Children and adolescents and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs): opportunities, risks and harm
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Published
29-05-2020
Gemma Martínez
Maialen Garmendia
Carmelo Garitaonandia
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Children are growing up in a media convergence context that provides them with opportunities for socialization, self-expression,clearning, creativity and participation through online media and, increasingly, mobile media. The digital experience of children and adolescents has been accentuated with the use of smartphones and tablets, as well as with smart TVs, game consoles, smartwatches, applications that monitor physical activity and other digital resources that are part of the Internet of things. However, the internet provides boys and girls with opportunities and risks and empirical evidence shows the interdependence of both: the more children use the Internet, the greater the range of opportunities they have and the greater the probability of exposure to risky experiences. Therefore, opportunities (communication, learning, creativity, entertainment, etc.) and online risks (cyberbullying, hate speech, pornography, grooming, commercial exploitation, etc.) go hand in hand.
How to Cite
Martínez, G., Garmendia, M., & Garitaonandia, C. (2020). Children and adolescents and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs): opportunities, risks and harm. ZER - Journal of Communication Studies, 25(48). https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.21116
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Keywords
adolescents, childrens, smartphones, information and communication technologies (ICTs), oportunities, risks, harm
References
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Buchanan, L., Yeatman, H., Kelly, B., & Kariippanon, K. A thematic content analysis of how marketers promote energy drinks on digital platforms to young Australians. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2018; 42:530-2; doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12840
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Edwards-Gaura, A., Whitaker, D., & Self-Brown, S. (2014). Can Social Networking Be Used to Promote Engagement in Child Maltreatment Prevention Programs? Two Pilot Studies. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume XV, no. 5, pages 575-581. Available through open access at. DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2014.4.21413.
Ey, L-A. & Cupit, C.G. (2011). Exploring young children's understanding of risk associated with Internet usage and their concepts of management strategies. Journal of Early Chilhood Research 23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X10367471.
Garmendia, M. Jiménez, E., Casado, M.A. y Mascheroni, G. (2016). Net Children Go Mobile: Riesgos y oportunidades en internet y el uso de dispositivos móviles entre menores españoles (2010-2015). Madrid: Red.es/Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea.
Garmendia, M., Jiménez, E., Karrera, I., Larrañaga, N., Casado, M. A., Martínez, G. y Garitaoanadia, C. (2019) Actividades, Mediación, Oportunidades y Riesgos online de los menores en la era de la convergencia mediática. León: Instituto Nacional de Ciberseguridad (INCIBE)
Goggin, G. (2010). Global mobile media. New York: Routledge.
Goggin, G., Hjorth, L. (2014). The Routledge Companion to Mobile Media. New York: Routledge.
Haddon, L. (2004). Information and communication technologies in everyday life. Oxford: Berg.
Hjorth, L. & Goggin, G. (2009). Mobile technologies: From telecommunications to media. London: Routledge.
Ito, M. et al. (2009), Hanging out, messing around and geeking out: Kids living and learning with new media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kernaghan, D., & Elwood, J. (2013). All the (cyber) world's a stage: Framing cyberbullying as a performance. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 7(1), article 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/CP2013-1-5
Kofoed, J. & Ringrose, J. (2012). Travelling and sticky affects: Exploring teens and sexualized cyberbullying through a Butlerian-Deleuzian-Guattarian lens. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 33(1), 5-20.
Lampert, C. & Donoso, V. (2012). Bullying. In Livingstone, S. Haddon, L. & Görzig, A. (Ed.), Children, risk and safety on the internet: Research and policy challenges in comparative perspective. (pp. 165-176). Bristol: Policy Press.
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Lim MSC, Cooper S, Lewis L, et al. (2019) Prospective mixed methods study of online and offline social networks and the development of sexual agency in adolescence: the Social Networks and Agency Project (SNAP) protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9: e024329. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2018-024329
Ling, R. S. (2008). New tech, new ties. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Livingstone S, Kirwil L, Ponte C, et al (2013). In their own words: what bothers children online? with the EU Kids Online Network. London, UK: London School of Economics and Political Science.
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children. Full findings. London: LSE, EU Kids Online.
Livingstone, S., Hasebrink, U. & Görzig, A. (2012). Towards a general model of determinants of risks and safety. In S. Livingstone, L. Haddon, & A. Görzig (eds.) Children, risk and safety on the internet (pp. 323-339). Bristol: Policy Press.
Mascheroni, G. y Holloway, D. (2019). The quantified child: Discourses and practices of dataveillance in different life stages. En Erstad, O., Flewitt, R., Kümmerling-Meibauer, B. and Pires Pereira, I. (Eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Digital Literacies in Early Childhood. London: Routledge
Mascheroni, G. y Ólafsson, K. (2014) Net Children Go Mobile: Risks and opportunities (2nd edn). Milano: Educatt.
Mascheroni, G., y Holloway, D. (Eds.) (2017). The Internet of Toys: A report on media and social discourses around young children and IoToys. DigiLitEY.
Mascheroni, G., y Ólafsson, K. (2018). Accesso, usi, rischi e opportunità di internet per i ragazzi italiani. I primi risultati di EU Kids Online 2017. EU Kids Online e OssCom.
Marwick, A., & Boyd, D. (2014). "It's just drama": teen perspectives on conflict and aggression in a networked era. Journal of Youth Studies. DOI: 10.1080/13676261.2014.901493
Matsuda, M. (2005). Mobile communication and selective sociality. En M. Ito, D. Okabe, y M. Matsuda (Eds.) Personal, portable, pedestrian. Mobile phones in Japanese life, 23-142. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Nie, N.H. (2001) Sociability, interpersonal relations and the internet: reconciling conflicting findings. American Behavioural Scientist, 45 (3), 420–435.
Ringrose, J., Gill, R., Livingstone, S., & Harvey, L. (2012). A qualitative study of children, young people and 'sexting': A report prepared for the NSPCC. London: National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
Romer, D., & Moreno, M. (2017). Digital Media and Risks for Adolescent Substance Abuse and Problematic Gambling. PEDIATRICS Volume 140, number s2. DOI: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1542/ peds. 2016- 1758L
Rovolis, A. & Tsaliki, L. (2012). Harm, childhood and appropriate media content: an ongoing debate. In Livingstone, S. Haddon, L. & Görzig, A. (Ed.), Children, risk and safety on the internet: Research and policy challenges in comparative perspective. (pp. 165-176). Retrieved from https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=R__hfWbE3DwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA165&dq=Rovolis+%26+Tsaliki,+2012&ots=xiCXXG_FuA&sig=VbOEgc9nF6GblTiT19TPwF_4-vs#v=onepage&q=Rovolis%20%26%20Tsaliki%2C%202012&f=false
Schrock, A. & Boyd, D. (2008). Online threats to youth: Solicitation, harassment, and problematic content: Literature review prepared for the Internet Safety Technical Task Force. Retrieved from http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/RAB_Lit_Review_121808_0.pdf
The Food Foundation (2017). UK'S RESTRICTIONS ON JUNK FOOD ADVERTISING TO CHILDREN. Disponible en: www.foodfoundation.org.uk.
Vandoninck, S. y d'Haenens, L. (2018). Resiliencia online: la capacidad de minimizar el impacto de los riesgos y de gestionar las situaciones potencialmente dañinas en internet. En Jiménez, E., Garmendia, M. y Casado, M. A. (Eds.) Entre selfies y whatsapps. Oprtunidades y riesgos para la infancia y la adolescencia conectada, 189-208. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Vandoninck, S., d'Haenens, L., & Roe, K. (2013). Online risks: Coping strategies of less resilient children and teenagers across Europe. Journal of Children and Media, 7(1), 60-78.
Ybarra, M.L. & Mitchel, J.M. (2014). "Sexting" and Its Relation to Sexual Activity and Sexual Risk Behavior in a National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 757-764.
Barbouschi, M. Marinescu, V. Velicu, Anca & Laszlo, E. (2012). Meeting new contacts online. In Livingstone, S. Haddon, L. & Görzig, A. (Ed.), Children, risk and safety on the internet: Research and policy challenges in comparative perspective. (pp. 177-189). Bristol: Policy Press.
Bertel, T. y Stald, G. (2013). From SMS to SNS: the use of the internet on the mobile phone among young Danes. En K. Cumiskey y L. Hjorth (Eds.) Mobile media practices, presence and politics. The challenge of being seamlessly mobile, 198-213. New York: Routledge.
Boyd, D. (2008) Why youth (heart) social network sites: the role of networked publics in teenage social life. In D. Buckingham (ed.) Youth, identity and digital media (pp. 119-142). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Buchanan, L., Yeatman, H., Kelly, B., & Kariippanon, K. A thematic content analysis of how marketers promote energy drinks on digital platforms to young Australians. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2018; 42:530-2; doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12840
Buckinggham, D. & Bragg, S. (2004). Young people, sex and the media, Basingstoke. Palgrave Macmillan.
Edwards-Gaura, A., Whitaker, D., & Self-Brown, S. (2014). Can Social Networking Be Used to Promote Engagement in Child Maltreatment Prevention Programs? Two Pilot Studies. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume XV, no. 5, pages 575-581. Available through open access at. DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2014.4.21413.
Ey, L-A. & Cupit, C.G. (2011). Exploring young children's understanding of risk associated with Internet usage and their concepts of management strategies. Journal of Early Chilhood Research 23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X10367471.
Garmendia, M. Jiménez, E., Casado, M.A. y Mascheroni, G. (2016). Net Children Go Mobile: Riesgos y oportunidades en internet y el uso de dispositivos móviles entre menores españoles (2010-2015). Madrid: Red.es/Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea.
Garmendia, M., Jiménez, E., Karrera, I., Larrañaga, N., Casado, M. A., Martínez, G. y Garitaoanadia, C. (2019) Actividades, Mediación, Oportunidades y Riesgos online de los menores en la era de la convergencia mediática. León: Instituto Nacional de Ciberseguridad (INCIBE)
Goggin, G. (2010). Global mobile media. New York: Routledge.
Goggin, G., Hjorth, L. (2014). The Routledge Companion to Mobile Media. New York: Routledge.
Haddon, L. (2004). Information and communication technologies in everyday life. Oxford: Berg.
Hjorth, L. & Goggin, G. (2009). Mobile technologies: From telecommunications to media. London: Routledge.
Ito, M. et al. (2009), Hanging out, messing around and geeking out: Kids living and learning with new media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kernaghan, D., & Elwood, J. (2013). All the (cyber) world's a stage: Framing cyberbullying as a performance. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 7(1), article 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/CP2013-1-5
Kofoed, J. & Ringrose, J. (2012). Travelling and sticky affects: Exploring teens and sexualized cyberbullying through a Butlerian-Deleuzian-Guattarian lens. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 33(1), 5-20.
Lampert, C. & Donoso, V. (2012). Bullying. In Livingstone, S. Haddon, L. & Görzig, A. (Ed.), Children, risk and safety on the internet: Research and policy challenges in comparative perspective. (pp. 165-176). Bristol: Policy Press.
Lenhart A. (2015). Teens, Social Media & Technology Overview. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2015/04/PI_TeensandTech_Update2015_0409151.pdf.
Lenhart, A. (2009). Teens and sexting: How and why minor teens are sending sexually suggestive nude or nearly nude images via text messaging. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: http://pewresearch.org/assets/pdf/teens-and-sexting.pdf.
Levy, N., Cortesi, S., Crowley, E., Beaton, M., Casey, J., & Nolan, C. (2012). Bullying in a networked era: A literature review. Berkman Center Research Publication, 17. Retrieved from http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2012/kbw_bulling_in_a_networked_era.
Lim MSC, Cooper S, Lewis L, et al. (2019) Prospective mixed methods study of online and offline social networks and the development of sexual agency in adolescence: the Social Networks and Agency Project (SNAP) protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9: e024329. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2018-024329
Ling, R. S. (2008). New tech, new ties. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Livingstone S, Kirwil L, Ponte C, et al (2013). In their own words: what bothers children online? with the EU Kids Online Network. London, UK: London School of Economics and Political Science.
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children. Full findings. London: LSE, EU Kids Online.
Livingstone, S., Hasebrink, U. & Görzig, A. (2012). Towards a general model of determinants of risks and safety. In S. Livingstone, L. Haddon, & A. Görzig (eds.) Children, risk and safety on the internet (pp. 323-339). Bristol: Policy Press.
Mascheroni, G. y Holloway, D. (2019). The quantified child: Discourses and practices of dataveillance in different life stages. En Erstad, O., Flewitt, R., Kümmerling-Meibauer, B. and Pires Pereira, I. (Eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Digital Literacies in Early Childhood. London: Routledge
Mascheroni, G. y Ólafsson, K. (2014) Net Children Go Mobile: Risks and opportunities (2nd edn). Milano: Educatt.
Mascheroni, G., y Holloway, D. (Eds.) (2017). The Internet of Toys: A report on media and social discourses around young children and IoToys. DigiLitEY.
Mascheroni, G., y Ólafsson, K. (2018). Accesso, usi, rischi e opportunità di internet per i ragazzi italiani. I primi risultati di EU Kids Online 2017. EU Kids Online e OssCom.
Marwick, A., & Boyd, D. (2014). "It's just drama": teen perspectives on conflict and aggression in a networked era. Journal of Youth Studies. DOI: 10.1080/13676261.2014.901493
Matsuda, M. (2005). Mobile communication and selective sociality. En M. Ito, D. Okabe, y M. Matsuda (Eds.) Personal, portable, pedestrian. Mobile phones in Japanese life, 23-142. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Nie, N.H. (2001) Sociability, interpersonal relations and the internet: reconciling conflicting findings. American Behavioural Scientist, 45 (3), 420–435.
Ringrose, J., Gill, R., Livingstone, S., & Harvey, L. (2012). A qualitative study of children, young people and 'sexting': A report prepared for the NSPCC. London: National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
Romer, D., & Moreno, M. (2017). Digital Media and Risks for Adolescent Substance Abuse and Problematic Gambling. PEDIATRICS Volume 140, number s2. DOI: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1542/ peds. 2016- 1758L
Rovolis, A. & Tsaliki, L. (2012). Harm, childhood and appropriate media content: an ongoing debate. In Livingstone, S. Haddon, L. & Görzig, A. (Ed.), Children, risk and safety on the internet: Research and policy challenges in comparative perspective. (pp. 165-176). Retrieved from https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=R__hfWbE3DwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA165&dq=Rovolis+%26+Tsaliki,+2012&ots=xiCXXG_FuA&sig=VbOEgc9nF6GblTiT19TPwF_4-vs#v=onepage&q=Rovolis%20%26%20Tsaliki%2C%202012&f=false
Schrock, A. & Boyd, D. (2008). Online threats to youth: Solicitation, harassment, and problematic content: Literature review prepared for the Internet Safety Technical Task Force. Retrieved from http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/RAB_Lit_Review_121808_0.pdf
The Food Foundation (2017). UK'S RESTRICTIONS ON JUNK FOOD ADVERTISING TO CHILDREN. Disponible en: www.foodfoundation.org.uk.
Vandoninck, S. y d'Haenens, L. (2018). Resiliencia online: la capacidad de minimizar el impacto de los riesgos y de gestionar las situaciones potencialmente dañinas en internet. En Jiménez, E., Garmendia, M. y Casado, M. A. (Eds.) Entre selfies y whatsapps. Oprtunidades y riesgos para la infancia y la adolescencia conectada, 189-208. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Vandoninck, S., d'Haenens, L., & Roe, K. (2013). Online risks: Coping strategies of less resilient children and teenagers across Europe. Journal of Children and Media, 7(1), 60-78.
Ybarra, M.L. & Mitchel, J.M. (2014). "Sexting" and Its Relation to Sexual Activity and Sexual Risk Behavior in a National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 757-764.
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