The Technology Transfer Office (TTO): Toward a Viable Model for Universities in Morocco
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Published
10-12-2020
Ilham Taouaf
Omar Elyoussoufi Attou
Said El Ganich
Moha Arouch
Abstract
The link between the enterprise and the university in Morocco is positioned within the framework of what is commonly known as the “University’s Third-Mission”. This relationship is primarily concerned with continued education, consultancy, collaborative research and development (R&D) and technology transfer from the university to the enterprise. This third mission has been promoted by the university through the establishment of specialized structures such as university enterprise interfaces, incubators and technological information centres for invention patents. Also, several strategies and programs of incentives for innovation have been promoted by the public authorities to create a national system of innovation in Morocco. However, all these efforts failed to unleash and activate the potential of Moroccan universities. In this work, we will propose an effective and efficient institutional Technology Transfer (TT) policy backed up by a complete repository related to the establishing of the University Technology Transfer Office (UTTO). This proposal complements the work done in a previous paper, which assesses the different policies and programs within Moroccan universities, related to TT activities, and proposes a remodelling of the value chain of the process of technology transfer in the universities.
How to Cite
Taouaf, I., Elyoussoufi Attou, O., El Ganich, S., & Arouch, M. (2020). The Technology Transfer Office (TTO): Toward a Viable Model for Universities in Morocco. Cuadernos De Gestión, 21(2), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.191179it
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Keywords
Innovation, Technology Transfer Offices, University’s Third-Mission, National Innovation System, Morocco
References
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MNEPTHESR (Ministry of National Education, Professional Training, Higher Education and Scientific Research), 2017c. Funding Programs for Research Projects: INNOV’ACT Program. MNEPTHESR, Morocco.
OMPIC (The Moroccan Office of Industrial and Commercial Proper- ty), 2017. Annual Report 2016. OMPIC, Morocco.
Rasmussen, E., Moen, O. and Gulbrandsen, M., 2006. Initiatives to pro- mote commercialization of university knowledge. Technovation, 26(4), 518-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.11.005
Rubens, A., Spigarelli, F., Cavicchi, A. and Rinaldi, C., 2017. Universities’ third mission and the entrepreneurial university and the challenges they bring to higher education institutions. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 11(03), 354- 372. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-01-2017-0006
Siegel, D. S., Waldman, D. and Link, A., 2003a. Assessing the impact of organizational practices on the relative productivity of university technology transfer offices: An exploratory study. Research policy, 32(1), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00196-2
Siegel, D. S., Westhead, P. and Wright, M., 2003b. Assessing the impact of university science parks on research productivity: Exploratory firm-level evidence from the United Kingdom. International Jour- nal of industrial Organization, 21(9), 1357-1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0167-7187(03)00086-9
Siegel, D.S., Waldman, D.A., Atwater, L. and Link, A.N., 2004. Toward a model of the effective transfer of scientific knowledge from aca- demicians to practitioners: qualitative evidence from the commer- cialization of university technologies. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 21(1-2), 115-142.
Siegel, D. S., Veugelers, R. and Wright, M., 2007. Technology transfer offices and commercialization of university intellectual property: Performance and policy implications. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(4), 640-660. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grm036.
Thursby, J.G., Jensen, R.A. and Thursby, M.C., 2001. Objectives, charac- teristics and outcomes of university licensing: a survey of major U.S. universities. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(1-2), 59-70.
Tornatzky, L.G. and Waugaman, P.G., 1999. Academic Culture and Technology Transfer: Some Change Interventions. R&D Enter- prise Asia Pacific, 2(2-3), 29-30.
Tushman, M. L. and O’Reilly, C. A., 1996. Ambidextrous organizations: Managing evolutionary and revolutionary change. California Management Review, 38(4), 8-30. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165852
Van Looy, B., Landoni, P., Callaert, J., Van Pottelsberghe, B., Sapsa- lis, E. and Debackere, K., 2011. Entrepreneurial effectiveness of European universities: An empirical assessment of antecedents and trade-offs. Research Policy, 40 (4), 553-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.02.001
Vohora, A., Wright, M. and Lockett, A., 2004. Critical junctures in the development of university high-tech spinout companies. Research Policy, 55(1), 147-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(03)00107-0
Wright, M., Clarysse, B., Lockett, A. and Knockaert, M., 2008. Mid- range universities’ linkages with industry: Knowledge types and role of intermediaries. Research Policy, 37(8), 1205-1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.021
Bercovitz, J., Feldman, M., Feller, I. and Burton, R., 2001. Organizatio- nal structure as a determinant of academic patent and licensing be- havior: An exploratory study of Duke, Johns Hopkins, and Pennsyl- vania State universities. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(1), 21-35. DOI : 10.1023/A:1007828026904
Bray, M. J. and Lee, J. N., 2000. University revenues from technology transfer: Licensing fees vs. equity positions. Journal of Business Ven- turing, 15, 385-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00034-2
CNRST (The Moroccan National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research), 2017. Annual Report 2015. CNRST, Morocco.
Coupe, T., 2003. Science is golden: Academic R&D and universi- ty patents. Journal of Technology Transfer, 28(1), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021626702728
Debackere, K. and Veugelers, R., 2005. The role of academic technology transfer organizations in improving industry science links. Research Policy, 34(3), 321-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2004.12.003
E.C. (European Commission), 2013. Horizon 2020 European Commis- sion Internet portal. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/program- mes/horizon2020/
Elyoussoufi Attou, O. and Arouch, M., 2016. Current situation of the national system of the technological innovation in Morocco. Inter- national Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 20 (1), 83-89. Available from: www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=I- JISR-15-278-03
Elyoussoufi Attou, O., El Ganich, S., Taouaf, I., Arouch, M. and Oulhadj, B., 2019. Modelization of the value chain for effective technology transfer within universities in Morocco. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 8(5), 1808- 1823. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2019/03852019
Etzkowitz, H., 2003. Research groups as ‘quasi-firms’: The invention of the entrepreneurial university. Research Policy, 32(1), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00009-4
Hoppe, H. C. and Ozdenoren, E., 2005. Intermediation in innovation. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 23(5-6), 483-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2005.03.003
Law n° 01-00 on the organization of higher education in Morocco, 2000. O. B. No. 4800 of 1 June 2000. Dahir n° 1-00-199 of 15 Safar 1421. Available from: https://www.enssup.gov.ma/sites/default/files/ETA- BLISSEMENT-SUP/Dahir_n-1-00-199_du19mai2000.pdf
Link, A. N. and Scott, J. T., 2005. Opening the ivory tower’s door: An analysis of the determinants of the formation of US university spin- off companies. Research Policy, 34(7), 1106-1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. respol.2005.05.015
Lockett, A., Wright, M. and Franklin, S., 2003. Technology transfer and universities’ spin-out strategies. Small Business Economics, 20(2), 185-200. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022220216972
Lockett, A., Siegel, D., Wright, M., and Ensley, M. D., 2005. The crea- tion of spin-off firms at public research institutions: Managerial and policy implications. Research Policy, 34(7), 981–993. DOI:10.1016/j. respol.2005.05.010
Lockett, A. and Wright, M., 2005. Resources, capabilities, risk capital and the creation of university spin-out companies. Research Policy, 34(7), 1043-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.006
Macho-Stadler, I., Perez-Castrillo, D. and Veugelers, R., 2007. Licensing of university inventions: The role of a technology transfer office. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 25(3), 483-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2006.06.001
Mankins, J.C., 1995. Technology readiness levels. A White Paper, NA- SA,Washington, DC.
Mankins, J.C., 2009. Technology readiness assessments: A retrospective. Acta Astronaut, 65, 1216 - 1223, Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaas- tro.2009.03.058
Markman, G. D., Gianiodis, P. T., Phan, P. H. and Balkin, D. B., 2005. In- novation speed: Transferring university technology to market. Re- search Policy, 34(1), 1058-1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.007
MHESRET (Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Exe- cutive Training), 2013. Annual Report 2013, MHESRET, Morocco.
MIITDE (Ministry of Industry, Investment, Trade and the Digital Eco- nomy), 2017. Annual Report 2015. MIITDE, Morocco.
MNEPTHESR (Ministry of National Education, Professional Training, Higher Education and Scientific Research), 2017a. Annual Report 2016. MNEPTHESR, Morocco
MNEPTHESR (Ministry of National Education, Professional Training, Higher Education and Scientific Research), 2017b. University-En- terprise Partnership: National Program of University-Enterprise In- terfaces. MNEPTHESR, Morocco.
MNEPTHESR (Ministry of National Education, Professional Training, Higher Education and Scientific Research), 2017c. Funding Programs for Research Projects: INNOV’ACT Program. MNEPTHESR, Morocco.
OMPIC (The Moroccan Office of Industrial and Commercial Proper- ty), 2017. Annual Report 2016. OMPIC, Morocco.
Rasmussen, E., Moen, O. and Gulbrandsen, M., 2006. Initiatives to pro- mote commercialization of university knowledge. Technovation, 26(4), 518-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.11.005
Rubens, A., Spigarelli, F., Cavicchi, A. and Rinaldi, C., 2017. Universities’ third mission and the entrepreneurial university and the challenges they bring to higher education institutions. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 11(03), 354- 372. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-01-2017-0006
Siegel, D. S., Waldman, D. and Link, A., 2003a. Assessing the impact of organizational practices on the relative productivity of university technology transfer offices: An exploratory study. Research policy, 32(1), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00196-2
Siegel, D. S., Westhead, P. and Wright, M., 2003b. Assessing the impact of university science parks on research productivity: Exploratory firm-level evidence from the United Kingdom. International Jour- nal of industrial Organization, 21(9), 1357-1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0167-7187(03)00086-9
Siegel, D.S., Waldman, D.A., Atwater, L. and Link, A.N., 2004. Toward a model of the effective transfer of scientific knowledge from aca- demicians to practitioners: qualitative evidence from the commer- cialization of university technologies. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 21(1-2), 115-142.
Siegel, D. S., Veugelers, R. and Wright, M., 2007. Technology transfer offices and commercialization of university intellectual property: Performance and policy implications. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(4), 640-660. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grm036.
Thursby, J.G., Jensen, R.A. and Thursby, M.C., 2001. Objectives, charac- teristics and outcomes of university licensing: a survey of major U.S. universities. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(1-2), 59-70.
Tornatzky, L.G. and Waugaman, P.G., 1999. Academic Culture and Technology Transfer: Some Change Interventions. R&D Enter- prise Asia Pacific, 2(2-3), 29-30.
Tushman, M. L. and O’Reilly, C. A., 1996. Ambidextrous organizations: Managing evolutionary and revolutionary change. California Management Review, 38(4), 8-30. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165852
Van Looy, B., Landoni, P., Callaert, J., Van Pottelsberghe, B., Sapsa- lis, E. and Debackere, K., 2011. Entrepreneurial effectiveness of European universities: An empirical assessment of antecedents and trade-offs. Research Policy, 40 (4), 553-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.02.001
Vohora, A., Wright, M. and Lockett, A., 2004. Critical junctures in the development of university high-tech spinout companies. Research Policy, 55(1), 147-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(03)00107-0
Wright, M., Clarysse, B., Lockett, A. and Knockaert, M., 2008. Mid- range universities’ linkages with industry: Knowledge types and role of intermediaries. Research Policy, 37(8), 1205-1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.021
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