Explicative Factors for Entrepreneurial Intention in Women: Gender Differentials Amongst the University Population
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Published
12-03-2013
Rafael Ventura Fernández
Universidad de Malaga -F. CC. Económicas y Empresariales
María José Quero Gervilla
Universidad de Malaga -F. CC. Económicas y Empresariales
Abstract
The aim of this research project is to shed some light on the reasons why women are less likely to get involved in the processes of setting up businesses. To do this, a structural equations model has been developed, identifying a series of variables that can explain entrepreneurial intention amongst the potentially entrepreneurial population. The model has been validated by carrying out a survey amongst 1,222 students studying 12 different degree courses at the University of Malaga, Spain. In applying the model to both the male and female populations, significant differences have been found in the patterns of behaviour of the two sexes, with women undergoing a more complex process than men, and requiring external support.
How to Cite
Ventura Fernández, R., & Quero Gervilla, M. J. (2013). Explicative Factors for Entrepreneurial Intention in Women: Gender Differentials Amongst the University Population. Cuadernos De Gestión, 13(1), 127–149. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.100271rv
- APA
- Chicago
- Harvard Download Citation
- Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
- BibTeX
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
Gender, attitude analysis, intentions model, entrepreneurial behaviour
References
ADLER, N.J. (2002): Global managers: no longer men alone. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13. 743-760
AJZEN, I. (1991): Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50. 179-211.
AJZEN, I. (2002): Perceived behavior control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Soaicl Psychology, 32. 1-20.
ALDRICH, H. (1999): Organizations Evolving. Sage Publications. London.
ALDRICH, H. y FIOL. M. (1994): Fool rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Academy of Management Review, 19. 645-670.
ALDRICH, H. y ZIMMER, C. (1986): Entrepreneurship through social networks. En Sexton, D.L.; Smilor, R.W. (Eds): The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship (pp. 3-23). Ballinger. Cambridge.
ALDRICH, H. y MARTINEZ, M.A. (2001): Many are called but few are chosen: an evolutionary perspective for the study of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 25, 41-56.
ALLEN, I. E.; LANGOWITZ, N. y MINNITI, M. (2007): Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2006 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship. Center for Women’s Leadership at Babson College.
ALLEN, I.E.; ELAM, A.; LANGOWITZ, N. y DEAN, M. (2008): Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2007 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship. Center for Women’s Leadership at Babson College.
AMIT, R.; MUELLER, E. y COCKBURN, I. (1995): Oportunity costs and entrepreneurial activity. Journal of Business Venturing, 10. 95-106.
ARENIUS, P. y MINNITI, M. (2005): Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 24, Nº 4. 435-443.
ARMITAGE, C.J. y CONNER, M. (2001): Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: a metaanalytic review. Brittish Journal of Social Psichology, 32, 1-20.
BAGOZZI, R. y YI, Y. (1988): On the evaluation of structural equation models, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 16, Nº 1, pp. 74 – 94.
BAUMOL, W.J. (1990): Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and destructive. Journal of Political Economy, 98. 893-921.
BIRD, B. (1988): Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intentions. Academy of Management Review, 13. pp 442-454.
BIRD, B. (1992): The operation of intentions in time: the emergence of the new venture. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 17. pp 11-20.
BOYD, N.G. y VOZIKIS, G.S. (1994): The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18. 63-77.
BROWNE, M. W. y CUDECK, R. (1989): Single sample cross – validation indices for covariance structures, Multivariate Behavioral Research, Nº. 24, pp. 445 – 455.
BRUNI, A.; GHERARDI, S. y POGGIO, B. (2004): Entrepreneur-mentality, gender and the study of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 17, Nº. 3.
BRUSH, C. (1992): Research on women business owners: past trends, a new perspective and future directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16. 5-30.
CAMPBELL, C.A. (1992): A decision theory model for entrepreneurial acts. Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, Fall, 21-27.
CARTER, S. y SHAW, E. (2006): Women’s business ownership: recent research and policy development. Report to the Small Business Service.
CHAGANTI, R. (1986): Management in women-owned enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, Octubre. 18-29.
CLARK, T. y JANES, F. (1992): Women-owned businesses: dimensions and policy issues. Economic Development Quarterly, 6. 25-40
COLEMAN, S. (2000): Access to capital and terms of credit: A comparison of men and women-owned small businesses. Journal of Small Business Management, 38. 37-52
COOPER, A.; WOO, C. y DUNKELBERG, W. (1989): Entrepreneurship and the initial size of firms. Journal of Business Venturing. 4. 317-332.
CRANT, J.M. (1996): The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal Small Business Management, 34. 42-49.
DAVIDSSON, P. y HONIG, B. (2003): The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18 (3), 301-331.
GELGADO, M.I.; GÓMEZ, L.; ROMERO, A.M. y VÁZQUEZ, E. (2008): Determinantes sociales y cognitivos en el espíritu emprendedor. Cuadernos de Gestión, 8 (1), 11 – 24.
DELMAR, F. y DAVIDSSON, P. (2000): Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascents entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship &Regional Development, 12. 1-23.
DOUGLAS, E.J. y SHEPHERD, D.A. (1999): Entrepreneurship as a Utility Maximizing Response. Journal of Business Venturing, 15. 231-251.
DUBINI, P. (1988): The influence of motivations and environment ob business start-ups: some hints for public policies. Journal of Business Venturing, 4. 11-26.
DUTTON, J. (1993): The making of organizational opportunities: Interpretive pathway to organizational change. En Staw, B.; Cummings, L. (Eds.): Research in Organizational Behavior. Greenwich: JAI, 15.
DYER, W.G. (1992): The Entrepreneurial Experience. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
EISENHAUER, J.G. (1995): The entrepreneurial decision: Economic Theory and empirical evidence. Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, Summer, 67-79.
FAYOLLE, A. y GAILLY, B. (2004): Creation and returns of social capital: a new research program. Routledge, London.
FELDMAN, D.C. y BOLINO, M.C. (2000): Career patterns of the self-employed: career motivations and career outcomes. Journal Small Business Management, 38, 53-67.
FORNAHL, D. (2003): Entrepreneurial activities in a regional context. En D. Fornahl y T. Brener (Eds), Cooperation, Networks, and Institutions in Regional Innovation Systems. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. 38-57.
FORNELL, C. y LARCKER, D. (1981): Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18, Nº. 1, pp. 39 – 50.
FORSON, C. y ÖZBILGIN, M. (2003): Dot-com women entrepreneurs in the UK. Entrepreneurship and Innovation. February. 13-24
FRANKE, N. y LUTHJE, C. (2004): Entrepreneurial Intentions of Business Students. A Benchmarking Study. International Journal of innovation and Technology Management, 1/3, 269-288.
GIFFORD, S. (1993): Heterogeneus Ability, Career Choice, and Firm Size. Small Business Economics, 5. 249-259.
GILL, R. y GANESH, S. (2007): Enpowerment, Constraint, and the entrepreneurial self: a study of white women entrepreneurs. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 35, 3, 268-293.
GONZÁLEZ, O. (2001). Actitudes hacia el trabajo y la creación de empresas según género. Boletín Económico del ICE, Nº 2709.
GROMB, D. y SCHAFERSTEIN, D. (2002): Entrepreneurship in equilibrium. NBER Working Paper 9001.
HAMILTON , B.H. (2000): Does entrepreneurship pay? An empirical analysis of the returns to self employment. Journal of Political Economy, 108. 604-631.
HERRON, L. y SAPIENZA, H.J. (1992): The entrepreneur and the initiation of new venture launch activities. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 17. 49-55.
HISRICH, R. y BRUSH, C. (1984): The women entrepreneur. Management kills and business problems. Journal of Small Business management, 22. 30-37.
HOLMES, T.J. y SCHMITZ, J.A. (1990): A Theory of Entrepreneurship and its application to the study of business transfers. Journal of Political Economy, 98. 265-294.
HUMPHREYS, M.A. y MCCLUNG, H. (1981): “Women entrepreneurs in Oklahoma”. Review of regional Economics and Business, Vol. 6, Nº.2, 13-20.
HYDE, J.S. y KLING, K.C. (2001): Women, innovation and achievement. Psychology of women Quarterly, 25. 364-378.
JACK, S.L. y ANDERSON, A.R. (2002): The effects of Embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 17. 467-487.
KALLENBERG, A.L. y LEICHT, K.T. (1991): Gender and organizational performance: Determinants of small business survival and success. Academy of Management Journal, 34. 136-161
KATZ, J. (1994): Modeling entrepreneurial career progressions: concepts and considerations. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 19. 23-39.
KIRZNER, I.M. (1973): Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago II. University of Chicago Press.
KRUEGER, N. (1993): The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 18. 5-21.
KRUEGER, N. y CARSRUD. A.L. (1993): Entrepreneurial intentions: applying the theory of planned behavior. Entrepreneurial Regional Development, 5. 315-330.
KRUEGER, N. y DICKSON, P. (1994): How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: Sel-efficacy and perceptions of opportunity and threat. Decision Sciences, 25. 385-400.
KRUEGER, N.F.; REILLY, M.D. y CARSRUD, A.L. (2000): Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15. 411-432.
KRUEGER, N.F. (2003): The cognitive psychology of entrepreneurship. En Z.J. Acs y D. B. Audretchs (eds). Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research. 105-140.
LEARNED, K.E. (1992): What happened before the organization?. A model of organization formation. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 17. 39-48.
LEAZAR, E.P. (2002). Entrepreneurship. NBER Working Paper, N 9109.
LEE , S.H. y WONG, P.K. (2004): An exploratory study of technoempreneurial intentions: a carree anchor perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 19, 7-28.
LIÑÁN, F. y SANTOS, F.J. (2006): La influencia del capital social sobre los empresarios potenciales. Estudios de Economía Aplicada, Vol. 24, pp. 459-489.
LOW, M.B. y MACMILLAN, I.C. (1988): Entrepreneurship: Past research and future challenges. Journal of Management. 35. 139-161.
LUQUE, T. (2000): Técnicas de análisis de datos en investigación de mercados. Ed. Pirámide, Madrid.
MARTINEZ, J.; MIRA, I. y GÓMEZ, J.M. (2010): Nascent Entrepreneurship and perceptual variables from a gender overview. Differences in diferent economic climates. V Workshop de Investigación basada en GEM, Cádiz.
MINNITI, M.; ARENIUS, P. y LANGOWITZ, N. (2005): Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2004 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship. Center for Women’s Leadership at Babson College.
MINNITI, M.; ALLEN, I. y LANGOWITZ, N. (2006): Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2005 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship. Center for Women’s Leadership at Babson College.
MINNITI, M. y NARDONE, C. (2007): Being in someone else’s shoes: the role of gender in nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, Vol. 28, Nº 2/3, pp. 223-238.
MURAVYEV, A.; TALAVERA, O. y SCHÄFER, D. (2009): Entrepreneurs’ gender and financial constraints: evidence form international data. Journal of Comparative Economics, 37, 270-286
RUIZ, J.; ROJAS, A. y SUÁREZ, A. (2008): Actitudes de los estudiantes universitarios de Andalucía ante la creación de empresas. Universidad de Cádiz, Servicios de Publicaciones.
OTANI, K. (1996): A human capital approach to entrepreneurial capacity. Economica, 63. 273-289.
PELLEGRINO, E.T. y REES, B.L. (1982): Perceived formative and operational problems encountered by female entrepreneurs en retail and service firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 20, Nº.2, 15-24.
RODRIGUEZ, M.J. y SANTOS, F.J. (2008): La actividad emprendedora de las mujeres y el proceso de creación de empresas. Información Comercial Española, Nº 841.
SÁNCHEZ, M.; POSTIGO, M.V.; DÍAZ, J.C. y HERNÁNDEZ, R. (2010): Investigación en creación de empresas con datos GEM. Aproximación al Estado de la Cuestión en los estudios sobre género. V Workshop de Investigación basada en GEM, Cádiz.
SCHERER, R.; ADAMS, J.; CARLEY, S. y WIEBE, F. (1989): Role modelo performance effects on development of entrepreneurial career preference. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13. 53-81.
SCHUMPETER, J. (1934): The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press.
SHANE, S. y VENKATARAMAN, S. (2000): The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review. 25, 217-226.
SHANE, S. (2003): A general theory of entrepreneurship. The individual-opportunity nexus. Chetenham: Edaward Elgar.
SHAPERO, A. y SOKOL, L. (1982): Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. En Kent, D; Sexton, D. y Veper, K (Eds): The Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. 72-90.
SMITH, N.R. y MINER, J.B. (1983): Type of entrepreneur, type of firm, and managerial innovation: implications for organizational life cycle theory. En: Hornaday, J.A.; Timmnos, J.; Vesper, K. (Eds.). Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, pp.55-71.
STEIGER, J. H. (1990): Structural Model Evaluation and Modification: An Interval Estimation Approach, Multivariate Behavioral Research, Nº. 25, pp. 173 – 180.
TKACHEV, A. y KOLVEREID, L. (1999): Self-employment intentions among russian students. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 11. 269-280
VAN UXEM, F.W. y BAIS, J. (1996): Her starten van een bedrijf: ervaringen van 2000 starters. Zoetermeer: EIM.
VECIANA, J.M.; APONTE, M.; URBANO, D. (2005): University Students’ attitudes towards entrepreneurship: a two countries comparison, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1 (2), 165-182.
VERHEURL, I. y THURIK, R. (2001): Start-up capital: ‘Does gender matter?’. Small Business Management, 16. 109-125.
WAGNER, J. STERNBERG, R. (2004): Start-up activity, industrial characteristics and the regional milieu: lessons for entrepreneurship support policy from German microdata. Annals of Regional Science, 38. 219-240.
WAGNER, J. (2007): What a difference a y makes. Female and Male nascent entrepreneurs in Germany. Small Business Economics, Vol. 28, Nº 1, pp. 1-21.
RUIZ, J., CAMELO, C. y CODURAS, A. (2012): Mujer y desafío emprendedor en España, Economía Industrial, 383, 13 – 22.
SARASVATHY, S.D. y VENKATARAMAN, S. (2011): Entrepreneurship as Method: Open Questions for an Entrepreneurial Future”. Entrepreneurship Theory And Practice, 35, 113 – 135.
AJZEN, I. (1991): Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50. 179-211.
AJZEN, I. (2002): Perceived behavior control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Soaicl Psychology, 32. 1-20.
ALDRICH, H. (1999): Organizations Evolving. Sage Publications. London.
ALDRICH, H. y FIOL. M. (1994): Fool rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Academy of Management Review, 19. 645-670.
ALDRICH, H. y ZIMMER, C. (1986): Entrepreneurship through social networks. En Sexton, D.L.; Smilor, R.W. (Eds): The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship (pp. 3-23). Ballinger. Cambridge.
ALDRICH, H. y MARTINEZ, M.A. (2001): Many are called but few are chosen: an evolutionary perspective for the study of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 25, 41-56.
ALLEN, I. E.; LANGOWITZ, N. y MINNITI, M. (2007): Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2006 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship. Center for Women’s Leadership at Babson College.
ALLEN, I.E.; ELAM, A.; LANGOWITZ, N. y DEAN, M. (2008): Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2007 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship. Center for Women’s Leadership at Babson College.
AMIT, R.; MUELLER, E. y COCKBURN, I. (1995): Oportunity costs and entrepreneurial activity. Journal of Business Venturing, 10. 95-106.
ARENIUS, P. y MINNITI, M. (2005): Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 24, Nº 4. 435-443.
ARMITAGE, C.J. y CONNER, M. (2001): Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: a metaanalytic review. Brittish Journal of Social Psichology, 32, 1-20.
BAGOZZI, R. y YI, Y. (1988): On the evaluation of structural equation models, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 16, Nº 1, pp. 74 – 94.
BAUMOL, W.J. (1990): Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and destructive. Journal of Political Economy, 98. 893-921.
BIRD, B. (1988): Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intentions. Academy of Management Review, 13. pp 442-454.
BIRD, B. (1992): The operation of intentions in time: the emergence of the new venture. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 17. pp 11-20.
BOYD, N.G. y VOZIKIS, G.S. (1994): The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18. 63-77.
BROWNE, M. W. y CUDECK, R. (1989): Single sample cross – validation indices for covariance structures, Multivariate Behavioral Research, Nº. 24, pp. 445 – 455.
BRUNI, A.; GHERARDI, S. y POGGIO, B. (2004): Entrepreneur-mentality, gender and the study of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 17, Nº. 3.
BRUSH, C. (1992): Research on women business owners: past trends, a new perspective and future directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16. 5-30.
CAMPBELL, C.A. (1992): A decision theory model for entrepreneurial acts. Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, Fall, 21-27.
CARTER, S. y SHAW, E. (2006): Women’s business ownership: recent research and policy development. Report to the Small Business Service.
CHAGANTI, R. (1986): Management in women-owned enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, Octubre. 18-29.
CLARK, T. y JANES, F. (1992): Women-owned businesses: dimensions and policy issues. Economic Development Quarterly, 6. 25-40
COLEMAN, S. (2000): Access to capital and terms of credit: A comparison of men and women-owned small businesses. Journal of Small Business Management, 38. 37-52
COOPER, A.; WOO, C. y DUNKELBERG, W. (1989): Entrepreneurship and the initial size of firms. Journal of Business Venturing. 4. 317-332.
CRANT, J.M. (1996): The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal Small Business Management, 34. 42-49.
DAVIDSSON, P. y HONIG, B. (2003): The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18 (3), 301-331.
GELGADO, M.I.; GÓMEZ, L.; ROMERO, A.M. y VÁZQUEZ, E. (2008): Determinantes sociales y cognitivos en el espíritu emprendedor. Cuadernos de Gestión, 8 (1), 11 – 24.
DELMAR, F. y DAVIDSSON, P. (2000): Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascents entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship &Regional Development, 12. 1-23.
DOUGLAS, E.J. y SHEPHERD, D.A. (1999): Entrepreneurship as a Utility Maximizing Response. Journal of Business Venturing, 15. 231-251.
DUBINI, P. (1988): The influence of motivations and environment ob business start-ups: some hints for public policies. Journal of Business Venturing, 4. 11-26.
DUTTON, J. (1993): The making of organizational opportunities: Interpretive pathway to organizational change. En Staw, B.; Cummings, L. (Eds.): Research in Organizational Behavior. Greenwich: JAI, 15.
DYER, W.G. (1992): The Entrepreneurial Experience. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
EISENHAUER, J.G. (1995): The entrepreneurial decision: Economic Theory and empirical evidence. Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, Summer, 67-79.
FAYOLLE, A. y GAILLY, B. (2004): Creation and returns of social capital: a new research program. Routledge, London.
FELDMAN, D.C. y BOLINO, M.C. (2000): Career patterns of the self-employed: career motivations and career outcomes. Journal Small Business Management, 38, 53-67.
FORNAHL, D. (2003): Entrepreneurial activities in a regional context. En D. Fornahl y T. Brener (Eds), Cooperation, Networks, and Institutions in Regional Innovation Systems. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. 38-57.
FORNELL, C. y LARCKER, D. (1981): Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18, Nº. 1, pp. 39 – 50.
FORSON, C. y ÖZBILGIN, M. (2003): Dot-com women entrepreneurs in the UK. Entrepreneurship and Innovation. February. 13-24
FRANKE, N. y LUTHJE, C. (2004): Entrepreneurial Intentions of Business Students. A Benchmarking Study. International Journal of innovation and Technology Management, 1/3, 269-288.
GIFFORD, S. (1993): Heterogeneus Ability, Career Choice, and Firm Size. Small Business Economics, 5. 249-259.
GILL, R. y GANESH, S. (2007): Enpowerment, Constraint, and the entrepreneurial self: a study of white women entrepreneurs. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 35, 3, 268-293.
GONZÁLEZ, O. (2001). Actitudes hacia el trabajo y la creación de empresas según género. Boletín Económico del ICE, Nº 2709.
GROMB, D. y SCHAFERSTEIN, D. (2002): Entrepreneurship in equilibrium. NBER Working Paper 9001.
HAMILTON , B.H. (2000): Does entrepreneurship pay? An empirical analysis of the returns to self employment. Journal of Political Economy, 108. 604-631.
HERRON, L. y SAPIENZA, H.J. (1992): The entrepreneur and the initiation of new venture launch activities. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 17. 49-55.
HISRICH, R. y BRUSH, C. (1984): The women entrepreneur. Management kills and business problems. Journal of Small Business management, 22. 30-37.
HOLMES, T.J. y SCHMITZ, J.A. (1990): A Theory of Entrepreneurship and its application to the study of business transfers. Journal of Political Economy, 98. 265-294.
HUMPHREYS, M.A. y MCCLUNG, H. (1981): “Women entrepreneurs in Oklahoma”. Review of regional Economics and Business, Vol. 6, Nº.2, 13-20.
HYDE, J.S. y KLING, K.C. (2001): Women, innovation and achievement. Psychology of women Quarterly, 25. 364-378.
JACK, S.L. y ANDERSON, A.R. (2002): The effects of Embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 17. 467-487.
KALLENBERG, A.L. y LEICHT, K.T. (1991): Gender and organizational performance: Determinants of small business survival and success. Academy of Management Journal, 34. 136-161
KATZ, J. (1994): Modeling entrepreneurial career progressions: concepts and considerations. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 19. 23-39.
KIRZNER, I.M. (1973): Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago II. University of Chicago Press.
KRUEGER, N. (1993): The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 18. 5-21.
KRUEGER, N. y CARSRUD. A.L. (1993): Entrepreneurial intentions: applying the theory of planned behavior. Entrepreneurial Regional Development, 5. 315-330.
KRUEGER, N. y DICKSON, P. (1994): How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: Sel-efficacy and perceptions of opportunity and threat. Decision Sciences, 25. 385-400.
KRUEGER, N.F.; REILLY, M.D. y CARSRUD, A.L. (2000): Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15. 411-432.
KRUEGER, N.F. (2003): The cognitive psychology of entrepreneurship. En Z.J. Acs y D. B. Audretchs (eds). Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research. 105-140.
LEARNED, K.E. (1992): What happened before the organization?. A model of organization formation. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 17. 39-48.
LEAZAR, E.P. (2002). Entrepreneurship. NBER Working Paper, N 9109.
LEE , S.H. y WONG, P.K. (2004): An exploratory study of technoempreneurial intentions: a carree anchor perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 19, 7-28.
LIÑÁN, F. y SANTOS, F.J. (2006): La influencia del capital social sobre los empresarios potenciales. Estudios de Economía Aplicada, Vol. 24, pp. 459-489.
LOW, M.B. y MACMILLAN, I.C. (1988): Entrepreneurship: Past research and future challenges. Journal of Management. 35. 139-161.
LUQUE, T. (2000): Técnicas de análisis de datos en investigación de mercados. Ed. Pirámide, Madrid.
MARTINEZ, J.; MIRA, I. y GÓMEZ, J.M. (2010): Nascent Entrepreneurship and perceptual variables from a gender overview. Differences in diferent economic climates. V Workshop de Investigación basada en GEM, Cádiz.
MINNITI, M.; ARENIUS, P. y LANGOWITZ, N. (2005): Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2004 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship. Center for Women’s Leadership at Babson College.
MINNITI, M.; ALLEN, I. y LANGOWITZ, N. (2006): Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2005 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship. Center for Women’s Leadership at Babson College.
MINNITI, M. y NARDONE, C. (2007): Being in someone else’s shoes: the role of gender in nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, Vol. 28, Nº 2/3, pp. 223-238.
MURAVYEV, A.; TALAVERA, O. y SCHÄFER, D. (2009): Entrepreneurs’ gender and financial constraints: evidence form international data. Journal of Comparative Economics, 37, 270-286
RUIZ, J.; ROJAS, A. y SUÁREZ, A. (2008): Actitudes de los estudiantes universitarios de Andalucía ante la creación de empresas. Universidad de Cádiz, Servicios de Publicaciones.
OTANI, K. (1996): A human capital approach to entrepreneurial capacity. Economica, 63. 273-289.
PELLEGRINO, E.T. y REES, B.L. (1982): Perceived formative and operational problems encountered by female entrepreneurs en retail and service firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 20, Nº.2, 15-24.
RODRIGUEZ, M.J. y SANTOS, F.J. (2008): La actividad emprendedora de las mujeres y el proceso de creación de empresas. Información Comercial Española, Nº 841.
SÁNCHEZ, M.; POSTIGO, M.V.; DÍAZ, J.C. y HERNÁNDEZ, R. (2010): Investigación en creación de empresas con datos GEM. Aproximación al Estado de la Cuestión en los estudios sobre género. V Workshop de Investigación basada en GEM, Cádiz.
SCHERER, R.; ADAMS, J.; CARLEY, S. y WIEBE, F. (1989): Role modelo performance effects on development of entrepreneurial career preference. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13. 53-81.
SCHUMPETER, J. (1934): The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press.
SHANE, S. y VENKATARAMAN, S. (2000): The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review. 25, 217-226.
SHANE, S. (2003): A general theory of entrepreneurship. The individual-opportunity nexus. Chetenham: Edaward Elgar.
SHAPERO, A. y SOKOL, L. (1982): Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. En Kent, D; Sexton, D. y Veper, K (Eds): The Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. 72-90.
SMITH, N.R. y MINER, J.B. (1983): Type of entrepreneur, type of firm, and managerial innovation: implications for organizational life cycle theory. En: Hornaday, J.A.; Timmnos, J.; Vesper, K. (Eds.). Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, pp.55-71.
STEIGER, J. H. (1990): Structural Model Evaluation and Modification: An Interval Estimation Approach, Multivariate Behavioral Research, Nº. 25, pp. 173 – 180.
TKACHEV, A. y KOLVEREID, L. (1999): Self-employment intentions among russian students. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 11. 269-280
VAN UXEM, F.W. y BAIS, J. (1996): Her starten van een bedrijf: ervaringen van 2000 starters. Zoetermeer: EIM.
VECIANA, J.M.; APONTE, M.; URBANO, D. (2005): University Students’ attitudes towards entrepreneurship: a two countries comparison, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1 (2), 165-182.
VERHEURL, I. y THURIK, R. (2001): Start-up capital: ‘Does gender matter?’. Small Business Management, 16. 109-125.
WAGNER, J. STERNBERG, R. (2004): Start-up activity, industrial characteristics and the regional milieu: lessons for entrepreneurship support policy from German microdata. Annals of Regional Science, 38. 219-240.
WAGNER, J. (2007): What a difference a y makes. Female and Male nascent entrepreneurs in Germany. Small Business Economics, Vol. 28, Nº 1, pp. 1-21.
RUIZ, J., CAMELO, C. y CODURAS, A. (2012): Mujer y desafío emprendedor en España, Economía Industrial, 383, 13 – 22.
SARASVATHY, S.D. y VENKATARAMAN, S. (2011): Entrepreneurship as Method: Open Questions for an Entrepreneurial Future”. Entrepreneurship Theory And Practice, 35, 113 – 135.
Issue
Section
Articles
Copyright Information
Authors retain copyright of its works. Management Letters/Cuadernos de Gestión publications are licensed under Creative Commons license CC-BY-NC-ND, granting open access rights to society.
Specifically, CC-BY-NC-ND license permits any kind of use, distribution, publicize and copy the article, as long as the original author and source are properly recognized and for Non Commercial purposes.
The author can use the article freely always indicating that it has been published in Management Letters/Cuadernos de Gestión. Any re-edition of the article must be approved by the journal editorial team.