Types of spin-offs in a university context: a classification proposal
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Published
18-09-2018
José María Beraza Garmendia
Arturo Rodríguez Castellanos
Abstract
In the last times a growing emphasis exists in the commercialization of the university investigation, in particular, through the creation of companies (spin-offs). However, the phenomena that the concept of university spinoff is about embracing are not homogeneous. For this reason, it seems convenient to identify the different realities that it includes organizing them by means of typologies. The present work analyzes this question by means of a revision of the existent literature, and it proposes a classification that distinguishes four spin-offs types: independent, linked, joint venture and subsidiary. The three key approaches used to distinguish these four types of university spin-offs are: the implication or not of the investigator as entrepreneur, the nature of the transferred knowledge and the participation of external partners in the new company.
How to Cite
Beraza Garmendia, J. M., & Rodríguez Castellanos, A. (2018). Types of spin-offs in a university context: a classification proposal. Cuadernos De Gestión, 12(1), 39–57. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.090181jb
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Keywords
Technology transfer, new technology-based firms, academic spin-offs, university, classification
References
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BELLINI, E.; CAPALDO, G.; EDSTRÖM, A.; KAULIO, M.; RAFFA, M.; RICCARDIA, M. y ZOLLO, G. (1999): “Strategic paths of academic spin-offs: A comparative analysis of Italian and Swedish cases”, Nápoles, 44th ICSB Conference, 20-23 Junio.
BERAZA, J.M. y RODRÍGUEZ, A. (2010a): “Factores determinantes de la utilización de las spinoffs como mecanismo de transferencia de conocimiento en las universidades”, Investigaciones Europeas de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, Vol. 16, nº 2, pp. 115-135.
BERAZA, J.M. y RODRÍGUEZ, A. (2010b): “Estructuras de intermediación para la transferencia de conocimiento universitario: las oficinas de transferencia tecnológica”, Revista Propiedad intelectual, Año IX, nº 13, pp. 152-176
BIRLEY, S. (2002): “Universities, Academics, and Spinout Companies: Lessons from Imperial”, International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, Vol. 1, nº 1, pp. 133-154.
CAMISÓN, C. y MARCH, I. (1995): “Estrategias de cooperación y de innovación con soporte territorial y parques tecnológicos: un estudio empírico”, Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, Vol. 4, nº 1, pp. 11-33.
CARAYANNIS, E.G.; ROGERS, E.M.; KURIHARA, K. y ALLBRITTON, M.M. (1998): “HighTechnology spin-offs from government R&D laboratories and research universities”, Technovation, Vol. 18, nº 1, pp. 1-11.
CASTRO, C., MCMULLAN, E.W. y VESPER, K.H. (1987): “The venture generating potential of a university”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College Conference, pp. 631- 642.
DEGROOF, J.-J. (2002): Spinning off new ventures from research institutions outside high tech entrepreneurial areas, Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
DRUILHE, C. y GARNSEY, E. (2004): “Do Academic Spin-Outs Differ and Does it Matter?”, Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 29, nº 3-4, pp. 269-285.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2002): University spin-outs in Europe. Overview and good practice, Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
GOLOB, E. R. (2003): Generating spin-offs from university-based research: an institutional and entrepreneurial analysis, Ph.D. dissertation, The State University of New Jersey.
GRANDI, A. y GRIMALDI, R. (2005): “Academics’ organizational characteristics and the generation of successful business ideas”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 20, nº 6, pp. 821-845.
HAGUE, D. y OAKLEY, K. (2000): Spin-offs and start-ups in UK universities, London, Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals of the Universities of the United Kingdom.
HEIRMAN, A. y CLARYSSE, B. (2004): “How and Why do Research-Based Start-Ups Differ at Founding? A Resource-Based Configurational Perspective”, Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 29, nº 3-4, pp. 247-268.
HIGHER EDUCATION FUNDING COUNCIL FOR ENGLAND (2008): Higher education-business and community interaction survey 2006-07, Higher Education Funding Council for England.
KLOFSTEN, M. y JONES-EVANS, D. (2000): “Comparing academic entrepreneurship in Europe - The case of Sweden and Ireland”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 14, nº 4, pp. 299-309.
LOCKETT, A. y WRIGHT, M. (2005): “Resources, capabilities, risk capital and the creation of university spin-out companies”, Research Policy, Vol. 34, nº 7, pp. 1043-1057.
LOWE, R.A. (2002): Invention, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship: The Commercialization of University Research by Inventor-founded Firms, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
MCQUEEN, D.H. y WALLMARK, J.T. (1982): “Spin-off companies from Chalmers University of Technology”, Technovation, Vol. 1, nº 5, pp. 305-315.
MARTÍNEZ, E. (2002): “Fuentes de financiación para Nuevas Empresas de Base Tecnológica”. En Artetxe, I.; Ibarrondo, Mª.A.; de Marta, E.; Sansinenea, J.M. y Zarrabeitia, J. (Coords.): Creación y gestión de Nuevas Empresas de Base Tecnológica. Reflexiones y propuestas. Experiencias en el País Vasco, Zamudio, Cluster del Conocimiento.
MATKIN, G. W. (2001): “Spinning off in the United States. Why and How?”. Science Technology Industry review, nº 26, pp. 97-120.
MUSTAR, P.; RENAULT, M.; COLOMBO, M.G.; PIVA, E.; FONTES, M.; LOCKETT, A. y WRIGHT, M. (2006): “Conceptualising the heterogeneity of research-based spin-offs: A multidimensional taxonomy”, Research Policy, Vol. 35, nº 2, pp. 289-308.
NICOLAOU, N. y BIRLEY, S. (2002): “Academic networds, exodus and university spinout structure”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College Conference, pp. 576-588.
OECD (2001): “Special issue on fostering high-tech spin-offs: a public strategy for innovation”, Science technology industry review, nº 26, OECD Publications, Paris.
OECD (2002): Frascati Manual, OECD Publications, Paris.
PIRNAY, F. (2001): La valorisation économique des résultats de recherche universitaire par création d’activités nouvelles (spin-offs universitaires) : Propositions d’un cadre procédural d’essaimage, Thèse de doctorat ès Sciences de Gestion. Université du Droit et de la Santé – Lille 2, Lille, France.
PIRNAY, F.; SURLEMONT, B. y NLEMVO, F. (2003): “Toward a Typology of University Spinoffs”, Small Business Economics, nº 21, pp. 355-369.
RADOSEVICH, R. (1995): “A model for entrepreneurial spin-offs from public technology sources”, International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 10, nº 7/8, pp. 879-893.
RAPPERT, B.; WEBSTER, A. y CHARLES, D. (1999): “Making sense of diversity and reluctance: academic-industrial relations and intellectual property”, Research Policy, Vol. 28, nº 8, pp. 873-890.
REDOTRI UNIVERSIDADES-CRUE (2004): Informe RedOTRI 2004, Madrid, RedOTRI Universidades.
RODEIRO, D. (2008): La creación de empresas en el entorno universitario español y la determinación de su estructura financiera, Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.
RODEIRO, D.; FERNÁNDEZ, S. y OTERO, L. (2008): “La creación de empresas en el ámbito universitario: una aplicación de la teoría de los recursos”, Cuadernos de Gestión, Vol. 8, nº 2, pp. 11-28.
RODEIRO, D.; CALVO, N. y FERNÁNDEZ, S.: “La gestión empresarial como factor clave de desarrollo de las spin-offs universitarias. Análisis organizativo y financiero”, cuadernos de gestión, fecha publicación online (16, 06, 2011). Doi: 10.5295/Cdg.100211Dr.
RUBIRALTA, M. (2003): Transferencia a las empresas de la investigación universitaria, Madrid, Academia Europea de Ciencias y Artes.
SHANE, S. (2004): Academic Entrepreneurship. University Spinoffs and Wealth Creation, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
SMILOR, R.W.; GIBSON, D.V. y DIETRICH, G.B. (1990): “Spin-out companies: Technology startups from UT-Austin”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 5, nº 1, pp. 63-76.
SOLÉ, F. (2005): “La creación de empresas desde la universidad como contribución al desarrollo regional”. En Parellada, M. (Dir.): Informe C Y D 2005. La contribución de las universidades españolas al desarrollo, Barcelona, Fundación Conocimiento y Desarrollo.
STANKIEWICZ, R. (1994): “Spin-off companies from universities”, Science and Public Policy, Vol. 21, nº 2, pp. 99-107.
STEFFENSEN, M.; ROGERS, E.M. y SPEAKMAN, K. (2000): “Spin-offs from research centers at a research university”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 15, nº. 1, pp. 93-111.
THORBURN, L. (2001): “Institutional structures and arrangements at australian public sector laboratories”, Science Technology Industry review, nº 26, pp. 121-142.
TIMMONS, J.A. (1994): New Venture Creation. Entrepreneurship For The 21st Century, Boston, Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
VAN DIERDONCK, R. y DEBACKERE, K. (1988): “Academic entrepreneurship at Belgian Universities”, R&D Management, Vol. 18, nº 4, pp. 341-353.
WRIGHT, M.; CLARYSSE, B.; MUSTAR, P. y LOCKETT, A. (2007): Academic Entrepreneurship in Europe, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
BELLINI, E.; CAPALDO, G.; EDSTRÖM, A.; KAULIO, M.; RAFFA, M.; RICCARDIA, M. y ZOLLO, G. (1999): “Strategic paths of academic spin-offs: A comparative analysis of Italian and Swedish cases”, Nápoles, 44th ICSB Conference, 20-23 Junio.
BERAZA, J.M. y RODRÍGUEZ, A. (2010a): “Factores determinantes de la utilización de las spinoffs como mecanismo de transferencia de conocimiento en las universidades”, Investigaciones Europeas de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, Vol. 16, nº 2, pp. 115-135.
BERAZA, J.M. y RODRÍGUEZ, A. (2010b): “Estructuras de intermediación para la transferencia de conocimiento universitario: las oficinas de transferencia tecnológica”, Revista Propiedad intelectual, Año IX, nº 13, pp. 152-176
BIRLEY, S. (2002): “Universities, Academics, and Spinout Companies: Lessons from Imperial”, International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, Vol. 1, nº 1, pp. 133-154.
CAMISÓN, C. y MARCH, I. (1995): “Estrategias de cooperación y de innovación con soporte territorial y parques tecnológicos: un estudio empírico”, Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, Vol. 4, nº 1, pp. 11-33.
CARAYANNIS, E.G.; ROGERS, E.M.; KURIHARA, K. y ALLBRITTON, M.M. (1998): “HighTechnology spin-offs from government R&D laboratories and research universities”, Technovation, Vol. 18, nº 1, pp. 1-11.
CASTRO, C., MCMULLAN, E.W. y VESPER, K.H. (1987): “The venture generating potential of a university”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College Conference, pp. 631- 642.
DEGROOF, J.-J. (2002): Spinning off new ventures from research institutions outside high tech entrepreneurial areas, Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
DRUILHE, C. y GARNSEY, E. (2004): “Do Academic Spin-Outs Differ and Does it Matter?”, Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 29, nº 3-4, pp. 269-285.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2002): University spin-outs in Europe. Overview and good practice, Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
GOLOB, E. R. (2003): Generating spin-offs from university-based research: an institutional and entrepreneurial analysis, Ph.D. dissertation, The State University of New Jersey.
GRANDI, A. y GRIMALDI, R. (2005): “Academics’ organizational characteristics and the generation of successful business ideas”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 20, nº 6, pp. 821-845.
HAGUE, D. y OAKLEY, K. (2000): Spin-offs and start-ups in UK universities, London, Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals of the Universities of the United Kingdom.
HEIRMAN, A. y CLARYSSE, B. (2004): “How and Why do Research-Based Start-Ups Differ at Founding? A Resource-Based Configurational Perspective”, Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 29, nº 3-4, pp. 247-268.
HIGHER EDUCATION FUNDING COUNCIL FOR ENGLAND (2008): Higher education-business and community interaction survey 2006-07, Higher Education Funding Council for England.
KLOFSTEN, M. y JONES-EVANS, D. (2000): “Comparing academic entrepreneurship in Europe - The case of Sweden and Ireland”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 14, nº 4, pp. 299-309.
LOCKETT, A. y WRIGHT, M. (2005): “Resources, capabilities, risk capital and the creation of university spin-out companies”, Research Policy, Vol. 34, nº 7, pp. 1043-1057.
LOWE, R.A. (2002): Invention, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship: The Commercialization of University Research by Inventor-founded Firms, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
MCQUEEN, D.H. y WALLMARK, J.T. (1982): “Spin-off companies from Chalmers University of Technology”, Technovation, Vol. 1, nº 5, pp. 305-315.
MARTÍNEZ, E. (2002): “Fuentes de financiación para Nuevas Empresas de Base Tecnológica”. En Artetxe, I.; Ibarrondo, Mª.A.; de Marta, E.; Sansinenea, J.M. y Zarrabeitia, J. (Coords.): Creación y gestión de Nuevas Empresas de Base Tecnológica. Reflexiones y propuestas. Experiencias en el País Vasco, Zamudio, Cluster del Conocimiento.
MATKIN, G. W. (2001): “Spinning off in the United States. Why and How?”. Science Technology Industry review, nº 26, pp. 97-120.
MUSTAR, P.; RENAULT, M.; COLOMBO, M.G.; PIVA, E.; FONTES, M.; LOCKETT, A. y WRIGHT, M. (2006): “Conceptualising the heterogeneity of research-based spin-offs: A multidimensional taxonomy”, Research Policy, Vol. 35, nº 2, pp. 289-308.
NICOLAOU, N. y BIRLEY, S. (2002): “Academic networds, exodus and university spinout structure”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College Conference, pp. 576-588.
OECD (2001): “Special issue on fostering high-tech spin-offs: a public strategy for innovation”, Science technology industry review, nº 26, OECD Publications, Paris.
OECD (2002): Frascati Manual, OECD Publications, Paris.
PIRNAY, F. (2001): La valorisation économique des résultats de recherche universitaire par création d’activités nouvelles (spin-offs universitaires) : Propositions d’un cadre procédural d’essaimage, Thèse de doctorat ès Sciences de Gestion. Université du Droit et de la Santé – Lille 2, Lille, France.
PIRNAY, F.; SURLEMONT, B. y NLEMVO, F. (2003): “Toward a Typology of University Spinoffs”, Small Business Economics, nº 21, pp. 355-369.
RADOSEVICH, R. (1995): “A model for entrepreneurial spin-offs from public technology sources”, International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 10, nº 7/8, pp. 879-893.
RAPPERT, B.; WEBSTER, A. y CHARLES, D. (1999): “Making sense of diversity and reluctance: academic-industrial relations and intellectual property”, Research Policy, Vol. 28, nº 8, pp. 873-890.
REDOTRI UNIVERSIDADES-CRUE (2004): Informe RedOTRI 2004, Madrid, RedOTRI Universidades.
RODEIRO, D. (2008): La creación de empresas en el entorno universitario español y la determinación de su estructura financiera, Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.
RODEIRO, D.; FERNÁNDEZ, S. y OTERO, L. (2008): “La creación de empresas en el ámbito universitario: una aplicación de la teoría de los recursos”, Cuadernos de Gestión, Vol. 8, nº 2, pp. 11-28.
RODEIRO, D.; CALVO, N. y FERNÁNDEZ, S.: “La gestión empresarial como factor clave de desarrollo de las spin-offs universitarias. Análisis organizativo y financiero”, cuadernos de gestión, fecha publicación online (16, 06, 2011). Doi: 10.5295/Cdg.100211Dr.
RUBIRALTA, M. (2003): Transferencia a las empresas de la investigación universitaria, Madrid, Academia Europea de Ciencias y Artes.
SHANE, S. (2004): Academic Entrepreneurship. University Spinoffs and Wealth Creation, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
SMILOR, R.W.; GIBSON, D.V. y DIETRICH, G.B. (1990): “Spin-out companies: Technology startups from UT-Austin”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 5, nº 1, pp. 63-76.
SOLÉ, F. (2005): “La creación de empresas desde la universidad como contribución al desarrollo regional”. En Parellada, M. (Dir.): Informe C Y D 2005. La contribución de las universidades españolas al desarrollo, Barcelona, Fundación Conocimiento y Desarrollo.
STANKIEWICZ, R. (1994): “Spin-off companies from universities”, Science and Public Policy, Vol. 21, nº 2, pp. 99-107.
STEFFENSEN, M.; ROGERS, E.M. y SPEAKMAN, K. (2000): “Spin-offs from research centers at a research university”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 15, nº. 1, pp. 93-111.
THORBURN, L. (2001): “Institutional structures and arrangements at australian public sector laboratories”, Science Technology Industry review, nº 26, pp. 121-142.
TIMMONS, J.A. (1994): New Venture Creation. Entrepreneurship For The 21st Century, Boston, Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
VAN DIERDONCK, R. y DEBACKERE, K. (1988): “Academic entrepreneurship at Belgian Universities”, R&D Management, Vol. 18, nº 4, pp. 341-353.
WRIGHT, M.; CLARYSSE, B.; MUSTAR, P. y LOCKETT, A. (2007): Academic Entrepreneurship in Europe, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
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