Cultic Practices in Byzantine Oxyrhynchus. Graffiti from the Church of the Monastery of St. Kyriakos
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Published
09-03-2026
Leah Mascia
José Javier Martínez García
Adriana Recasens Escardó
Abstract
The present study aims to provide a thorough analysis of the graffiti identified within and in the surroundings of the church of the monastic complex of Saint Kyriakos at Oxyrhynchus, Egypt. A heterogeneous corpus of epigraphic evidence is examined, counting lists of personal names and commemorative texts. These texts provide valuable insights into writing and cultic practices within this religious institution in the Byzantine phase. Particular attention is devoted to the analysis of writing techniques and the tools selected for the production of these graffiti, as well as to the identification of their potential authors, suggesting the active participation of members of the monastic community as well as devotees visiting the religious complex. In addition, the study examines some examples of multigraphic graffiti, in which textual and figurative elements are combined, among which are Christian religious markers and motifs recurrent in the Egyptian iconographic tradition.
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References
Alston, R., 2001, The City in Roman and Byzantine Egypt, London: Routledge.
Beyer Williams, B., 2019, «Graffiti on the El-Kurru Pyramid», in: G. Emberling & S. Davis (eds.), Graffiti as Devotion Along the Nile and Beyond [Kelsey Museum Publication XVI], Ann Arbor: Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, 39-58.
Blumell, L., 2012, Lettered Christians: Christians, Letters, and Late Antique Oxyrhynchus [New Testament Tools, Studies and Documents XXXIX], Leiden-Boston: Brill.
Blumell, L., 2017, «Some Unpublished Coptic Inscriptions in the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology», Journal of the Canadian Society for Coptic Studies 9, 67-73.
Blumell, L., & K. Hull, 2024, «A Coptic Epitaph for Apa Simothe of Tiloj», IWNW: Journal of the Faculty of Archaeology 3, 29-44.
Butler, A. J. (ed.), 2001, The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighbouring Countries: Attributed to Abû Sâlih, the Armenian, reprint, 1895, Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias Press, 2001.
Calament, F., 2021, «Inscriptions pariétales et graffiti», in: D. Bénazeth (ed.), L’église de l’Archange-Michel dans le monastère copte de Baouît, Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 375-430.
Clackson, S., 2000, Coptic and Greek Texts relating to the Hermopolite Monastery of Apa Apollo, Oxford: Griffith Institute.
Clackson, S., 2008, It is our Father Who Writes: Orders from the Monastery of Apollo at Bawit. [American Studies in Papyrology XLIII], Ohio: American Society of Papyrologists.
Cromwell, J., 2017, «New Texts from Early Islamic Egypt: A Bilingual Taxation Archive», Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 201, 232-252.
Crum, W. E. (ed.), 1902, Short Texts from Coptic Ostraca and Papyri, London: Oxford University Press.
Crum, W. E. (ed.), 1905, Catalogue of the Coptic Manuscripts in the British Museum, London: British Museum, 1905.
Crum, W. E. (ed.), 1909, Catalogue of the Coptic Manuscripts in the Collection of the John Rylands Library Manchester, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Crum, W. E., & G. Steindorff (eds.), 1912, Koptische Rechtsurkunden des 8 Jahrhunderts aus Djême (Theben), Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs′sche Buchhandlung.
Davis, S. J., 2020, «Anastasia, Thecla, and Friends: Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence from the Shenoutean Women’s Monastery at Atripe», Le Muséon 133/3-4, 259-287.
Delattre, A., 2004, Papyrus coptes et grecs du monastère d’apa Apollô de Baouît conservés aux Musées royaux d’Art et d’Histoire de Bruxelles, Louvain: Académie royale de Belgique.
Delattre, A., 2017a, «Inscription copte d’une colonne de l’eglise D3 à Antinoé», in: R. Pintaudi (ed.), Antinoupolis III: Scavi e materiali, vol. II [Edizioni dell’Istituto Papirologico G. Vitelli], Firenze: Firenze University Press, 489-492.
Delattre, A., 2017b, «Deux inscriptions funéraires coptes», in: R. Pintaudi (ed.), Antinoupolis III: Scavi e materiali, vol. II [Edizioni dell’Istituto Papirologico G. Vitelli], Firenze: Firenze University Press, 715-717.
Dijkstra, J. H. F., 2012, Syene I: The Figural and Textual Graffiti from the Temple of Isis at Aswan [Beiträge zur Ägyptischen Bauforschung und Altertumskunde XVIII], Mainz: Philipp von Zaber.
Dijkstra, J. H. F., 2021, «A Coptic Funerary Stela from the North Necropolis at Abydos», Journal of Coptic Studies 23, 39-46.
Engelbach, R., 1939, «The Coptic Stela of Leontce (Leontios)», Annales du Service des Antiquités de L’Égypte 39, 313-317.
Ernštedt, P. V. (ed.), 1959, Koptskie teksty Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha, Moscow-Leningrad: AN SSSR.
Evelyn White, H. G., 1926, 1932-1933, The Monasteries of Wâdi ‘n-Natrûn, vol. II-III, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Fathy, M. & S. Magdi, 2023, «Coptic Graffiti from the Tomb of Paser (TT 367)», Journal of Coptic Studies 25, 147-155.
Felle, A., & B. Ward-Perkins (eds.), 2021, Cultic Graffiti in the Late Antique Mediterranean and Beyond, Turnhout: Brepols.
Hasitzka, M. R. M. (ed.), 1993, Koptisches Sammelbuch I ‹KSB I› [Mitteilungen aus der Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer XIII/I], Wien: Brüder Hollinek.
Hasitzka, M. R. M. (ed.), 2004, Koptisches Sammelbuch II ‹KSB II› [Mitteilungen aus der Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer XIII/II], Wien: Brüder Hollinek.
Hasitzka, M. R. M. (ed.), 2006, Koptisches Sammelbuch III ‹KSB III› [Mitteilungen aus der Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer XXIII/III], Munich & Leipzig: Saur.
Hasitzka, M. R. M., 2007, Koptische Namenbuch
https://it.scribd.com/doc/193888665/Kopt-Namen-Hasitzka [accessed on November 15th 2025].
Heuser, G. (ed.), 1929, «Die Personennamen der Kopten», in: F. Bilabel (ed.), Studien zur Epigraphik und Papyruskunde, vol. 1/2, Leipzig: Dieterich'sche.
Heuser, G. (ed.), 1938, Prosopographie v. Ägypten IV: Die Kopten [Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des Altertums und des Mittelalters 2], Heidelberg: Selbstverlag von F. Bilabel.
Hidding, A., 2020, The Era of the Martyrs: Remembering the Great Persecution in Late Antique Egypt. [Millennium Studies LXXXVII], Berlin: De Gruyter.
Innemée, K. C., 2014-2016, ‘The Monastery of St Macarius: Survey and Documentation Work 2009-2012’, Eastern Christian Art 10: 21-32.
Kahle, P. E. (ed.), 1954, Bala'izah: Coptic Texts from Deir el-Bala'izah in Upper Egypt, vol. I, London: The Griffith Institute.
Krall, J. (ed.), 1895. Koptische Texte [Corpus Papyrorum Raineri II], Wien: Papyrussammlung der Nationalbibliothek.
Łajtar, A., «Cultic Graffiti in Christian Nubia (Sixth to Fifteenth Centuries)», in: A. Felle & B. Ward-Perkins (eds.), Cultic Graffiti in the Late Antique Mediterranean and Beyond, Turnhout: Brepols, 159-176.
Łajtar, A., & J. van der Vliet (eds.), 2010, Qasr Ibrim: The Greek and Coptic Inscriptions [Journal of Juristic Papyrology XIII], Warsaw: Institute of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw.
Lohman, P., 2020, «Tagging in Antiquity: Pompeian Graffiti Between Individuality and Convention», Street Art and Urban Creativity 6/1, 6-12.
Mandalà, G., & I. Pérez Martin (eds.), 2018, Multilingual and Multigraphic Documents and Manuscripts of East and West. [Perspective on Linguistics and Ancient Languages V], Piscataway: Gorgias Press.
Martínez García, J. J., & L. Mascia, 2023, «Figural Graffiti from the Basilica of St. Philoxenos at Oxyrhynchus», Imafronte 30, 34-47.
Mascia, L., 2024, «Female Monastics and Devotees in Late Antique and Byzantine Egypt: Papyrological, Epigraphic and Archaeological Sources», in: E. Großmann (ed.), Female Agency in Manuscript Cultures [Studies in Manuscript Cultures XXXIX], Berlin: De Gruyter, 129-169.
Morenz, L. D., 2024, «The ‘He’ Tribe from Serabit El Khadim and the Invention of Alphabetic Writing: Can the Subaltern…Write?», in: M. Betrò, M. Friedrich, and C. Michel (eds.), The Ancient World Revisited: Material Dimensions of Written Artefacts [Studies in Manuscript Cultures XXXVII], Berlin: De Gruyter, 345-368.
Papaconstantinou, A., 2001, Le culte des saints en Égypte des Byzantins aux Abbassides: L’apport des inscriptions et des papyrus grecs et coptes, Paris: CNRS.
Papaconstantinou, A., 2007, «The Cult of Saints: A Haven of Continuity in a Changing World», in: R. Bagnall (ed.), Egypt in the Byzantine World, 300-700, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 350-367.
Peet, T. E., & W. I. S. Loat, 1913, The Cemeteries of Abydos: Part III. 1912-1913, London: Egypt Exploration Fund.
Piedrafita, C., 2015, «El prior Menas i una inscripció amb l’era de Dioclecià a Oxirrinc», in: N. Castellano et alii (eds.), Ex Aegypto lux et sapientia: Homenatge al professor Josep Padró Parcerisa, Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 455-466.
Pintaudi, R., 2017, «Graffiti e iscrizioni sulle colonne e i capitelli della Chiesa D3 ad Antinoupolis», in: R. Pintaudi (ed.), Antinoupolis III: scavi e materiali, vol. II [Edizioni dell’Istituto Papirologico G. Vitelli], Firenze: Firenze University Press, 459-487.
Quibell, J. E., 1912, Excavations at Saqqara (1911-12): The Tomb of Hesy, Cairo: Imprimerie de l’institut français d’archéologie orientale.
Salvador, C., 2020, «Graffiti», in: V. Davies and D. Laboury (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Egyptian Epigraphy and Paleography, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Satoshi, T., 2012, Vie de S. Macaire l’Égyptien: édition et traduction des textes copte et syriaque [Gorgias Eastern Christian Studies XXXI], Piscataway: Gorgias Press.
Schenke, G., 2013, Das koptisch hagiographische Dossier des heiligen Kolluthos Artz, Märtyrer und Wunderheiler [Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 650/Subsidia 132], Louvain: Peeters.
Škrabal, O., L. Mascia, L. Osthof & M. Ratzke, 2023, «Towards a Cross-Cultural Understanding of Graffiti: Terminology, Context, Semiotics, Documentation», in: O. Škrabal et alii (eds.), Graffiti Scratched, Scrawled, Sprayed: Towards a Cross-Cultural Understanding [Studies in Manuscript Cultures XXXV], Berlin: De Gruyter, 1-46.
Smith, M., 2014-2015, «A Bowl with a Coptic Text», Jaarbericht “Ex Oriente Lux” 45, 45-49.
Subías Pascual, E., 2016, La decoració arquitectònica de l’església de la fortalesa del nord-oest d’Oxyrhynchos (Pemdjé) [Treballs d’arqueologia de la Mediterrània antiga III], Tarragona: Institut Català d'Arqueologia Clàssica.
Till, W. C. (ed.), 1958, Die koptischen Rechtsurkunden der Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek [Corpus Papyrorum Raineri IV], Wien: Holzhausen.
Till, W. C. (ed.), 1960, Die koptischen Ostraka der Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. [Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische klasse Denkschriften, LXXVIII/I], Wien: Hermann Böhlaus.
Tudor, B., 2011, Christian Funerary Stelae of the Byzantine and Arab Periods from Egypt, Marburg: Tectum Verlag.
Vanderheyden, L., 2023, «P.Ghent inv. 47 Completed: A Coptic Letter from Papa Diane to Dioscorus of Aphrodito», Pylon 3: https://doi.org/10.48631/pylon.2023.3.98148.
Verhoeven, U. 2023, «Writing Wherever Possible and Meaningful: Graffiti Culture in Ancient Egypt. Context, Terminology, Documentation» in: O. Škrabal et alii (eds.), Graffiti Scratched, Scrawled, Sprayed: Towards a Cross-Cultural Understanding [Studies in Manuscript Cultures XXXV], Berlin: De Gruyter, 47-76.
Wietheger, C., 1992, Das Jeremias Kloster zu Saqqara unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Inschriften, Altenberge: Oros Verlag.
Beyer Williams, B., 2019, «Graffiti on the El-Kurru Pyramid», in: G. Emberling & S. Davis (eds.), Graffiti as Devotion Along the Nile and Beyond [Kelsey Museum Publication XVI], Ann Arbor: Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, 39-58.
Blumell, L., 2012, Lettered Christians: Christians, Letters, and Late Antique Oxyrhynchus [New Testament Tools, Studies and Documents XXXIX], Leiden-Boston: Brill.
Blumell, L., 2017, «Some Unpublished Coptic Inscriptions in the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology», Journal of the Canadian Society for Coptic Studies 9, 67-73.
Blumell, L., & K. Hull, 2024, «A Coptic Epitaph for Apa Simothe of Tiloj», IWNW: Journal of the Faculty of Archaeology 3, 29-44.
Butler, A. J. (ed.), 2001, The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighbouring Countries: Attributed to Abû Sâlih, the Armenian, reprint, 1895, Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias Press, 2001.
Calament, F., 2021, «Inscriptions pariétales et graffiti», in: D. Bénazeth (ed.), L’église de l’Archange-Michel dans le monastère copte de Baouît, Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 375-430.
Clackson, S., 2000, Coptic and Greek Texts relating to the Hermopolite Monastery of Apa Apollo, Oxford: Griffith Institute.
Clackson, S., 2008, It is our Father Who Writes: Orders from the Monastery of Apollo at Bawit. [American Studies in Papyrology XLIII], Ohio: American Society of Papyrologists.
Cromwell, J., 2017, «New Texts from Early Islamic Egypt: A Bilingual Taxation Archive», Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 201, 232-252.
Crum, W. E. (ed.), 1902, Short Texts from Coptic Ostraca and Papyri, London: Oxford University Press.
Crum, W. E. (ed.), 1905, Catalogue of the Coptic Manuscripts in the British Museum, London: British Museum, 1905.
Crum, W. E. (ed.), 1909, Catalogue of the Coptic Manuscripts in the Collection of the John Rylands Library Manchester, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Crum, W. E., & G. Steindorff (eds.), 1912, Koptische Rechtsurkunden des 8 Jahrhunderts aus Djême (Theben), Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs′sche Buchhandlung.
Davis, S. J., 2020, «Anastasia, Thecla, and Friends: Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence from the Shenoutean Women’s Monastery at Atripe», Le Muséon 133/3-4, 259-287.
Delattre, A., 2004, Papyrus coptes et grecs du monastère d’apa Apollô de Baouît conservés aux Musées royaux d’Art et d’Histoire de Bruxelles, Louvain: Académie royale de Belgique.
Delattre, A., 2017a, «Inscription copte d’une colonne de l’eglise D3 à Antinoé», in: R. Pintaudi (ed.), Antinoupolis III: Scavi e materiali, vol. II [Edizioni dell’Istituto Papirologico G. Vitelli], Firenze: Firenze University Press, 489-492.
Delattre, A., 2017b, «Deux inscriptions funéraires coptes», in: R. Pintaudi (ed.), Antinoupolis III: Scavi e materiali, vol. II [Edizioni dell’Istituto Papirologico G. Vitelli], Firenze: Firenze University Press, 715-717.
Dijkstra, J. H. F., 2012, Syene I: The Figural and Textual Graffiti from the Temple of Isis at Aswan [Beiträge zur Ägyptischen Bauforschung und Altertumskunde XVIII], Mainz: Philipp von Zaber.
Dijkstra, J. H. F., 2021, «A Coptic Funerary Stela from the North Necropolis at Abydos», Journal of Coptic Studies 23, 39-46.
Engelbach, R., 1939, «The Coptic Stela of Leontce (Leontios)», Annales du Service des Antiquités de L’Égypte 39, 313-317.
Ernštedt, P. V. (ed.), 1959, Koptskie teksty Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha, Moscow-Leningrad: AN SSSR.
Evelyn White, H. G., 1926, 1932-1933, The Monasteries of Wâdi ‘n-Natrûn, vol. II-III, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Fathy, M. & S. Magdi, 2023, «Coptic Graffiti from the Tomb of Paser (TT 367)», Journal of Coptic Studies 25, 147-155.
Felle, A., & B. Ward-Perkins (eds.), 2021, Cultic Graffiti in the Late Antique Mediterranean and Beyond, Turnhout: Brepols.
Hasitzka, M. R. M. (ed.), 1993, Koptisches Sammelbuch I ‹KSB I› [Mitteilungen aus der Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer XIII/I], Wien: Brüder Hollinek.
Hasitzka, M. R. M. (ed.), 2004, Koptisches Sammelbuch II ‹KSB II› [Mitteilungen aus der Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer XIII/II], Wien: Brüder Hollinek.
Hasitzka, M. R. M. (ed.), 2006, Koptisches Sammelbuch III ‹KSB III› [Mitteilungen aus der Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer XXIII/III], Munich & Leipzig: Saur.
Hasitzka, M. R. M., 2007, Koptische Namenbuch
https://it.scribd.com/doc/193888665/Kopt-Namen-Hasitzka [accessed on November 15th 2025].
Heuser, G. (ed.), 1929, «Die Personennamen der Kopten», in: F. Bilabel (ed.), Studien zur Epigraphik und Papyruskunde, vol. 1/2, Leipzig: Dieterich'sche.
Heuser, G. (ed.), 1938, Prosopographie v. Ägypten IV: Die Kopten [Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des Altertums und des Mittelalters 2], Heidelberg: Selbstverlag von F. Bilabel.
Hidding, A., 2020, The Era of the Martyrs: Remembering the Great Persecution in Late Antique Egypt. [Millennium Studies LXXXVII], Berlin: De Gruyter.
Innemée, K. C., 2014-2016, ‘The Monastery of St Macarius: Survey and Documentation Work 2009-2012’, Eastern Christian Art 10: 21-32.
Kahle, P. E. (ed.), 1954, Bala'izah: Coptic Texts from Deir el-Bala'izah in Upper Egypt, vol. I, London: The Griffith Institute.
Krall, J. (ed.), 1895. Koptische Texte [Corpus Papyrorum Raineri II], Wien: Papyrussammlung der Nationalbibliothek.
Łajtar, A., «Cultic Graffiti in Christian Nubia (Sixth to Fifteenth Centuries)», in: A. Felle & B. Ward-Perkins (eds.), Cultic Graffiti in the Late Antique Mediterranean and Beyond, Turnhout: Brepols, 159-176.
Łajtar, A., & J. van der Vliet (eds.), 2010, Qasr Ibrim: The Greek and Coptic Inscriptions [Journal of Juristic Papyrology XIII], Warsaw: Institute of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw.
Lohman, P., 2020, «Tagging in Antiquity: Pompeian Graffiti Between Individuality and Convention», Street Art and Urban Creativity 6/1, 6-12.
Mandalà, G., & I. Pérez Martin (eds.), 2018, Multilingual and Multigraphic Documents and Manuscripts of East and West. [Perspective on Linguistics and Ancient Languages V], Piscataway: Gorgias Press.
Martínez García, J. J., & L. Mascia, 2023, «Figural Graffiti from the Basilica of St. Philoxenos at Oxyrhynchus», Imafronte 30, 34-47.
Mascia, L., 2024, «Female Monastics and Devotees in Late Antique and Byzantine Egypt: Papyrological, Epigraphic and Archaeological Sources», in: E. Großmann (ed.), Female Agency in Manuscript Cultures [Studies in Manuscript Cultures XXXIX], Berlin: De Gruyter, 129-169.
Morenz, L. D., 2024, «The ‘He’ Tribe from Serabit El Khadim and the Invention of Alphabetic Writing: Can the Subaltern…Write?», in: M. Betrò, M. Friedrich, and C. Michel (eds.), The Ancient World Revisited: Material Dimensions of Written Artefacts [Studies in Manuscript Cultures XXXVII], Berlin: De Gruyter, 345-368.
Papaconstantinou, A., 2001, Le culte des saints en Égypte des Byzantins aux Abbassides: L’apport des inscriptions et des papyrus grecs et coptes, Paris: CNRS.
Papaconstantinou, A., 2007, «The Cult of Saints: A Haven of Continuity in a Changing World», in: R. Bagnall (ed.), Egypt in the Byzantine World, 300-700, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 350-367.
Peet, T. E., & W. I. S. Loat, 1913, The Cemeteries of Abydos: Part III. 1912-1913, London: Egypt Exploration Fund.
Piedrafita, C., 2015, «El prior Menas i una inscripció amb l’era de Dioclecià a Oxirrinc», in: N. Castellano et alii (eds.), Ex Aegypto lux et sapientia: Homenatge al professor Josep Padró Parcerisa, Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 455-466.
Pintaudi, R., 2017, «Graffiti e iscrizioni sulle colonne e i capitelli della Chiesa D3 ad Antinoupolis», in: R. Pintaudi (ed.), Antinoupolis III: scavi e materiali, vol. II [Edizioni dell’Istituto Papirologico G. Vitelli], Firenze: Firenze University Press, 459-487.
Quibell, J. E., 1912, Excavations at Saqqara (1911-12): The Tomb of Hesy, Cairo: Imprimerie de l’institut français d’archéologie orientale.
Salvador, C., 2020, «Graffiti», in: V. Davies and D. Laboury (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Egyptian Epigraphy and Paleography, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Satoshi, T., 2012, Vie de S. Macaire l’Égyptien: édition et traduction des textes copte et syriaque [Gorgias Eastern Christian Studies XXXI], Piscataway: Gorgias Press.
Schenke, G., 2013, Das koptisch hagiographische Dossier des heiligen Kolluthos Artz, Märtyrer und Wunderheiler [Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 650/Subsidia 132], Louvain: Peeters.
Škrabal, O., L. Mascia, L. Osthof & M. Ratzke, 2023, «Towards a Cross-Cultural Understanding of Graffiti: Terminology, Context, Semiotics, Documentation», in: O. Škrabal et alii (eds.), Graffiti Scratched, Scrawled, Sprayed: Towards a Cross-Cultural Understanding [Studies in Manuscript Cultures XXXV], Berlin: De Gruyter, 1-46.
Smith, M., 2014-2015, «A Bowl with a Coptic Text», Jaarbericht “Ex Oriente Lux” 45, 45-49.
Subías Pascual, E., 2016, La decoració arquitectònica de l’església de la fortalesa del nord-oest d’Oxyrhynchos (Pemdjé) [Treballs d’arqueologia de la Mediterrània antiga III], Tarragona: Institut Català d'Arqueologia Clàssica.
Till, W. C. (ed.), 1958, Die koptischen Rechtsurkunden der Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek [Corpus Papyrorum Raineri IV], Wien: Holzhausen.
Till, W. C. (ed.), 1960, Die koptischen Ostraka der Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. [Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische klasse Denkschriften, LXXVIII/I], Wien: Hermann Böhlaus.
Tudor, B., 2011, Christian Funerary Stelae of the Byzantine and Arab Periods from Egypt, Marburg: Tectum Verlag.
Vanderheyden, L., 2023, «P.Ghent inv. 47 Completed: A Coptic Letter from Papa Diane to Dioscorus of Aphrodito», Pylon 3: https://doi.org/10.48631/pylon.2023.3.98148.
Verhoeven, U. 2023, «Writing Wherever Possible and Meaningful: Graffiti Culture in Ancient Egypt. Context, Terminology, Documentation» in: O. Škrabal et alii (eds.), Graffiti Scratched, Scrawled, Sprayed: Towards a Cross-Cultural Understanding [Studies in Manuscript Cultures XXXV], Berlin: De Gruyter, 47-76.
Wietheger, C., 1992, Das Jeremias Kloster zu Saqqara unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Inschriften, Altenberge: Oros Verlag.
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