulst (ed.), Eurotyp. Vol. 4: Word Prosodic Systems in the Languages of Europe, 233–272. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197082.1.233
Gussenhoven, Carlos & Jörg Peters. 2004. A tonal analysis of Cologne Schärfung. Phonology 21. 251–285.
Gårding, Eva. 1977. The Scandinavian Word Accents. Lund: Gleerup.
Hognestad, Jan K. 2012. Tonelagsvariasjon i norsk. Kristiansand: University of Agder doctoral dissertation.
Hualde, José Ignacio, Oihana Lujanbio & Francisco Torreira. 2008. Lexical tone and stress in Goizueta Basque. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38(1). 1–24.
Iosad, Pavel. 2016. Tonal Stability and Tonogenesis in (North) Germanic. In Ian Giles, Laura Chapot, Christian Cooijmans, Ryan Foster & Barbara Tesio (eds.), Beyond Borealism: New Perspectives on the North, 78–95. London: Norvik Press.
Ito, Junko & Armin Mester. 2009. The Extended Prosodic Word. In Janet Grijzenhout & Bariş Kabak (eds.), Phonological Domains: Universals and Deviations, 135–194. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kingston, John. 2011. Tonogenesis. In Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth Hume & Keren Rice (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, vol. 4, 2304–2333. Oxford: Blackwell.
Kock, Axel. 1901. Die alt- und neuschwedische Akzentuierung. Strassburg: Trübner.
Köhnlein, Björn. 2016. Contrastive foot structure in Franconian tone-accent dialects. Phonology 33. 87–123.
Kristoffersen, Gjert. 1992. Tonelag i sammensatte ord i østnorsk. Norsk lingvistisk tidsskrift 10. 39–65.
Levander, Lars. 1909. Älvdalsmålet i Dalarna. Ordböjning ock syntax. (= Svenska landsmål och svenskt folkliv 105). Stockholm: Norstedt & Söner.
Liberman, Anatoly. 1982. The Scandinavian Languages. Germanic Accentology, vol. 1. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Lorentz, Ove. 2002. Delayed peak and tonal crowding in Scandinavian tonogenesis. Ms., University of Tromsø.
Lorentz, Ove. 2008. Tonelagsbasis i norsk. Maal og Minne 2008(1). 50–68.
Morén-Duolljá, Bruce. 2013. The Prosody of Swedish Underived Nouns: No Lexical Tones Required. Nordlyd 40(1). 196–248. https://doi.org/10.7557/12.2506.
Myrberg, Sara & Tomas Riad. 2015. The prosodic hierarchy of Swedish. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 38. 115–147.
Nespor, Marina & Irene Vogel. 1989. On Clashes and Lapses. Phonology 6. 69–116.
Oftedal, Magne. 1952. On the Origin of the Scandinavian Tone Distinction. Norsk tidsskrift for sprogvidenskap 16. 201–225. (Repr. in Ernst Håkon Jahr & Ove Lorentz (eds.), Prosodi/Prosody. Oslo: Novus, 1983).
Perridon, Harry. 2006. On the origin of the Scandinavian word accents. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik Beiheft 131. 91–106.
Riad, Tomas. 1988. Tracing the foot. Arkiv för nordisk filologi 103. 1–35.
Riad, Tomas. 1992. Structures in Germanic prosody. A diachronic study with special reference to the Nordic languages. Stockholm: Stockholm University doctoral dissertation.
Riad, Tomas. 1998a. The Origin of Scandinavian Tone Accents. Diachronica 15. 63–98.
Riad, Tomas. 1998b. Towards a Scandinavian accent typology. In Wolfgang Kehrein & Richard Wiese (eds.), Phonology and Morphology of the Germanic Languages, 77–109. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Riad, Tomas. 2006. Den tvåtoppiga tonaccentens ålderdomlighet. In Antje Hornscheidt, Kristina Kotcheva, Tomas Milosch & Michael Rießler (eds.), Grenzgänger. Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Jurij Kusmenko (Berliner Beiträge zur Skandinavistik 9), 246–257. Berlin: Nordeuropa-Institut & Humboldt Universität.
Riad, Tomas. 2012. Culminativity, stress and tone accent in Central Swedish. Lingua 122. 1352–1379.
Riad, Tomas. 2014. The Phonology of Swedish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Riad, Tomas. 2015. Prosodin i svenskans morfologi. Stockholm: Morfem förlag.
Riad, Tomas. 2018. The Phonological Typology of North Germanic Accent. In Larry Hyman & Frans Plank (eds.), Phonological Typology, 341–388. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Stroh-Wollin, Ulla. 2016. The emergence of definiteness marking in Scandinavian. New answers to old questions. Arkiv för nordisk filologi 131. 129–169.
Svantesson, Jan-Olof. 1989. Tonogenetic mechanisms in northern Mon-Khmer. Phonetica 46. 60–79.
Wetterlin, Allison & Aditi Lahiri. 2015. The diachronic development of stød and tonal accent in North Germanic. In Dag T.T. Haug (ed.), Historical Linguistics 2013: Selected Papers from the 21st International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Oslo, 5–9 August 2013, 53–67. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Öhman, Sven. 1967. Word and Sentence Intonation: A quantitative model. Speech Transmission Laboratory Quarterly Progress and Status Report (STL-QPSR) 8(2-3). 20–54.
Bruce, Gösta. 1977. Swedish word accents in sentence perspective. Lund: Gleerup.
Bye, Patrik. 2004. Evolutionary Typology and Scandinavian Pitch Accent. Ms., University of Tromsø.
Bye, Patrik. Forthc. Lexical Accent and Intonation in Peninsular North Germanic: Pragmatics, Phonology, Geography, History. In Pavel Iosad & Björn Köhnlein (eds.), Synchronic and diachronic approaches to tonal accent. Oxford: OUP.
d’Alquen, Richard & Kevin Brown. 1992. The origin of Scandinavian accents I and II. In Irmegard Rauch, Gerald F. Carr, & Robert L. Kyes (eds.), On Germanic Linguistics. Issues and Methods, 61–80. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Elstad, Kåre. 1980. Some remarks on Scandinavian tonogenesis. Nordlyd 3. 62–77.
Goldshtein, Yonatan. 2020. Stødets naturlige historie. In Yonatan Goldshtein, Inger Schoonderbeek Hansen & Tina Thode Hougaard (eds.), 18. Møde om Udforskningen af Dansk Sprog, 151–172. Aarhus: Nordisk Institut & Aarhus Universitet.
Gussenhoven, Carlos & Gösta Bruce. 1999. Word prosody and intonation. In Harry van der Hulst (ed.), Eurotyp. Vol. 4: Word Prosodic Systems in the Languages of Europe, 233–272. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197082.1.233
Gussenhoven, Carlos & Jörg Peters. 2004. A tonal analysis of Cologne Schärfung. Phonology 21. 251–285.
Gårding, Eva. 1977. The Scandinavian Word Accents. Lund: Gleerup.
Hognestad, Jan K. 2012. Tonelagsvariasjon i norsk. Kristiansand: University of Agder doctoral dissertation.
Hualde, José Ignacio, Oihana Lujanbio & Francisco Torreira. 2008. Lexical tone and stress in Goizueta Basque. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38(1). 1–24.
Iosad, Pavel. 2016. Tonal Stability and Tonogenesis in (North) Germanic. In Ian Giles, Laura Chapot, Christian Cooijmans, Ryan Foster & Barbara Tesio (eds.), Beyond Borealism: New Perspectives on the North, 78–95. London: Norvik Press.
Ito, Junko & Armin Mester. 2009. The Extended Prosodic Word. In Janet Grijzenhout & Bariş Kabak (eds.), Phonological Domains: Universals and Deviations, 135–194. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kingston, John. 2011. Tonogenesis. In Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth Hume & Keren Rice (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, vol. 4, 2304–2333. Oxford: Blackwell.
Kock, Axel. 1901. Die alt- und neuschwedische Akzentuierung. Strassburg: Trübner.
Köhnlein, Björn. 2016. Contrastive foot structure in Franconian tone-accent dialects. Phonology 33. 87–123.
Kristoffersen, Gjert. 1992. Tonelag i sammensatte ord i østnorsk. Norsk lingvistisk tidsskrift 10. 39–65.
Levander, Lars. 1909. Älvdalsmålet i Dalarna. Ordböjning ock syntax. (= Svenska landsmål och svenskt folkliv 105). Stockholm: Norstedt & Söner.
Liberman, Anatoly. 1982. The Scandinavian Languages. Germanic Accentology, vol. 1. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Lorentz, Ove. 2002. Delayed peak and tonal crowding in Scandinavian tonogenesis. Ms., University of Tromsø.
Lorentz, Ove. 2008. Tonelagsbasis i norsk. Maal og Minne 2008(1). 50–68.
Morén-Duolljá, Bruce. 2013. The Prosody of Swedish Underived Nouns: No Lexical Tones Required. Nordlyd 40(1). 196–248. https://doi.org/10.7557/12.2506.
Myrberg, Sara & Tomas Riad. 2015. The prosodic hierarchy of Swedish. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 38. 115–147.
Nespor, Marina & Irene Vogel. 1989. On Clashes and Lapses. Phonology 6. 69–116.
Oftedal, Magne. 1952. On the Origin of the Scandinavian Tone Distinction. Norsk tidsskrift for sprogvidenskap 16. 201–225. (Repr. in Ernst Håkon Jahr & Ove Lorentz (eds.), Prosodi/Prosody. Oslo: Novus, 1983).
Perridon, Harry. 2006. On the origin of the Scandinavian word accents. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik Beiheft 131. 91–106.
Riad, Tomas. 1988. Tracing the foot. Arkiv för nordisk filologi 103. 1–35.
Riad, Tomas. 1992. Structures in Germanic prosody. A diachronic study with special reference to the Nordic languages. Stockholm: Stockholm University doctoral dissertation.
Riad, Tomas. 1998a. The Origin of Scandinavian Tone Accents. Diachronica 15. 63–98.
Riad, Tomas. 1998b. Towards a Scandinavian accent typology. In Wolfgang Kehrein & Richard Wiese (eds.), Phonology and Morphology of the Germanic Languages, 77–109. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Riad, Tomas. 2006. Den tvåtoppiga tonaccentens ålderdomlighet. In Antje Hornscheidt, Kristina Kotcheva, Tomas Milosch & Michael Rießler (eds.), Grenzgänger. Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Jurij Kusmenko (Berliner Beiträge zur Skandinavistik 9), 246–257. Berlin: Nordeuropa-Institut & Humboldt Universität.
Riad, Tomas. 2012. Culminativity, stress and tone accent in Central Swedish. Lingua 122. 1352–1379.
Riad, Tomas. 2014. The Phonology of Swedish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Riad, Tomas. 2015. Prosodin i svenskans morfologi. Stockholm: Morfem förlag.
Riad, Tomas. 2018. The Phonological Typology of North Germanic Accent. In Larry Hyman & Frans Plank (eds.), Phonological Typology, 341–388. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Stroh-Wollin, Ulla. 2016. The emergence of definiteness marking in Scandinavian. New answers to old questions. Arkiv för nordisk filologi 131. 129–169.
Svantesson, Jan-Olof. 1989. Tonogenetic mechanisms in northern Mon-Khmer. Phonetica 46. 60–79.
Wetterlin, Allison & Aditi Lahiri. 2015. The diachronic development of stød and tonal accent in North Germanic. In Dag T.T. Haug (ed.), Historical Linguistics 2013: Selected Papers from the 21st International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Oslo, 5–9 August 2013, 53–67. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Öhman, Sven. 1967. Word and Sentence Intonation: A quantitative model. Speech Transmission Laboratory Quarterly Progress and Status Report (STL-QPSR) 8(2-3). 20–54.
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