Tra (s)cortesia e salvataggio della faccia: l’evidenzialità in Aristofane
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Publicado
21-02-2022
Maria Napoli
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8882-6592
Resumen
Questo articolo ha come obiettivo quello di porre in correlazione la teoria della (s)cortesia con l’analisi della categoria linguistica dell’evidenzialità, secondo una prospettiva che non è mai stata adottata negli studi sul greco antico, quantomeno a nostra conoscenza. Attraverso l’analisi di passi tratti da due commedie di Aristofane, Le Nuvole e Lisistrata, cercheremo di dimostrare come la necessità di evitare un attacco alla propria faccia positiva, per tutelare i propri interessi pragmatici e scongiurare situazioni di conflittualità, possa essere un fattore chiave nella scelta di forme di evidenzialità di tipo indiretto o diretto. In quest’ottica, l’evidenzialità può essere interpretata come strategia preventiva di salvataggio della faccia nel contesto del dialogo realizzato sulla scena teatrale.
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References
Aikhenvald, A. Y., 2004, Evidentiality, Oxford: OUP.
Aikhenvald, A. Y., 2015, «Evidentials: Their links with other grammatical categories», Linguistic Typology 19/2, 239-277.
Aikhenvald, A. Y., 2018, «Evidentiality. The framework», en: A. Y. Aikhenvald (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Evidentiality, Oxford: OUP, 1-43.
Barrios-Lech, P., 2020, «Developments in politeness from Aristophanes to Menander and beyond», en: M. Gunther, F. Iurescia, S. Hof, G. Sorrentino (eds.), Pragmatic Approaches to Drama. Studies in Communication on the Ancient Stage, Series: The Language of Classical Literature, vol. 32, Leiden: Brill, 234-263.
Bary, C., 2017, «Reportive markers in Ancient Greek», en: F. Logozzo, P. Poccetti (eds.), Ancient Greek Linguistics: New Approaches, Insights, Perspectives, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 299-308.
Battezzato, L., 2020, «Oedipus and Tiresias: Im/politeness Theory and the Interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus», en: M. Gunther, F. Iurescia, S. Hof, G. Sorrentino (eds.), Pragmatic Approaches to Drama. Studies in Communication on the Ancient Stage, Series: The Language of Classical Literature, vol. 32, Leiden: Brill, 187-212.
Brown, P., & S. C. Levinson, 1987, Politeness. Some universals in language usage, Cambridge: CUP.
Brugmann, C. M., & M. Macaulay, 2015, «Characterizing evidentiality», Linguistic Typology 19/2, 201-237.
Caffi, C., 1991, «On mitigation», Journal of Pragmatics 31, 881-909.
Caffi, C., 2007, Mitigation, Oxford: Elsevier.
Conti, L., 2017, «On the non-prototypical uses of adverbs in Homer: analysis of ἤδη», en: F. Logozzo, P. Poccetti (eds.), Ancient Greek Linguistics: New Approaches, Insights, Perspectives, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 123-136.
Culpeper, J., 2011, Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence, Cambridge: CUP.
Cuzzolin, P., 2010, «Evidentialität Strategien im Lateinischen. Vorläufige Bemerkungen», en: P. Anreiter, M. Kienpointner (eds.), Latin Linguistics Today. Akten des 15 Internationalen Kolloquiums zur lateinischen Linguistik, Innsbruck, 4-9, April 2009, Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, 247-256.
Denizot, C., 2012, «Impolite orders in Ancient Greek? The οὐκ ἐρεῖς; type», Journal of Historical Pragmatics 13/1, 110-128.
Dickey, E., 2016, «Emotional Language and Formulae of Persuasion in Greek Papyrus Letters», en: E. Sanders, M. Johncock (eds.), Emotion and Persuasion in Classical Antiquity, 237-262, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
Greco, P., 2013, «Latin Accusativus cum Participio: syntactic description, evidential values, and diachronic development», Journal of Latin Linguistics 12/2, 173-198.
Gunther, M., F. Iurescia, S. Hof & G. Sorrentino (eds.), 2020. Pragmatic Approaches to Drama. Studies in Communication on the Ancient Stage, Series: The Language of Classical Literature, Volume 32, Leiden: Brill.
Lillo, A., 2017, «On the oblique optative in Herodotus’ completive sentences, an evidentiality mark in Ancient Greek», en: F. Logozzo, P. Poccetti (eds.), Ancient Greek Linguistics: New Approaches, Insights, Perspectives, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 319-332.
Logozzo, F., & P. Poccetti (eds.), 2017, Ancient Greek Linguistics: New Approaches, Insights, Perspectives, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.
Lloyd, M., 2020, «Politeness and impoliteness in Aristophanes», en: M. Gunther, F. Iurescia, S. Hof, G. Sorrentino (eds.), Pragmatic Approaches to Drama. Studies in Communication on the Ancient Stage, Series: The Language of Classical Literature, vol. 32, Leiden: Brill, 213-233.
Meluzzi, C., 2014, «Variabilità sociolinguistica e pragmatica nelle commedie femminili di Aristofane», en: N. Grandi, M. Nissim, F. Tamburini, M. Vayra (eds.), La nozione di classico in Linguistica. Atti del XXXVIII Convegno della Società Italiana di Glottologia. Bologna, 24-26 ottobre 2013, Roma: Il Calamo, 167-175.
Meluzzi, C., 2016, «Pragmatic use of Ancient Greek pronouns in two communicative frameworks», Pragmatics 26/3, 447-471.
Napoli, M., 2014, «Consecutio Temporum et Modorum», en: G. K. Giannakis (ed.), Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics, vol. 1, Leiden, New York: Brill, 366-369.
Napoli, M., 2019, «Strategies of evidentiality in Plautus», comunicazione presentata durante il 20th International colloquium on Latin linguistics, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 17-21/06/2019.
Orlandini, A., & P. Poccetti, 2015, «Specie – re vera: deux mondes en parallèle», en: G. Haverling (ed.), Latin linguistics in the early 21st century: Acts of the 16th International Colloquium on Latin linguistics, Uppsala June 6th-11th, 2011, Studia Latina Upsaliensia 35, Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet, 502-516.
Orlandini, A., & P. Poccetti, 2017. «Manifestazioni del ‘locutore’ in greco», en: F. Logozzo, P. Poccetti (eds.), Ancient Greek Linguistics: New Approaches, Insights, Perspectives, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 353-390.
Palmer, G., 1996, Towards a theory of cultural linguistics, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Poccetti, P., 2014, «Politeness/Courtesy Expressions», en: G. K. Giannakis (ed.), Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics, vol. 3, Leiden, New York: Brill, 112-114.
Squartini, M., 2007, «Investigating a grammatical category and its lexical correlates», en: M. Squartini (ed.), Evidentiality between lexicon and grammar, Special Issue of Italian Journal of Linguistics 19/1, 1-6.
Squartini, M., 2018, «Extragrammatical expression of information source», en: A. Y. Aikhenvald (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Evidentiality, Oxford: OUP, 273-285.
Unceta Gómez, L., 2020, «The Politics of Manipulation: Politeness and Insincerity in the Language of Parasites and Courtesans in Plautus’ Comedies», en: M. Gunther, F. Iurescia, S. Hof, G. Sorrentino (eds.), Pragmatic Approaches to Drama. Studies in Communication on the Ancient Stage, Series: The Language of Classical Literature, vol. 32, Leiden: Brill, 291-316.
Van Rooy, R., 2016, «The Relevance of Evidentiality for Ancient Greek. Some Explorative Steps through Plato», Journal of Greek Linguistics 16, 3-46.
Voghera, M., 2012, «Chitarre, violini, banjo e cose del genere», en: A. M. Thornton, M. Voghera (eds.), Per Tullio De Mauro. Studi offerti dalle allieve in occasione del suo 800 compleanno, Studies in Language Companion Series 189, Roma: Aracne, 341-364.
Voghera, M., & L. Collu, 2017, «Intentional vagueness. A corpus-based analysis of Italian and German», en: M. Napoli, M. Ravetto (eds.), Exploring Intensification: synchronic, diachronic and cross-linguistic Perspectives. Studies in Language Companion Series 189, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 371-389.
Watts, R. J., 2003, Politeness, Cambridge: CUP.
Willi, A., 2003, The Languages of Aristophanes: Aspects of Linguistic Variation in Classical Attic Greek, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Aikhenvald, A. Y., 2015, «Evidentials: Their links with other grammatical categories», Linguistic Typology 19/2, 239-277.
Aikhenvald, A. Y., 2018, «Evidentiality. The framework», en: A. Y. Aikhenvald (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Evidentiality, Oxford: OUP, 1-43.
Barrios-Lech, P., 2020, «Developments in politeness from Aristophanes to Menander and beyond», en: M. Gunther, F. Iurescia, S. Hof, G. Sorrentino (eds.), Pragmatic Approaches to Drama. Studies in Communication on the Ancient Stage, Series: The Language of Classical Literature, vol. 32, Leiden: Brill, 234-263.
Bary, C., 2017, «Reportive markers in Ancient Greek», en: F. Logozzo, P. Poccetti (eds.), Ancient Greek Linguistics: New Approaches, Insights, Perspectives, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 299-308.
Battezzato, L., 2020, «Oedipus and Tiresias: Im/politeness Theory and the Interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus», en: M. Gunther, F. Iurescia, S. Hof, G. Sorrentino (eds.), Pragmatic Approaches to Drama. Studies in Communication on the Ancient Stage, Series: The Language of Classical Literature, vol. 32, Leiden: Brill, 187-212.
Brown, P., & S. C. Levinson, 1987, Politeness. Some universals in language usage, Cambridge: CUP.
Brugmann, C. M., & M. Macaulay, 2015, «Characterizing evidentiality», Linguistic Typology 19/2, 201-237.
Caffi, C., 1991, «On mitigation», Journal of Pragmatics 31, 881-909.
Caffi, C., 2007, Mitigation, Oxford: Elsevier.
Conti, L., 2017, «On the non-prototypical uses of adverbs in Homer: analysis of ἤδη», en: F. Logozzo, P. Poccetti (eds.), Ancient Greek Linguistics: New Approaches, Insights, Perspectives, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 123-136.
Culpeper, J., 2011, Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence, Cambridge: CUP.
Cuzzolin, P., 2010, «Evidentialität Strategien im Lateinischen. Vorläufige Bemerkungen», en: P. Anreiter, M. Kienpointner (eds.), Latin Linguistics Today. Akten des 15 Internationalen Kolloquiums zur lateinischen Linguistik, Innsbruck, 4-9, April 2009, Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, 247-256.
Denizot, C., 2012, «Impolite orders in Ancient Greek? The οὐκ ἐρεῖς; type», Journal of Historical Pragmatics 13/1, 110-128.
Dickey, E., 2016, «Emotional Language and Formulae of Persuasion in Greek Papyrus Letters», en: E. Sanders, M. Johncock (eds.), Emotion and Persuasion in Classical Antiquity, 237-262, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
Greco, P., 2013, «Latin Accusativus cum Participio: syntactic description, evidential values, and diachronic development», Journal of Latin Linguistics 12/2, 173-198.
Gunther, M., F. Iurescia, S. Hof & G. Sorrentino (eds.), 2020. Pragmatic Approaches to Drama. Studies in Communication on the Ancient Stage, Series: The Language of Classical Literature, Volume 32, Leiden: Brill.
Lillo, A., 2017, «On the oblique optative in Herodotus’ completive sentences, an evidentiality mark in Ancient Greek», en: F. Logozzo, P. Poccetti (eds.), Ancient Greek Linguistics: New Approaches, Insights, Perspectives, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 319-332.
Logozzo, F., & P. Poccetti (eds.), 2017, Ancient Greek Linguistics: New Approaches, Insights, Perspectives, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.
Lloyd, M., 2020, «Politeness and impoliteness in Aristophanes», en: M. Gunther, F. Iurescia, S. Hof, G. Sorrentino (eds.), Pragmatic Approaches to Drama. Studies in Communication on the Ancient Stage, Series: The Language of Classical Literature, vol. 32, Leiden: Brill, 213-233.
Meluzzi, C., 2014, «Variabilità sociolinguistica e pragmatica nelle commedie femminili di Aristofane», en: N. Grandi, M. Nissim, F. Tamburini, M. Vayra (eds.), La nozione di classico in Linguistica. Atti del XXXVIII Convegno della Società Italiana di Glottologia. Bologna, 24-26 ottobre 2013, Roma: Il Calamo, 167-175.
Meluzzi, C., 2016, «Pragmatic use of Ancient Greek pronouns in two communicative frameworks», Pragmatics 26/3, 447-471.
Napoli, M., 2014, «Consecutio Temporum et Modorum», en: G. K. Giannakis (ed.), Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics, vol. 1, Leiden, New York: Brill, 366-369.
Napoli, M., 2019, «Strategies of evidentiality in Plautus», comunicazione presentata durante il 20th International colloquium on Latin linguistics, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 17-21/06/2019.
Orlandini, A., & P. Poccetti, 2015, «Specie – re vera: deux mondes en parallèle», en: G. Haverling (ed.), Latin linguistics in the early 21st century: Acts of the 16th International Colloquium on Latin linguistics, Uppsala June 6th-11th, 2011, Studia Latina Upsaliensia 35, Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet, 502-516.
Orlandini, A., & P. Poccetti, 2017. «Manifestazioni del ‘locutore’ in greco», en: F. Logozzo, P. Poccetti (eds.), Ancient Greek Linguistics: New Approaches, Insights, Perspectives, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 353-390.
Palmer, G., 1996, Towards a theory of cultural linguistics, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Poccetti, P., 2014, «Politeness/Courtesy Expressions», en: G. K. Giannakis (ed.), Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics, vol. 3, Leiden, New York: Brill, 112-114.
Squartini, M., 2007, «Investigating a grammatical category and its lexical correlates», en: M. Squartini (ed.), Evidentiality between lexicon and grammar, Special Issue of Italian Journal of Linguistics 19/1, 1-6.
Squartini, M., 2018, «Extragrammatical expression of information source», en: A. Y. Aikhenvald (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Evidentiality, Oxford: OUP, 273-285.
Unceta Gómez, L., 2020, «The Politics of Manipulation: Politeness and Insincerity in the Language of Parasites and Courtesans in Plautus’ Comedies», en: M. Gunther, F. Iurescia, S. Hof, G. Sorrentino (eds.), Pragmatic Approaches to Drama. Studies in Communication on the Ancient Stage, Series: The Language of Classical Literature, vol. 32, Leiden: Brill, 291-316.
Van Rooy, R., 2016, «The Relevance of Evidentiality for Ancient Greek. Some Explorative Steps through Plato», Journal of Greek Linguistics 16, 3-46.
Voghera, M., 2012, «Chitarre, violini, banjo e cose del genere», en: A. M. Thornton, M. Voghera (eds.), Per Tullio De Mauro. Studi offerti dalle allieve in occasione del suo 800 compleanno, Studies in Language Companion Series 189, Roma: Aracne, 341-364.
Voghera, M., & L. Collu, 2017, «Intentional vagueness. A corpus-based analysis of Italian and German», en: M. Napoli, M. Ravetto (eds.), Exploring Intensification: synchronic, diachronic and cross-linguistic Perspectives. Studies in Language Companion Series 189, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 371-389.
Watts, R. J., 2003, Politeness, Cambridge: CUP.
Willi, A., 2003, The Languages of Aristophanes: Aspects of Linguistic Variation in Classical Attic Greek, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sección
"New Insights into Politeness and Impoliteness"
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