Syntactic Reconstruction in Indo-European: State of the Art
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Published
13-12-2016
Thórhallur Eythórsson
Jóhanna Barðdal
Abstract
Interest in syntactic reconstruction was implicit in the work of the founding fathers of the Comparative Method, including Franz Bopp and his contemporaries. The Neo-Grammarians took a more active interest in syntactic issues, concentrating especially on comparative descriptive syntax. In the 20th century, typologically-inspired research gave rise to several reconstructions of neutral word order for Proto-Indo-European. This work was met with severe criticism by Watkins (1976), which had the unfortunate effect that work on syntactic reconstruction reached a methodological impasse and was largely abandoned. However, the pioneering work of Hale (1987a), Garrett (1990) and Harris & Campbell (1995) showed that syntactic reconstruction could be carried out successfully. Currently, three different strands of work on syntactic reconstruction can be identified: i) the traditional Indo-Europeanists, ii) the generativists, and iii) the construction grammarians. The reconstructions of the two first strands are incomplete, either due to lack of formal representation, or due to the inability of the representational system to explicate the details of the form-meaning correspondences underlying any analysis of syntactic reconstruction. In contrast, Construction Grammar has at its disposal a full-fledged representational formalism where all aspects of grammar can be made explicit, hence allowing for the precise formulations of form-meaning correspondences needed to carry out a complete reconstruction. This is exemplified in the present paper with a reconstruction of grammatical relations for Proto-Germanic, involving a set of argument structure constructions and the subject tests applicable in the grammar of the proto-stage.
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References
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Barðdal, J. & Th. Smitherman, 2013, «The Quest for Cognates: A Reconstruction of Oblique Subject Constructions in Proto-Indo-European», Language Dynamics and Change 3.1, 28-67.
Barðdal, J., V. Bjarnadóttir, S. Danesi, T. K. Dewey, Th. Eythórsson, Ch. Fedriani & Th. Smitherman, 2013, «The Story of 'Woe'», Journal of Indo-European Studies 41.3-4, 321-377.
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Delbrück, B., 1893-1900, Vergleichende Syntax der indogermanischen Sprachen, Strassburg: Trübner.
Delbrück, B., 1907, Synkretismus. Ein Beitrag zur germanischen Kasuslehre, Strassburg: Trübner.
Eythórsson, Th., 1995, Verbal Syntax in the Early Germanic Languages, Ph. D. Dissertation, Cornell University. Ithaca, NY.
Eythórsson, Th., & J. Barðdal. 2011, «Die Konstruktionsgrammatik und die komparative Methode», in Th. Krisch & Th. Lindner (eds.), Indogermanistik und Linguistik im Dialog: Akten der XIII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 21. bis 27. September 2008 in Salzburg, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 148-156.
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Ferraresi, G., & M. Goldbach (eds.), 2008, Principles of Syntactic Reconstruction, Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Fortson, B. W. IV, 2010, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
Friedrich, P., 1975, Proto-Indo-European syntax: The order of meaningful elements (Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph, 1), Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man.
Fritz, M., 2010, «Zur Syntax des Urindogermanischen», in M. Meier-Brügger (ed.), Indogermanisch Sprachwissenschaft, 9th edition, Berlin: De Gruyter, 374-412.
Gamkrelidze, T. V., & V. V. Ivanov 1995, Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Garrett, A., 1990, The Syntax of Anatolian Pronominal Clitics, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvard University.
Cambridge, MA.
Gildea, S., 1992, Comparative Cariban Morphosyntax: On the Genesis of Ergativity in Independent Clauses, University of Oregon, Ph. D. Dissertation.
Gildea, S., 1998, On Reconstructing Grammar: Comparative Cariban Morphosyntax, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gildea, S., 2000, «On the Genesis of the Verb Phrase in Cariban Languages», in S. Gildea (ed.), Reconstructing Grammar: Comparative Linguistics and Grammaticalization, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 65-106.
Goldbach, M., & G. Ferraresi (eds.), 2008, Principles of Syntactic Reconstruction, Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Greenberg, J. H., 1966, «Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements», in J. H. Greenberg (ed.), Universals of Language: Reports of a Conference Held at Dobbs Ferry, New York, April 13-15, 1961, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 73-113.
Hale, M., 1987a, Studies in the comparative syntax of the oldest Indo-Iranian languages, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvard University: Cambridge, MA.
Hale, M., 1987b, «Notes on Wackernagel's Law in the language of the Rigveda», in C. Watkins (ed.), Studies in memory of Warren Cowgill (1929-1985): Papers from the Fourth East Coast Indo-European Conference, Berlin – New York: Walter de Gruyter, 38-50.
Hale, M., 2015, «The Comparative Method: Theoretical Issues», in C. Bowern & B. Evans (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics, London: Routledge, 146-160.
Harris, A. C., 1985, Diachronic Syntax: The Kartvelian Case, New York: Academic Press.
Harris, A. C., 2008, «Reconstruction in Syntax: Reconstruction of Patterns», in G. Ferraresi & M. Goldbach (eds.),Principles of Syntactic Reconstruction, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 73-95.
Harris, A. C., & L. Campbell 1995, Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Havers, W., 1911, Untersuchungen zur Kasussyntax der idg. Sprachen, Strassburg: Trübner.
Hermann, E., 1895, «Gab es im Indogermanischen Nebensätze?», Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen 33.4, 481-534.
Hock, H. H., 1986, Principles of Historical Linguistics, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hock, H. H., 2006, «The Insular Celtic Absolute: Conjunct Distinction Once Again: A Prosodic Proposal», in K. Jones-Bley, M. E. Huld, A. Della Volpe & M. Robbins Dexter, Proceedings of the 16th UCLA IndoEuropean Conference. Los Angeles, Nov. 5-6, 2005, Washington: Institute for the Study of Man, 153-172.
Hock, H. H., 2013, «Reconstruction, Typology, Validation», Journal of Historical Linguistics 3.1, 49-76.
Jeffers, R. J., 1976, «Syntactic change and syntactic reconstruction», in W. M. Christie, Jr. (ed.), Current Progress in Historical Linguistics: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing, 1-15.
Jolly, J., 1872, Ein Kapitel vergleichender Syntax: Der Conjunktiv und Optativ und die Nebensätze im Zend und Altpersischen, Munich: Ackermann.
Keydana, G., 2013, Infinitive im Rigveda: Formen, Funktion, Diachronie, Leiden: Brill.
Kikusawa, R., 2002, Proto Central Pacific Ergativity: Its Reconstruction and Development in the Fijian, Rotuman and Polynesian languages, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Kikusawa, R., 2003, «The Development of Some Indonesian Pronominal Systems», in B. J. Blake, K. Burridge & J. Taylor (eds.), Historical Linguistics 2001: Selected Papers from the 15th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Melbourne, 13-17 August 2001, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 237-268.
Klein, J. S., 1992, On Verbal Accentuation in the Rigveda (= American Oriental Society Essay, 11), New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society.
Kulikov, L., & N. Lavidas, 2013a, «Reconstructing Passive and Voice in Proto-Indo-European», Journal of Historical Linguistics 3.1, 101-124.
Kulikov, L., & N. Lavidas (eds.) 2013b, «Proto-Indo-European Syntax and its Development», a guest-edited issue of Journal of Historical Linguistics 3.1, 1-152.
Lehmann, W. P., 1974, Proto-Indo-European Syntax, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Lightfoot, D. W., 1979, Principles of Diachronic Syntax, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lightfoot, D. W., 2002a, «Myths and the Prehistory of Grammars», Journal of Linguistics 38.1, 113-136.
Lightfoot, D. W., 2002b, «More Myths», Journal of Linguistics 38.3, 619-626.
Lühr, R., 2008, «Competitive Indo-European Syntax», in G. Ferraresi & M. Goldbach, Principles of Syntactic Reconstruction, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 121-159.
Luján, E. R., J. Barðdal & S. Gildea (eds.), 2017, Reconstructing Syntax, Leiden: Brill.
Luján, E. R., & Á. López Chala 2017, «Reconstructing Semantic Roles: Proto-Indo-European *-bhi as a Case Study», to appear in E. R. Luján, J. Barðdal & S. Gildea (eds.), Reconstructing Syntax, Brill: Leiden.
Luraghi, S., 2017, «External Possessor Constructions in Indo-European», to appear in E. R. Luján, J. Barðdal & S. Gildea (eds.), Reconstructing Syntax, Brill: Leiden.
Mendoza, J., 1998, Sintaxis. Manual de Lingüística Indoeuropea III, en F. R. Adrados, A. Bernabé & J. Mendoza, Madrid: Ediciones Clásicas, 141-246.
Mengden, F. von. 2008, «Reconstructing Complex Structures: A Typological Perspective», in G. Ferraresi & M. Goldbach (eds.), Principles of Syntactic Reconstruction, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 97-119.
Miller, D. G., 1975, «Indo-European: VSO, SOV, SVO, or all three?», Lingua 37, 31-52.
Pedersen, H., 1907, Neues und nachträgliches Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 40, 129-217.
Pires, A., & S. G. Thomason 2008, «How Much Syntactic Reconstruction is Possible?», in G. Ferraresi & M. Goldbach (eds.), Principles of Syntactic Reconstruction, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 27-72.
Rask, R. K., 1818, Undersøgelse om det gamle Nordiske eller Islandske Sprogs Oprindelse, Copenhagen: Den Gyldendalske Boghandlings Forlag.
Rizza, A., & P., Cotticelli Kurras 2013, «Reconstructing Proto-Indo-European Categories: The Reflexive and the Middle in Hittite and the Proto-Language», Journal of Historical Linguistics 3.1, 7-27.
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Section
Dossier monográfico: Franz Bopp and his Comparative Grammar model (1816-2016)
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