La Oficina de Transferencia de Tecnología (OTT): hacia un modelo viable para las universidades en Marruecos
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Publicado
10-12-2020
Ilham Taouaf
Omar Elyoussoufi Attou
Said El Ganich
Moha Arouch
Resumen
El vínculo entre la empresa y la universidad en Marruecos se posiciona en el marco de lo que comúnmente se conoce como la «tercera misión de la universidad». Esta relación se refiere principalmente a la educación continua, consultoría, investigación y desarrollo colaborativo (I + D) y transferencia de tecnología de la universidad a la empresa. Esta tercera misión ha sido promovida por la universidad mediante el establecimiento de estructuras especializadas tales como interfaces empresariales universitarias, incubadoras y centros de información tecnológica para patentes de invención. Además, las autoridades públicas han promovido varias estrategias y programas de incentivos para la innovación a fin de crear un sistema nacional de innovación en Marruecos. Sin embargo, todos estos esfuerzos no lograron liberar y activar el potencial de las universidades marroquíes. En este trabajo, propondremos una política institucional eficaz y eficiente de Transferencia de Tecnología (TT) respaldada por un repositorio completo relacionado con el establecimiento de la Oficina de Transferencia de Tecnología de la Universidad (UTTO). Esta propuesta complementa el trabajo realizado en un documento anterior, que evalúa las diferentes políticas y programas dentro de las universidades marroquíes, relacionadas con las actividades de TT, y propone una remodelación de la cadena de valor del proceso de transferencia de tecnología en las universidades.
Cómo citar
Taouaf, I., Elyoussoufi Attou, O., El Ganich, S., & Arouch, M. (2020). La Oficina de Transferencia de Tecnología (OTT): hacia un modelo viable para las universidades en Marruecos. Cuadernos De Gestión, 21(2), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.191179it
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Keywords
Innovación, Oficinas de Transferencia de Tecnología, Tercera Misión de la Universidad, Sistema Nacional de Innovación, Marruecos
References
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Lockett, A. and Wright, M., 2005. Resources, capabilities, risk capital and the creation of university spin-out companies. Research Policy, 34(7), 1043-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.006
Macho-Stadler, I., Perez-Castrillo, D. and Veugelers, R., 2007. Licensing of university inventions: The role of a technology transfer office. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 25(3), 483-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2006.06.001
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MNEPTHESR (Ministry of National Education, Professional Training, Higher Education and Scientific Research), 2017a. Annual Report 2016. MNEPTHESR, Morocco
MNEPTHESR (Ministry of National Education, Professional Training, Higher Education and Scientific Research), 2017b. University-En- terprise Partnership: National Program of University-Enterprise In- terfaces. MNEPTHESR, Morocco.
MNEPTHESR (Ministry of National Education, Professional Training, Higher Education and Scientific Research), 2017c. Funding Programs for Research Projects: INNOV’ACT Program. MNEPTHESR, Morocco.
OMPIC (The Moroccan Office of Industrial and Commercial Proper- ty), 2017. Annual Report 2016. OMPIC, Morocco.
Rasmussen, E., Moen, O. and Gulbrandsen, M., 2006. Initiatives to pro- mote commercialization of university knowledge. Technovation, 26(4), 518-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.11.005
Rubens, A., Spigarelli, F., Cavicchi, A. and Rinaldi, C., 2017. Universities’ third mission and the entrepreneurial university and the challenges they bring to higher education institutions. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 11(03), 354- 372. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-01-2017-0006
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Siegel, D. S., Westhead, P. and Wright, M., 2003b. Assessing the impact of university science parks on research productivity: Exploratory firm-level evidence from the United Kingdom. International Jour- nal of industrial Organization, 21(9), 1357-1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0167-7187(03)00086-9
Siegel, D.S., Waldman, D.A., Atwater, L. and Link, A.N., 2004. Toward a model of the effective transfer of scientific knowledge from aca- demicians to practitioners: qualitative evidence from the commer- cialization of university technologies. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 21(1-2), 115-142.
Siegel, D. S., Veugelers, R. and Wright, M., 2007. Technology transfer offices and commercialization of university intellectual property: Performance and policy implications. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(4), 640-660. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grm036.
Thursby, J.G., Jensen, R.A. and Thursby, M.C., 2001. Objectives, charac- teristics and outcomes of university licensing: a survey of major U.S. universities. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(1-2), 59-70.
Tornatzky, L.G. and Waugaman, P.G., 1999. Academic Culture and Technology Transfer: Some Change Interventions. R&D Enter- prise Asia Pacific, 2(2-3), 29-30.
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Van Looy, B., Landoni, P., Callaert, J., Van Pottelsberghe, B., Sapsa- lis, E. and Debackere, K., 2011. Entrepreneurial effectiveness of European universities: An empirical assessment of antecedents and trade-offs. Research Policy, 40 (4), 553-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.02.001
Vohora, A., Wright, M. and Lockett, A., 2004. Critical junctures in the development of university high-tech spinout companies. Research Policy, 55(1), 147-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(03)00107-0
Wright, M., Clarysse, B., Lockett, A. and Knockaert, M., 2008. Mid- range universities’ linkages with industry: Knowledge types and role of intermediaries. Research Policy, 37(8), 1205-1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.021
Bercovitz, J., Feldman, M., Feller, I. and Burton, R., 2001. Organizatio- nal structure as a determinant of academic patent and licensing be- havior: An exploratory study of Duke, Johns Hopkins, and Pennsyl- vania State universities. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(1), 21-35. DOI : 10.1023/A:1007828026904
Bray, M. J. and Lee, J. N., 2000. University revenues from technology transfer: Licensing fees vs. equity positions. Journal of Business Ven- turing, 15, 385-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00034-2
CNRST (The Moroccan National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research), 2017. Annual Report 2015. CNRST, Morocco.
Coupe, T., 2003. Science is golden: Academic R&D and universi- ty patents. Journal of Technology Transfer, 28(1), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021626702728
Debackere, K. and Veugelers, R., 2005. The role of academic technology transfer organizations in improving industry science links. Research Policy, 34(3), 321-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2004.12.003
E.C. (European Commission), 2013. Horizon 2020 European Commis- sion Internet portal. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/program- mes/horizon2020/
Elyoussoufi Attou, O. and Arouch, M., 2016. Current situation of the national system of the technological innovation in Morocco. Inter- national Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 20 (1), 83-89. Available from: www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=I- JISR-15-278-03
Elyoussoufi Attou, O., El Ganich, S., Taouaf, I., Arouch, M. and Oulhadj, B., 2019. Modelization of the value chain for effective technology transfer within universities in Morocco. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 8(5), 1808- 1823. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2019/03852019
Etzkowitz, H., 2003. Research groups as ‘quasi-firms’: The invention of the entrepreneurial university. Research Policy, 32(1), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00009-4
Hoppe, H. C. and Ozdenoren, E., 2005. Intermediation in innovation. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 23(5-6), 483-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2005.03.003
Law n° 01-00 on the organization of higher education in Morocco, 2000. O. B. No. 4800 of 1 June 2000. Dahir n° 1-00-199 of 15 Safar 1421. Available from: https://www.enssup.gov.ma/sites/default/files/ETA- BLISSEMENT-SUP/Dahir_n-1-00-199_du19mai2000.pdf
Link, A. N. and Scott, J. T., 2005. Opening the ivory tower’s door: An analysis of the determinants of the formation of US university spin- off companies. Research Policy, 34(7), 1106-1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. respol.2005.05.015
Lockett, A., Wright, M. and Franklin, S., 2003. Technology transfer and universities’ spin-out strategies. Small Business Economics, 20(2), 185-200. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022220216972
Lockett, A., Siegel, D., Wright, M., and Ensley, M. D., 2005. The crea- tion of spin-off firms at public research institutions: Managerial and policy implications. Research Policy, 34(7), 981–993. DOI:10.1016/j. respol.2005.05.010
Lockett, A. and Wright, M., 2005. Resources, capabilities, risk capital and the creation of university spin-out companies. Research Policy, 34(7), 1043-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.006
Macho-Stadler, I., Perez-Castrillo, D. and Veugelers, R., 2007. Licensing of university inventions: The role of a technology transfer office. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 25(3), 483-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2006.06.001
Mankins, J.C., 1995. Technology readiness levels. A White Paper, NA- SA,Washington, DC.
Mankins, J.C., 2009. Technology readiness assessments: A retrospective. Acta Astronaut, 65, 1216 - 1223, Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaas- tro.2009.03.058
Markman, G. D., Gianiodis, P. T., Phan, P. H. and Balkin, D. B., 2005. In- novation speed: Transferring university technology to market. Re- search Policy, 34(1), 1058-1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.007
MHESRET (Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Exe- cutive Training), 2013. Annual Report 2013, MHESRET, Morocco.
MIITDE (Ministry of Industry, Investment, Trade and the Digital Eco- nomy), 2017. Annual Report 2015. MIITDE, Morocco.
MNEPTHESR (Ministry of National Education, Professional Training, Higher Education and Scientific Research), 2017a. Annual Report 2016. MNEPTHESR, Morocco
MNEPTHESR (Ministry of National Education, Professional Training, Higher Education and Scientific Research), 2017b. University-En- terprise Partnership: National Program of University-Enterprise In- terfaces. MNEPTHESR, Morocco.
MNEPTHESR (Ministry of National Education, Professional Training, Higher Education and Scientific Research), 2017c. Funding Programs for Research Projects: INNOV’ACT Program. MNEPTHESR, Morocco.
OMPIC (The Moroccan Office of Industrial and Commercial Proper- ty), 2017. Annual Report 2016. OMPIC, Morocco.
Rasmussen, E., Moen, O. and Gulbrandsen, M., 2006. Initiatives to pro- mote commercialization of university knowledge. Technovation, 26(4), 518-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.11.005
Rubens, A., Spigarelli, F., Cavicchi, A. and Rinaldi, C., 2017. Universities’ third mission and the entrepreneurial university and the challenges they bring to higher education institutions. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 11(03), 354- 372. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-01-2017-0006
Siegel, D. S., Waldman, D. and Link, A., 2003a. Assessing the impact of organizational practices on the relative productivity of university technology transfer offices: An exploratory study. Research policy, 32(1), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00196-2
Siegel, D. S., Westhead, P. and Wright, M., 2003b. Assessing the impact of university science parks on research productivity: Exploratory firm-level evidence from the United Kingdom. International Jour- nal of industrial Organization, 21(9), 1357-1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0167-7187(03)00086-9
Siegel, D.S., Waldman, D.A., Atwater, L. and Link, A.N., 2004. Toward a model of the effective transfer of scientific knowledge from aca- demicians to practitioners: qualitative evidence from the commer- cialization of university technologies. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 21(1-2), 115-142.
Siegel, D. S., Veugelers, R. and Wright, M., 2007. Technology transfer offices and commercialization of university intellectual property: Performance and policy implications. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(4), 640-660. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grm036.
Thursby, J.G., Jensen, R.A. and Thursby, M.C., 2001. Objectives, charac- teristics and outcomes of university licensing: a survey of major U.S. universities. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(1-2), 59-70.
Tornatzky, L.G. and Waugaman, P.G., 1999. Academic Culture and Technology Transfer: Some Change Interventions. R&D Enter- prise Asia Pacific, 2(2-3), 29-30.
Tushman, M. L. and O’Reilly, C. A., 1996. Ambidextrous organizations: Managing evolutionary and revolutionary change. California Management Review, 38(4), 8-30. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165852
Van Looy, B., Landoni, P., Callaert, J., Van Pottelsberghe, B., Sapsa- lis, E. and Debackere, K., 2011. Entrepreneurial effectiveness of European universities: An empirical assessment of antecedents and trade-offs. Research Policy, 40 (4), 553-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.02.001
Vohora, A., Wright, M. and Lockett, A., 2004. Critical junctures in the development of university high-tech spinout companies. Research Policy, 55(1), 147-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(03)00107-0
Wright, M., Clarysse, B., Lockett, A. and Knockaert, M., 2008. Mid- range universities’ linkages with industry: Knowledge types and role of intermediaries. Research Policy, 37(8), 1205-1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.021
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