Mediterranean Diet and Happiness in Generation Z: Implications for Well-Being Management
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Published
29-07-2026
Jose L. Ruiz-Alba
Guillermo Bermúdez-González
Pablo J. López-Tenorio
Berta Marques
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3700-6505
Guillermo Bermúdez-González
Pablo J. López-Tenorio
Berta Marques
Abstract
This study investigates how adherence to the Mediterranean diet, hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, and physical activity jointly influence self-perceived happiness among Generation Z consumers. Using survey data collected from young adults in Andalusia, Spain, and applying fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, the research uncovers three distinct and sufficient configurations associated with high levels of happiness. The first pathway highlights the combination of physical activity with strong eudaimonic well-being, indicating that purposeful engagement and active lifestyles form a robust pathway to flourishing. The second pathway links Mediterranean diet adherence, physical activity, and hedonic well-being, suggesting that balanced eating, movement, and positive affect can work together to enhance subjective happiness. The third configuration shows that diet adherence, when paired with both hedonic pleasure and eudaimonic meaning, can foster happiness even in the absence of high physical activity. Importantly, no single factor emerged as a necessary condition, reinforcing the idea that happiness among Generation Z arises from multiple, equally valid lifestyle and psychological combinations. By integrating nutrition, positive psychology, and lifestyle behaviour within a configurational model, this study contributes to a more holistic understanding of youth happiness and offers implications for well-being management, practical insights for public health initiatives and policy strategies aimed at promoting well-being in younger populations.
How to Cite
Ruiz-Alba, J. L., Bermúdez-González, G., López-Tenorio, P. J., & Marques, B. (2026). Mediterranean Diet and Happiness in Generation Z: Implications for Well-Being Management. Cuadernos De Gestión, 26(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.252534jr
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Keywords
Mediterranean diet, Hedonic well-being, Eudaimonic well-being, Physical activity, Happiness, Generation Z
References
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Carfora, V., Morandi, M., & Catellani, P. (2022). The Effect of Message Framing in Promoting the Mediterranean Diet: The Moder-ating Role of Eating Self-Efficacy. Foods, 11(10), 1454. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11101454
Cuesta-Valiño, P., Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, P., García-Henche, B., & Núñez-Barriopedro, E. (2024). The impact of corporate social responsibility on consumer brand engagement and purchase intention at fashion retailers. Psychology & Marketing, 41(3), 649-664. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21940
Cuesta-Valiño, P., Alonso-García, J., Pablo-Martí, F., & Núñez-Barriopedro, E. (2024). Constraints and barriers on industrial custom-er performance in an omnichannel ecosystem. Review of Managerial Science, 18, 2749-2780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00780-y
Cuesta-Valiño, P., Kazakov, S., Durán-Álamo, P., & Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, P. (2025). The role of AI as an unconventional salesperson in consumer buying decisions, satisfaction and happiness. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 31, 100278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2025.100278
Daukilas, S., Kovalčikienė, K., & Baltakienė, L. (2017). Hedonic and eudaimonic values in sport participation of the youth. Manage-ment Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development, 39(4), 409-420. https://doi.org/10.15544/MTS.2017.28
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory. En P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Hand-book of theories of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 416-436). SAGE.
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Disabato, D., Goodman, F., Kashdan, T., Short, J., & Jarden, A. (2016). Different types of well-being? A cross-cultural examination of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Psychological assessment, 28(5), 471-482. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000209
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Isabato, D.J, Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., Short, J. L., & Jarden, A. (2016). Different types of well-being? A cross-cultural exami-nation of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Psychological Assessment, 28(5), 471-482. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000209
Fave, A. D., Brdar, I., Freire, T., Vella-Brodrick, D., & Wissing, M. P. (2011). The eudaimonic and hedonic components of happiness: Qualitative and quantitative findings. Social Indicators Research, 100(2), 185-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9632-5
Fiss, P. C. (2011). Building better causal theories: A fuzzy set approach to typologies in 770 organization research. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 393-420. 771 https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2011.60263120
Grénman, M., & Bočkus, D. (2025). The path to flourishing: exploring Generation Z’s engagement in hedonic and eudaimonic well-ness pursuits. Annals of Leisure Research, 1-20.
Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, P., Cuesta-Valiño, P., Ravina-Ripoll, R., & García-Henche, B. (2024). Purchase intention of fashion brand re-tailers: a journey through consumer engagement and happiness. Management Decision, 62(2), 381-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-04-2023-0541
Hernáez, Á., & Estruch, R. (2019). The Mediterranean Diet and Cancer: What Do Human and Molecular Studies Have to Say about It? Nutrients, 11(9), 2155 10.3390/nu11092155
Hu, F. B., Drescher, G., Trichopoulou, A., Willett, W. C., & Martínez-González, M. A. (2025). Three Decades of the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid: A Narrative Review of Its History, Evolution, and Advances. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.04.036
Huta, V., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). Pursuing pleasure or virtue: The differential and overlapping well-being benefits of hedonic and eudaimonic motives. Journal of happiness studies, 11(6), 735-762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9171-4
Huta, V., & Waterman, A. S. (2014). Eudaimonia and its distinction from hedonia: Developing a classification and terminology for understanding well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(6), 1425-1456.
Jia, N., Li, W., Zhang, L., & Kong, F. (2022). Beneficial effects of hedonic and eudaimonic motivations on subjective well-being in adolescents: a two-wave cross-lagged analysis. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 17(5), 701-707.
John, A., Mathew, J., & Nair, S. (2024). E-shopping orientation, trust and impulse buying in the online context: A study based on female members of Generation Z in India. International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, 21(1-2), 55-67. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIMA.2023.10056876
Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (Eds.). (1999). Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Founda-tion.
Lukoševičiūtė, J., Gariepy, G., Mabelis, J., Gaspar, T., Joffė-Luinienė, R., & Šmigelskas, K. (2022). Single-item happiness measure features adequate validity among adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 884520.
Martínez-González, M. A., López-Fontana, C., Varo, J. J., Sánchez-Villegas, A., & Martinez, J. A. (2005). Validation of the Spanish version of the physical activity questionnaire used in the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals’ Follow-up Study. Public Health Nutrition, 8(7), 920-927. https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2005745
Martínez-González, M. Á., Hershey, M. S., Zazpe,I., & Trichopoulou, A. (2017). Transferability of the Mediterranean Diet to Non-Mediterranean Countries. What Is and What Is Not the Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients, 9(11), 1226. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111226
Mishra, V., & Das, B. (2024). What drives Generation Z to advocate for a brand online?. International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, 20(1), 1-25.
Ng, J. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Duda, J. L., & Williams, G. C. (2012). Self-determination theory applied to health contexts: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on psychological science, 7(4), 325-340.
Pappas, I. O., & Woodside, A. G. (2021). Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA): Guidelines for research practice in Information Systems and marketing. International journal of information management, 58, 102310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102310
Ragin, C. C. (2008). Measurement versus calibration: A set-theoretic approach. In J. M. Box-Steffensmeier, H. E. Brady, & D. Collier (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political methodology (pp. 174-198). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0008
Ruiz-Castañeda, J., Osorio-Valencia, J., & García-Méndez, F. (2023). Associations between Mediterranean diet and processed food consumption with depressive symptoms: A systematic review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1485. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1485 MDPI https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14091485
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2024). Self-determination theory. In Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 6229-6235). Springer International Publishing.
Ryan, R., Huta, V. & Deci, E.L. (2008) Living well: a self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia. Journal of happiness studies, 9, 139-170 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9023-4
Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psy-chosomatics, 83(1), 10-28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
Ryff, C. D. (2017). Eudaimonic well-being, inequality and health: Recent findings and future directions. International Review of Economics, 64(2), 159-178.
Saini, B., Gaur, J., Nehra, S., & Yadav, N. (2026). Nutrition and lifestyle of Generation Z: Emerging concerns for Sustainable Devel-opment Goals. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science, 15(2), 140-143. https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.15020000012
Schneider, C. Q., & Wagemann, C. (2010). Standards of good practice in qualitative 876 comparative analysis (QCA) and fuzzy-sets. Comparative Sociology, 9(3), 397-418. 877 https://doi.org/10.1163/156913210X12493538729793
Schröder, H., Fitó, M., Estruch, R., Martínez-González, M. A., Corella, D., Salas-Salvadó, J., ... & Covas, M. I. (2011). A short screener is valid for assessing Mediterranean diet adherence among older Spanish men and women. The Journal of nutrition, 141(6), 1140-1145.
Sheldon, K. M., Prentice, M., & Niemiec, C. P. (2023). Meaning, motivation, and wellness: Advancing the self-determination framework for well-being science. Motivation and Emotion, 47(5), 693-710.
Steger, M. F., Oishi, S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2008). Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802303127
Tomás-Gallego, G., Dalmau-Torres, J. M., Jiménez-Boraita, R., Ortuño-Sierra, J., & Gargallo-Ibort, E. (2025). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in Spanish university students: Association with lifestyle habits, mental and emotional well-being. Nutri-ents, 17(4), 698.
Vansteenkiste, M., Ryan, R. M., & Soenens, B. (2020). Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions. Motivation and Emotion, 44, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09818-1
Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., & Conti, R. (2008). The implications of two conceptions of happiness (hedonic enjoyment and eudaimonia) for the understanding of intrinsic motivation. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 41-79.
Woodside, A. G. (2013). Moving beyond multiple regression analysis to algorithms: Calling for a paradigm shift from symmetric to asymmetric thinking in data analysis and crafting theory. Journal of Business Research, 66(4), 463-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.12.021
World Health Organization. (2025, September 1). Mental health of adolescents. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health
Youssef, R., Najm, D. B., Al-Bourji, M., & Boutros, P. H. (2025). Association of the mediterranean diet with mental well-being: a cross-sectional study among adults living in Lebanon. BMC Public Health, 25(1), 2689.
Zhang, Z., Tong, J., He, Z., & Qi, X. (2025). Relationship between physical activity and eudaimonic well-being in college students based on Ryff’s six-factor model of psychological well-being. BMC psychology, 13(1), 437. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02752-7
Bermúdez-González, G.; Sánchez-Teba, E.M.; Benítez-Márquez, M.D.; Montiel-Chamizo, A. (2021). Generation Z Young People’s Perception of Sexist Female Stereotypes about the Product Advertising in the Food Industry: Influence on Their Purchase Inten-tion. Foods, 11(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11010053
Carfora, V., Morandi, M., & Catellani, P. (2022). The Effect of Message Framing in Promoting the Mediterranean Diet: The Moder-ating Role of Eating Self-Efficacy. Foods, 11(10), 1454. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11101454
Cuesta-Valiño, P., Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, P., García-Henche, B., & Núñez-Barriopedro, E. (2024). The impact of corporate social responsibility on consumer brand engagement and purchase intention at fashion retailers. Psychology & Marketing, 41(3), 649-664. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21940
Cuesta-Valiño, P., Alonso-García, J., Pablo-Martí, F., & Núñez-Barriopedro, E. (2024). Constraints and barriers on industrial custom-er performance in an omnichannel ecosystem. Review of Managerial Science, 18, 2749-2780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00780-y
Cuesta-Valiño, P., Kazakov, S., Durán-Álamo, P., & Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, P. (2025). The role of AI as an unconventional salesperson in consumer buying decisions, satisfaction and happiness. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 31, 100278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2025.100278
Daukilas, S., Kovalčikienė, K., & Baltakienė, L. (2017). Hedonic and eudaimonic values in sport participation of the youth. Manage-ment Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development, 39(4), 409-420. https://doi.org/10.15544/MTS.2017.28
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory. En P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Hand-book of theories of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 416-436). SAGE.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature human behaviour, 2(4), 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6.
Disabato, D., Goodman, F., Kashdan, T., Short, J., & Jarden, A. (2016). Different types of well-being? A cross-cultural examination of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Psychological assessment, 28(5), 471-482. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000209
European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS). (2026). Eurofound. Retrieved October 9, 2025, from https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/surveys-and-data/surveys/european-quality-of-life-survey/eqls-2026
Isabato, D.J, Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., Short, J. L., & Jarden, A. (2016). Different types of well-being? A cross-cultural exami-nation of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Psychological Assessment, 28(5), 471-482. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000209
Fave, A. D., Brdar, I., Freire, T., Vella-Brodrick, D., & Wissing, M. P. (2011). The eudaimonic and hedonic components of happiness: Qualitative and quantitative findings. Social Indicators Research, 100(2), 185-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9632-5
Fiss, P. C. (2011). Building better causal theories: A fuzzy set approach to typologies in 770 organization research. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 393-420. 771 https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2011.60263120
Grénman, M., & Bočkus, D. (2025). The path to flourishing: exploring Generation Z’s engagement in hedonic and eudaimonic well-ness pursuits. Annals of Leisure Research, 1-20.
Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, P., Cuesta-Valiño, P., Ravina-Ripoll, R., & García-Henche, B. (2024). Purchase intention of fashion brand re-tailers: a journey through consumer engagement and happiness. Management Decision, 62(2), 381-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-04-2023-0541
Hernáez, Á., & Estruch, R. (2019). The Mediterranean Diet and Cancer: What Do Human and Molecular Studies Have to Say about It? Nutrients, 11(9), 2155 10.3390/nu11092155
Hu, F. B., Drescher, G., Trichopoulou, A., Willett, W. C., & Martínez-González, M. A. (2025). Three Decades of the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid: A Narrative Review of Its History, Evolution, and Advances. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.04.036
Huta, V., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). Pursuing pleasure or virtue: The differential and overlapping well-being benefits of hedonic and eudaimonic motives. Journal of happiness studies, 11(6), 735-762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9171-4
Huta, V., & Waterman, A. S. (2014). Eudaimonia and its distinction from hedonia: Developing a classification and terminology for understanding well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(6), 1425-1456.
Jia, N., Li, W., Zhang, L., & Kong, F. (2022). Beneficial effects of hedonic and eudaimonic motivations on subjective well-being in adolescents: a two-wave cross-lagged analysis. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 17(5), 701-707.
John, A., Mathew, J., & Nair, S. (2024). E-shopping orientation, trust and impulse buying in the online context: A study based on female members of Generation Z in India. International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, 21(1-2), 55-67. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIMA.2023.10056876
Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (Eds.). (1999). Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Founda-tion.
Lukoševičiūtė, J., Gariepy, G., Mabelis, J., Gaspar, T., Joffė-Luinienė, R., & Šmigelskas, K. (2022). Single-item happiness measure features adequate validity among adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 884520.
Martínez-González, M. A., López-Fontana, C., Varo, J. J., Sánchez-Villegas, A., & Martinez, J. A. (2005). Validation of the Spanish version of the physical activity questionnaire used in the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals’ Follow-up Study. Public Health Nutrition, 8(7), 920-927. https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2005745
Martínez-González, M. Á., Hershey, M. S., Zazpe,I., & Trichopoulou, A. (2017). Transferability of the Mediterranean Diet to Non-Mediterranean Countries. What Is and What Is Not the Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients, 9(11), 1226. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111226
Mishra, V., & Das, B. (2024). What drives Generation Z to advocate for a brand online?. International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, 20(1), 1-25.
Ng, J. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Duda, J. L., & Williams, G. C. (2012). Self-determination theory applied to health contexts: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on psychological science, 7(4), 325-340.
Pappas, I. O., & Woodside, A. G. (2021). Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA): Guidelines for research practice in Information Systems and marketing. International journal of information management, 58, 102310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102310
Ragin, C. C. (2008). Measurement versus calibration: A set-theoretic approach. In J. M. Box-Steffensmeier, H. E. Brady, & D. Collier (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political methodology (pp. 174-198). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0008
Ruiz-Castañeda, J., Osorio-Valencia, J., & García-Méndez, F. (2023). Associations between Mediterranean diet and processed food consumption with depressive symptoms: A systematic review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1485. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1485 MDPI https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14091485
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2024). Self-determination theory. In Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 6229-6235). Springer International Publishing.
Ryan, R., Huta, V. & Deci, E.L. (2008) Living well: a self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia. Journal of happiness studies, 9, 139-170 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9023-4
Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psy-chosomatics, 83(1), 10-28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
Ryff, C. D. (2017). Eudaimonic well-being, inequality and health: Recent findings and future directions. International Review of Economics, 64(2), 159-178.
Saini, B., Gaur, J., Nehra, S., & Yadav, N. (2026). Nutrition and lifestyle of Generation Z: Emerging concerns for Sustainable Devel-opment Goals. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science, 15(2), 140-143. https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.15020000012
Schneider, C. Q., & Wagemann, C. (2010). Standards of good practice in qualitative 876 comparative analysis (QCA) and fuzzy-sets. Comparative Sociology, 9(3), 397-418. 877 https://doi.org/10.1163/156913210X12493538729793
Schröder, H., Fitó, M., Estruch, R., Martínez-González, M. A., Corella, D., Salas-Salvadó, J., ... & Covas, M. I. (2011). A short screener is valid for assessing Mediterranean diet adherence among older Spanish men and women. The Journal of nutrition, 141(6), 1140-1145.
Sheldon, K. M., Prentice, M., & Niemiec, C. P. (2023). Meaning, motivation, and wellness: Advancing the self-determination framework for well-being science. Motivation and Emotion, 47(5), 693-710.
Steger, M. F., Oishi, S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2008). Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802303127
Tomás-Gallego, G., Dalmau-Torres, J. M., Jiménez-Boraita, R., Ortuño-Sierra, J., & Gargallo-Ibort, E. (2025). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in Spanish university students: Association with lifestyle habits, mental and emotional well-being. Nutri-ents, 17(4), 698.
Vansteenkiste, M., Ryan, R. M., & Soenens, B. (2020). Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions. Motivation and Emotion, 44, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09818-1
Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., & Conti, R. (2008). The implications of two conceptions of happiness (hedonic enjoyment and eudaimonia) for the understanding of intrinsic motivation. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 41-79.
Woodside, A. G. (2013). Moving beyond multiple regression analysis to algorithms: Calling for a paradigm shift from symmetric to asymmetric thinking in data analysis and crafting theory. Journal of Business Research, 66(4), 463-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.12.021
World Health Organization. (2025, September 1). Mental health of adolescents. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health
Youssef, R., Najm, D. B., Al-Bourji, M., & Boutros, P. H. (2025). Association of the mediterranean diet with mental well-being: a cross-sectional study among adults living in Lebanon. BMC Public Health, 25(1), 2689.
Zhang, Z., Tong, J., He, Z., & Qi, X. (2025). Relationship between physical activity and eudaimonic well-being in college students based on Ryff’s six-factor model of psychological well-being. BMC psychology, 13(1), 437. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02752-7
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