Is it possible to measure social entrepreneurship in firms?
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Published
18-09-2018
Marta Peris Ortiz
Carlos Rueda Armengot
Daniel Palacios Marqués
Abstract
This study defines and proposes a measurement scale for social entrepreneurship (SE) in its broadest sense. The broad definition of SE covers for-profit firms that use social aims as a core component of their strategy. By pursuing social aims, these firms can boost the value of their products or services for consumers or exploit new business areas. Under this broad definition of SE, profit-seeking and the pursuit of social aims converge, thereby revealing a form of SE that has received little attention in either theoretical or empirical research. To fill this research gap, the present study proposes a measurement scale to measure broad SE in firms. The process used to build the scale draws upon research by Churchill (1979) and DeVellis (1991) and combines the Delphi technique, a pre-test questionnaire and structural equation modelling. The main aim of this research is to develop a scale capable of measuring broad SE in firms. The theoretical basis for the scale is supported by an empirical study in the hotel sector. The scale provides a valid, reliable instrument for measuring broad SE in firms. The scale meets all sociometric properties required of measurement scales in the social sciences, namely dimensionality, reliability and validity.
How to Cite
Peris Ortiz, M., Rueda Armengot, C., & Palacios Marqués, D. (2018). Is it possible to measure social entrepreneurship in firms?. Cuadernos De Gestión, 16(2), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.140469mp
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Keywords
Social entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship measurement scale, structural equation mod
References
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Audretsch, D., 2012. Entrepreneurship research. Management Decision, 50, 755-764.
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Bentler, P. M. and Bonett, D. G., 1980. Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psichological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
Bollen, K. A., 1989. Structural equations with latents variables. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Carroll, A. B., 1999. Corporate social responsibility: evolution of a definitional construct. Business & Society, 38, 268-295.
Castrogiovanni, G. J., Garrigós-Simón, F. and Peris-Ortiz, M., 2011. Human resource management practices and the importance of manager’s perceptions. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences,28, 2, 122-133
Certo, S. T. and Miller, T., 2008. Social entrepreneurship: Key issues and concepts. Business Horizons, 51, 267-271.
Churchill, G. A., 1979. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64-73.
Covin, J. G. and Slevin, D. P., 1989. Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 75-87.
Covin, J. G. and Wales, W. J., 2011. The measuremet of entrepreneuria orientation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, July, 677-702.
DeVellis, R. F., 1991. Scale development: theory and applications. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications.
Díaz Foncea, M. and Marcuello Serós, C., 2012. Social entrepreneurship and social markets: models and new trends. Service Business, January, 61-83.
Diochon, M. and Anderson, A. R., 2011. Ambivalence and ambiguity in social enterprise; narratives about values in reconciling purpose and practices. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7, 93-109.
Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. F., 1981. Evaluating structural equations models with unobsevable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50.
Fowler, A., 2000. NGDOs as a moment in history: beyond aid to social entrepreneurship or civic innovation? Third World Quarterly, 21, 637–654.
Hair, H. F., Anderson, R. E., Tahman, R. L. and Black, W. C., 1999. Multivariate analysis. NewYork: Prentice Hall.
Hayes, B., 1992. Measuring customer satisfaction: development and use of questionnaires. Milwaukee: The Quality Press.
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Nga, J. K. H. and Shamuganathan, G., 2010. The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of Business Ethics, 95, 259-282.
Nicholls, A., 2006. Playing the field: a new approach to the meaning of social entrepreneurship. Social Enterprise Journal, 2, 1–5.
Palacios-Marqués, D. and Garrigós-Simón, F., 2004. A measurement scale for knowledge management in the biotechnology and telecomunications industries. International Journal Technology Management, 10, 1-17.
Peredo, A. M. and McLean, M., 2006. Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept. Journal of World Business, 41, 56-65.
Peris-Ortiz, M., 2009. An analytical model for human resource management as an enabler of organizational renewal: a framework for corporate entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 5, 461-479.
Ridley-Duff, R., 2008. Social enterprise as a socially rational business. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 14, 291-312.
Sagawa, S. and Segal, E., 2000. Common interest, common good: creating value through business and social sector partnership. California Management Review, 42, 105-122.
Schumpeter, J. A., 1934. The theory of economic development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Schumpeter, J. A., 1950. Capitalism, socialism and democracy (3rd Ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
Shane, S., 2012. Reflections on the 2010 AMR decade Award: delivering on the promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 37, 10-20.
Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S., 2000. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25, 217-226.
Spear, R., 2006. Social entrepreneurship: a different model? International Journal of Social Economics, 33,399–410.
Steyaert, C. and Hjorth, D., 2006. Entrepreneurship as social change: A third movements in entrepreneurship book. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Surroca, J., Tribó, J. A. and Waddock, S., 2010. Corporate responsibility and financial performance: the role of intangible resources. Strategic Management Journal, 31, 463-490.
Tan, W-L., Williams, J. and Tan, T-M., 2005. Defining the ‘social’ in social entrepreneurship: Altruism and entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1, 353-365.
Thompson, J. L., 2002. The world of the social entrepreneur. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 15, 412-431.
Tracey, P., Phillips, N. and Jarvis, O., 2011. Bringing institutional entrepreneurship and the creation of new organizational forms: a multilevel model. Organization Science, 22, 60-80.
Urbano, D., Toledano, N. and Ribeiro Soriano, D., 2010. Analyzing social entrepreneurship from an institutional perspective: evidence from Spain. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 1, 54-69.
Veciana, J.M., Aponte, M. and Urbano, D., 2005. University students’ attitudes towards entrepreneurship: A two countries comparison. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1, 2, 165-182.
Venkataraman, S., 1997. The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research: An editor’s perspective. In J. Katz & R. Brockhaus (eds.). Advances in entrepreneurship, firms emergence, and growth (vol. 3, 119-138), Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Waddock, S. A. and Graves, S. B., 1997. The corporate social performance-financial performance link, Strategic Management Journal, 18, 303-319.
Audretsch, D., 2012. Entrepreneurship research. Management Decision, 50, 755-764.
Austin, J. S. H. and Wei-Skillern, J., 2006. Social and commercial entrepreneurs: same, different, or both? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30, 1-23.
Barret, R. and Mayson, S., 2008. Introduction: at the intersection of entrepreneurship and human resource management. In R. Barret& S. Mayson (eds.). International handbook of Entrepreneurship and HRM. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1-17.
Bentler, P. M. and Bonett, D. G., 1980. Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psichological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
Bollen, K. A., 1989. Structural equations with latents variables. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Carroll, A. B., 1999. Corporate social responsibility: evolution of a definitional construct. Business & Society, 38, 268-295.
Castrogiovanni, G. J., Garrigós-Simón, F. and Peris-Ortiz, M., 2011. Human resource management practices and the importance of manager’s perceptions. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences,28, 2, 122-133
Certo, S. T. and Miller, T., 2008. Social entrepreneurship: Key issues and concepts. Business Horizons, 51, 267-271.
Churchill, G. A., 1979. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64-73.
Covin, J. G. and Slevin, D. P., 1989. Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 75-87.
Covin, J. G. and Wales, W. J., 2011. The measuremet of entrepreneuria orientation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, July, 677-702.
DeVellis, R. F., 1991. Scale development: theory and applications. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications.
Díaz Foncea, M. and Marcuello Serós, C., 2012. Social entrepreneurship and social markets: models and new trends. Service Business, January, 61-83.
Diochon, M. and Anderson, A. R., 2011. Ambivalence and ambiguity in social enterprise; narratives about values in reconciling purpose and practices. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7, 93-109.
Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. F., 1981. Evaluating structural equations models with unobsevable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50.
Fowler, A., 2000. NGDOs as a moment in history: beyond aid to social entrepreneurship or civic innovation? Third World Quarterly, 21, 637–654.
Hair, H. F., Anderson, R. E., Tahman, R. L. and Black, W. C., 1999. Multivariate analysis. NewYork: Prentice Hall.
Hayes, B., 1992. Measuring customer satisfaction: development and use of questionnaires. Milwaukee: The Quality Press.
Hayton, J. C., 2005. Promoting corporate entrepreneurship through human resource management practices: a review of empirical research. Human Resource Management Review, 15, 21-41.
Hemingway, C. A., 2005. Personal values as a catalyst for corporate social entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 60, 233-249.
Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Camp, S. M. & Sexton, D. L., 2001. Guest editors’ introduction to the special issue strategic entrepreneurship: entrepreneurial strategies for wealth creation. Strategic Management Review, 22, 479-491.
Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L. D. and Weaver, K. M., 2002. Assessing the psychometric properties of the entrepreneurial orientation scale: a multi-country analysis. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26, 4, 71-94.
Kurucz, E. C., Colbert, B. A. and Wheeler, D. C., 2008. The business case for Corporate Social Responsibility, in A. Crane, A. McWilliams, D. Matten, J. Moon and D. Siegel (eds.). The Oxford Handbook on Corporate Social Responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lee, S. L., Peris-Ortiz, M. and Fernández-Guerrero, R., 2011. Corporate entrepreneurship and human resource management: theoretical background and a case study. International Journal of Manpower, 32, 48-67.
Lounsbury, M. and Glynn, M. A., 2001. Cultural entrepreneurship: Stories, legitimacy and the acquisition of resources. Strategic Management Journal, 22, 545-564.
Morris, M. H., Webb, J. W. and Franklin, R. J., 2011. Understanding the manifestation of entrepreneurial orientation in the non profit context. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, September, 947-971.
Murphy, P. J. and Coombes, S. M., 2008. A model of social entrepreneurial discovery. Journal of Business Ethics, 87, 325-336.
Neck, H., Brush, C. and Allen, E., 2009. The landscape of social entrepreneurship. Business Horizons, 52, 13-19.
Nga, J. K. H. and Shamuganathan, G., 2010. The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of Business Ethics, 95, 259-282.
Nicholls, A., 2006. Playing the field: a new approach to the meaning of social entrepreneurship. Social Enterprise Journal, 2, 1–5.
Palacios-Marqués, D. and Garrigós-Simón, F., 2004. A measurement scale for knowledge management in the biotechnology and telecomunications industries. International Journal Technology Management, 10, 1-17.
Peredo, A. M. and McLean, M., 2006. Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept. Journal of World Business, 41, 56-65.
Peris-Ortiz, M., 2009. An analytical model for human resource management as an enabler of organizational renewal: a framework for corporate entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 5, 461-479.
Ridley-Duff, R., 2008. Social enterprise as a socially rational business. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 14, 291-312.
Sagawa, S. and Segal, E., 2000. Common interest, common good: creating value through business and social sector partnership. California Management Review, 42, 105-122.
Schumpeter, J. A., 1934. The theory of economic development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Schumpeter, J. A., 1950. Capitalism, socialism and democracy (3rd Ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
Shane, S., 2012. Reflections on the 2010 AMR decade Award: delivering on the promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 37, 10-20.
Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S., 2000. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25, 217-226.
Spear, R., 2006. Social entrepreneurship: a different model? International Journal of Social Economics, 33,399–410.
Steyaert, C. and Hjorth, D., 2006. Entrepreneurship as social change: A third movements in entrepreneurship book. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Surroca, J., Tribó, J. A. and Waddock, S., 2010. Corporate responsibility and financial performance: the role of intangible resources. Strategic Management Journal, 31, 463-490.
Tan, W-L., Williams, J. and Tan, T-M., 2005. Defining the ‘social’ in social entrepreneurship: Altruism and entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1, 353-365.
Thompson, J. L., 2002. The world of the social entrepreneur. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 15, 412-431.
Tracey, P., Phillips, N. and Jarvis, O., 2011. Bringing institutional entrepreneurship and the creation of new organizational forms: a multilevel model. Organization Science, 22, 60-80.
Urbano, D., Toledano, N. and Ribeiro Soriano, D., 2010. Analyzing social entrepreneurship from an institutional perspective: evidence from Spain. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 1, 54-69.
Veciana, J.M., Aponte, M. and Urbano, D., 2005. University students’ attitudes towards entrepreneurship: A two countries comparison. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1, 2, 165-182.
Venkataraman, S., 1997. The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research: An editor’s perspective. In J. Katz & R. Brockhaus (eds.). Advances in entrepreneurship, firms emergence, and growth (vol. 3, 119-138), Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Waddock, S. A. and Graves, S. B., 1997. The corporate social performance-financial performance link, Strategic Management Journal, 18, 303-319.
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