The internationalization of the Spanish Manufacturing Firm: Effect of the specific and generic human capital
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Published
18-09-2018
José López Rodríguez
Abstract
The efficiency and competitive capacity of firms depend —besides other factors— on the quality of the human capital which they have. Thus, the objective of this work is to analyze the effect of the firm's human capital in the decision to enter into the international markets like in the intensity of sales made in these markets using logit and tobit regression models. The empirical analysis is carried out on a sample of Spanish manufacturing firms. The quality of firm's human capital is evaluated in two ways, on the one side we consider the generic human capital of the employees and on the other side we consider the specific human capital of the employees. The results show that the generic and specific firm's human capital have a positive and significant effect on both the decision to enter in the international markets and the intensity of sales made in these markets.
How to Cite
López Rodríguez, J. (2018). The internationalization of the Spanish Manufacturing Firm: Effect of the specific and generic human capital. Cuadernos De Gestión, 6(1), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.19149jl
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Keywords
Resource-based view, education, export intensity, tobit models
References
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AMEMIYA, T. (1984): «Tobit models: A survey». Journal of Econometrics, 24, pp. 3-61.
AMEMIYA, T. (1985): Advance Econometrics, Harvard University Press.
BARNEY, J.B. (1991): «Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage». Journal of Management, 17, pp. 99-120.
BECKER, G.S. (1975): Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education, Columbia University Press, New York.
BERNARD, A.B. y JENSEN, J.B. (1997): «Exporters, skill upgrading and the wage wap». Journal of International Economics, 47, pp. 1-25.
BERNARD, A.B. y JENSEN, J.B. (2001): «Why some firms export». NBER Working Paper, 8.349, Cambridge, MA.
BLEANEY, M. y WAKELIN, K. (2002): «Efficiency, innovation and exports». Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 64, pp. 3-15.
BONACCORSI, A. (1992): «On the relationship between firm size and export intensity». Journal of International Business Studies, 23 (4), pp. 605-35.
CALOF, J.L. (1994): «The relationship between firm size and export behaviour revisited». Journal of International Business Studies, segundo trimestre, pp. 367-387.
COOPER, A.C.; GIMENO-GASCÓN, F.J. y WOO, C.Y. (1994): «Initial human and financial capital predictors of new venture performance». Journal of Business Venturing, 1 (3), 371-395.
DITCHL, E.; KONDO, F.; KÖGLMAYR, H.-G. y MÜLLER, S. (1984): «The foreign orientation of managers: A key variable, export promotion and export results», The Ritsumeikan Business Review, Kyoto, 23, pp. 1-33.
DIXIT, A. (1989): «Entry and exit decisions under uncertainty». Journal of Political Economy, 97, pp. 620-638.
EUSEBIO, R. y RIALP, A. (2002): «Innovación tecnológica y resultado exportador: Un análisis empírico aplicado al sector textil-confección español». Document de treball, n.º 2002/4, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.
GEMUNDEN, H.-G. (1991): «Success factors of export marketing: A meta-analytic critique of the empirical studies». In S.J. PALIWODA (editor): New Perspectives on international marketing. London: Routledge.
GOURLAY, A. y SEATON, J. (2004): «Explaining the decision to export: evidence from UK firms». Applied Economic Letters, 11, pp. 153-158.
HYMER S.H. (1960, publicación en 1976): «The international operations of national firms: A study of direct foreign investment». Cambridge: MIT Press.
JOHNSTON, J. y DINARDO, J. (2001): Métodos de econometría. Ed. Vicens Vives.
KRAVIS, I.B. y LIPSEY, R.E. (1992): «Sources of competitiveness of the united states and of its multinational firms». Review of Economics and Statistics, 74 (2), pp. 193-201.
LAZEAR, E.P. (2003): «Firm-specific human capital: A skill-weights approach», NBER, n.º 9.679.
LEFEBVRE, E. y LEFEBVRE, L.A. (2001): «Innovative capabilities as determinants of export behaviour and performance: A longitudinal study of manufacturing SMEs», in A. Kleinnknecht and P. Mohnen (eds.): Innovation and Firm Performance: Econometric Exploration of Survey Data, Palgrave. London, pp. 1-18.
LEONIDOU, L.C.; KATSIKEAS, C.S. y PEIRCY, N.F. (1998): «Identifying managerial influences on exporting: Past research and future directions». Journal of International Marketing, 6, pp. 74-102.
MADDALA, G.S. (1983): Limited Dependent and Quantitative Variables in Econometrics, Cambridge University Press.
MANOLOVA, T.S.; BRUSH, C.G.; EDELMAN, L.F. y GREENE, P.G. (2002): «Internationalization of Small Firms: personal factors revisited». International Small Business Journal, vol. 20, n.º 1, pp. 9-31.
MARKIDES, C. y WILLIAMSON, P.J. (1996): «Corporate diversification, core competences and corporate performace», Academy of Management Journal, vol. 39, n.º 2, pp. 340-367.
MERINO DE LUCAS, F. (1998): «La salida al exterior de la PYME manufacturera española». Información Comercial Española, n.º 73, pp. 13-24.
MIESENBOCK, K.J. (1988): «Small business and exporting: A literature review». International Small Business Journal, vol. 6, n.º 2, pp. 42-61.
NAKAOS, G.; BROUTHERS, K.D. y BROUTHERS, L.E. (1998): «The impact of firm and managerial characteristics on small and medium-sized Greek firms export performance». Journal of Global Marketing, 11, pp. 23-47.
PENROSE, E.T. (1959): The theory of the growth of the firm. Ed. Oxford:Blackwell.
RAMÍREZ ALESÓN, M. (2004): «La importancia de los recursos intangibles en la internacionalización de la empresa». Universia Business Review, n.º 3, tercer trimestre, pp. 62-69.
REUBER, A.R. y FISCHER, E. (1997): «The influence of the management tem’s international experience on the internationalization behaviour of SME’s». Journal of International Business Studies, 28 (4), pp. 807-825.
ROYALTY, A.B. (1996): «The effects of job turnover on the training of men and women», Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 49, n.º 3, pp. 506-521.
SMITH, V.; STROJER, E. y DILLING-HANSEN, M. (2002): «Export performance and Investment in R&D», WP 2002/4. The Danish Institute for Studies in Research and Research Policy.
WAGNER, J. (1996): «Export performance, human capital and product innovation in German: A micro view» Jb.f. Wirtschaftswissenschaften, 47, pp. 40-45.
WAGNER, J. (2001): «A note on the firm size-export relationship». Small Business Economics, 17, pp. 229-237.
WAKELIN, K. (1998): «Innovation and export behaviour at the firm level». Research Policy, 26, pp. 829-841.
WERNERFELT, B. (1984): «A resource-based view of the firm». Strategic Management Journal, 16, pp. 171-180.
WESTHEAD, P.; WRIGHT, M. y UCBASARAN, D. (2001): «The internationalization of new and small firms: A resource-based view». Journal of Business Venturing, n.º 16, pp. 33-358.
WIGNARAJA, G. (2002): «Firm size, technological capabilities and market-orientated policies in Mauritius». Oxford Developmente Studies, vol. 30 (1), pp. 87-105.
AMEMIYA, T. (1984): «Tobit models: A survey». Journal of Econometrics, 24, pp. 3-61.
AMEMIYA, T. (1985): Advance Econometrics, Harvard University Press.
BARNEY, J.B. (1991): «Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage». Journal of Management, 17, pp. 99-120.
BECKER, G.S. (1975): Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education, Columbia University Press, New York.
BERNARD, A.B. y JENSEN, J.B. (1997): «Exporters, skill upgrading and the wage wap». Journal of International Economics, 47, pp. 1-25.
BERNARD, A.B. y JENSEN, J.B. (2001): «Why some firms export». NBER Working Paper, 8.349, Cambridge, MA.
BLEANEY, M. y WAKELIN, K. (2002): «Efficiency, innovation and exports». Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 64, pp. 3-15.
BONACCORSI, A. (1992): «On the relationship between firm size and export intensity». Journal of International Business Studies, 23 (4), pp. 605-35.
CALOF, J.L. (1994): «The relationship between firm size and export behaviour revisited». Journal of International Business Studies, segundo trimestre, pp. 367-387.
COOPER, A.C.; GIMENO-GASCÓN, F.J. y WOO, C.Y. (1994): «Initial human and financial capital predictors of new venture performance». Journal of Business Venturing, 1 (3), 371-395.
DITCHL, E.; KONDO, F.; KÖGLMAYR, H.-G. y MÜLLER, S. (1984): «The foreign orientation of managers: A key variable, export promotion and export results», The Ritsumeikan Business Review, Kyoto, 23, pp. 1-33.
DIXIT, A. (1989): «Entry and exit decisions under uncertainty». Journal of Political Economy, 97, pp. 620-638.
EUSEBIO, R. y RIALP, A. (2002): «Innovación tecnológica y resultado exportador: Un análisis empírico aplicado al sector textil-confección español». Document de treball, n.º 2002/4, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.
GEMUNDEN, H.-G. (1991): «Success factors of export marketing: A meta-analytic critique of the empirical studies». In S.J. PALIWODA (editor): New Perspectives on international marketing. London: Routledge.
GOURLAY, A. y SEATON, J. (2004): «Explaining the decision to export: evidence from UK firms». Applied Economic Letters, 11, pp. 153-158.
HYMER S.H. (1960, publicación en 1976): «The international operations of national firms: A study of direct foreign investment». Cambridge: MIT Press.
JOHNSTON, J. y DINARDO, J. (2001): Métodos de econometría. Ed. Vicens Vives.
KRAVIS, I.B. y LIPSEY, R.E. (1992): «Sources of competitiveness of the united states and of its multinational firms». Review of Economics and Statistics, 74 (2), pp. 193-201.
LAZEAR, E.P. (2003): «Firm-specific human capital: A skill-weights approach», NBER, n.º 9.679.
LEFEBVRE, E. y LEFEBVRE, L.A. (2001): «Innovative capabilities as determinants of export behaviour and performance: A longitudinal study of manufacturing SMEs», in A. Kleinnknecht and P. Mohnen (eds.): Innovation and Firm Performance: Econometric Exploration of Survey Data, Palgrave. London, pp. 1-18.
LEONIDOU, L.C.; KATSIKEAS, C.S. y PEIRCY, N.F. (1998): «Identifying managerial influences on exporting: Past research and future directions». Journal of International Marketing, 6, pp. 74-102.
MADDALA, G.S. (1983): Limited Dependent and Quantitative Variables in Econometrics, Cambridge University Press.
MANOLOVA, T.S.; BRUSH, C.G.; EDELMAN, L.F. y GREENE, P.G. (2002): «Internationalization of Small Firms: personal factors revisited». International Small Business Journal, vol. 20, n.º 1, pp. 9-31.
MARKIDES, C. y WILLIAMSON, P.J. (1996): «Corporate diversification, core competences and corporate performace», Academy of Management Journal, vol. 39, n.º 2, pp. 340-367.
MERINO DE LUCAS, F. (1998): «La salida al exterior de la PYME manufacturera española». Información Comercial Española, n.º 73, pp. 13-24.
MIESENBOCK, K.J. (1988): «Small business and exporting: A literature review». International Small Business Journal, vol. 6, n.º 2, pp. 42-61.
NAKAOS, G.; BROUTHERS, K.D. y BROUTHERS, L.E. (1998): «The impact of firm and managerial characteristics on small and medium-sized Greek firms export performance». Journal of Global Marketing, 11, pp. 23-47.
PENROSE, E.T. (1959): The theory of the growth of the firm. Ed. Oxford:Blackwell.
RAMÍREZ ALESÓN, M. (2004): «La importancia de los recursos intangibles en la internacionalización de la empresa». Universia Business Review, n.º 3, tercer trimestre, pp. 62-69.
REUBER, A.R. y FISCHER, E. (1997): «The influence of the management tem’s international experience on the internationalization behaviour of SME’s». Journal of International Business Studies, 28 (4), pp. 807-825.
ROYALTY, A.B. (1996): «The effects of job turnover on the training of men and women», Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 49, n.º 3, pp. 506-521.
SMITH, V.; STROJER, E. y DILLING-HANSEN, M. (2002): «Export performance and Investment in R&D», WP 2002/4. The Danish Institute for Studies in Research and Research Policy.
WAGNER, J. (1996): «Export performance, human capital and product innovation in German: A micro view» Jb.f. Wirtschaftswissenschaften, 47, pp. 40-45.
WAGNER, J. (2001): «A note on the firm size-export relationship». Small Business Economics, 17, pp. 229-237.
WAKELIN, K. (1998): «Innovation and export behaviour at the firm level». Research Policy, 26, pp. 829-841.
WERNERFELT, B. (1984): «A resource-based view of the firm». Strategic Management Journal, 16, pp. 171-180.
WESTHEAD, P.; WRIGHT, M. y UCBASARAN, D. (2001): «The internationalization of new and small firms: A resource-based view». Journal of Business Venturing, n.º 16, pp. 33-358.
WIGNARAJA, G. (2002): «Firm size, technological capabilities and market-orientated policies in Mauritius». Oxford Developmente Studies, vol. 30 (1), pp. 87-105.
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