Relationship between entrepreneur's traits and cloud computing adoption among malay-owned SMEs in Malaysia
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Published
10-09-2018
Syed Shah Alam
Nor Ghani Md Nor
Mohd Helmi Ali
Nor Asiah Omar
Che Aniza Che Wel
Abstract
Purpose of the research: This research aims to empirically examine the relationship between entrepreneurs' personality traits and cloud computing adoption among Malay-owned SMEs in Malaysia. The research was done under theoretical framework that was developed based on the previous literature.Methodology: This study adopts non-probability sampling which is convenient sampling for data collection. Data collection was done in all major towns in West Malaysia. Hypotheses related to personality factors (determination, opportunity, independent, innovativeness, locus of control, creativity, risk taking ability and achievement) and cloud computing adoption among Malay entrepreneurial society were tested by using multiple regression analysis on survey data from a sample of 383 entrepreneurs from major towns in Malaysia.Major conclusion: The result of this study indicates that cloud computing adoption depend on the entrepreneur's trait. This study confirms that personality traits have significant influence on cloud computing adoption.Research limitation: Like other empirical studies, this study is not without its limitations. The sample size itself is small. The study can be strengthened by increasing the sample size and including participants in other geographical areas.Originality and value: The findings of this paper serve as a reminder for the Malay-owned SMEs that they have to consider cloud computing for their business operation, particularly for managing and maintaining all their virtual resources at their own end.
How to Cite
Shah Alam, S., Md Nor, N. G., Helmi Ali, M., Asiah Omar, N., & Che Wel, C. A. (2018). Relationship between entrepreneur’s traits and cloud computing adoption among malay-owned SMEs in Malaysia. Cuadernos De Gestión, 18(2), 115–132. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.140515ss
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Keywords
Malaysia, cloud computing, malay-owned SMEs
References
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Alam S.S., 2011. Entrepreneur’s traits and firm innovation capability: an empirical study in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 19 (1), 53-66.
Alam S.S. 2009. Adoption of Internet in Malaysian SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16 (2), 240-255.
Alam S.S., Khatibi, A., Ahmad, M.S.I, and Ismail, H.B., 2007. Factors affecting e-commerce adoption in the electronic manufacturing companies in Malaysia. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 17 (½), 125-139.
Aziz A., 1980. Malay Entrepreneurship, Problems in Development: A Comparative Empirical Analysis. Kuala Lumpur: Hang Press.
Barney J.B., 1991. Firm resources a sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99-120.
Begley T., 1995. Using Founder Status, Age of Firm, and Company Growth Rate as the Basis for Distinguishing Entrepreneurs From Managers of Smaller Businesses. Journal of Business Venturing, 10, 249-263.
Berl, A., Gelenbe, E., Girolamo, M.D., Giuliani, G., Meer, H.D, Dang, M.Q., and Pentikousis, K., 2009. Energy-Efficient Cloud Computing, The Computer Journal, 53 (7), 1045-1051.
Bloom C.B., 1987. Lending to Entrepreneurs. Commercial Lending Review, 2 (4), 15-20
Bowen D. and Hisrich R., 1988. The Female Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Winter, 26-41.
Bryman A. and Cramer D., 2001. Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS Release 10 for Windows: A Guide for Social Scientists, East Essex: Routledge.
Bygrave W., 1997. The Portable MBA in Entrepreneurship (second Ed). Wiley, New York.
Caired S., 1988. A review of methods of measuring enterprising attributes. University Business School, Durham,.
Carland J.W., Huy F., Boulton, W.R. and Carland, J.A.C., 1984. Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners: a conceptualization. Academy of Management Review 9 (2), 354-9.
Charlsworth H., 1974. Increasing the Supply of Bumiputra Entrepreneur, Research Report. Shah Alam, Selangor: MARA’s Institute of Technology.
Chatterjee D., Grewal R. and Sambamurthy V., 2002. Shaping up for e-commerce: institutional enablers of the organizational assimilation of web technologies, MIS Quarterly, 26 (2), 65-89.
Claycomb, C., Lyer, K. and Germain, R., 2005. Predicting the level of B2b e-Commerce in industrial organizations’, Industrial Marketing Management, 34 (3), 221-234.
Clayton D.E., 1970. The Relationship among Attitudes towards Physical Activity, Personality and Self-concept. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, UW Seattle.
Davis F., 1989. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and user acceptance o information technology, MIS Quarterly, 13 (3), 319-340.
DeCarlo J.F and Lyons, P.R., 1979. A Comparison of Selected Personality characteristics of minority and non-minority female entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 17, 22-28.
Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department. Eighth Malaysia Plan, 2001-2005. Kuala Lumpur: Government Printers, 2001
Fichman R.G. and Kemerer C.F., 1997. The assimilation of software process innovations: an organizational learning perspective, Management Science, 43 (10), 1345-63.
Gibbs J., Kraemer K.L. and Dedrick, J., 2003. Environment and policy factors shaping global e-Commerce diffusion: a cross-country comparison. The Information Society, 19, 5-18.
Givens P.R, Pinkard C.A. and Rich, T.A., 1967. Relationship of Personality Factors, Creativity, and Academic Achievements among High School Seniors. Honda Journal of Educational Research, 9, 45-56.
Gnyawali D. and Fogel D., 1994. Environments for Entrepreneurship Development: Key Dimensions and Research Implications. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Summer, 43-62.
Grande P.P., 1965. Rapport in the School Counseling Interview in Relation to Selected Personality Characteristics of Religious and Non-religious Counselors. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Notre Dame.
Grover V., Fiedler, K. and Teng, J., 1997. Empirical evidence on Swanson’s tri-core model of information systems innovation, Information Systems Research, 8 (3), 273-87.
Hair J.F., Anderson R.E., Tatham R.L. and Black W.C., 1998 Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th Ed., London: Prentice Hall.
Hall C. and Lindzay G., 1984. Introduction to Theories of Personality. New York: Wiley.
Hashim M.S., 1976. An Introduction to the Constitution of Malaysia, 2nd ed. Kuala Lumpur: Government Press. 291.
Hempel P.S. and Kwong Y.K., 2001. B2B e-Commerce in emerging economies: i-metal.com’s non-ferrous metals exchange in China’, Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 10, 335-355.
Henley, M.F., 1987. A Career Casebook: Good, Better, Best. Working Women. Dec. 12(12), 86-89.
Kitch M., 1988. Hollis E. Harrington Jr.: The Save Company for 30 years ... l am Something of a Dinosaur. New England Business, Annual Report.
Kleinbaum D. G., Kupper L. L., and Muller K. E., 1988. Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariate Methods, Boston: PWS.
Kshetri N. and Dholakia N., 2002. Determinants of the global diffusion of B2B E-commerce, Electronic Markets, 12 (2), 120-129.
Kuan K.K.J. and Chau P.Y.K., 2001. A perception-based model for EDI adoption in small businesses using a technology-organization-environment framework, Information & Management, 38 (8), 507.
Kuhn R.L., 1985. To Flourish Among Giants: Creative Management for Mid-sized Firms New York: John Wiley.
Lakhanpal B., 1994. Assessing the Factors Related to Microcomputer Usage by Middle Managers, International Journal of Information Management, 14 (1), 39-50.
Lawlls G.F., 1971. Motivational Factors Reflecting Employment Instability, Journal of Social Psychology, 84 (2), 215-223.
Marzolf S.S. and Kirchner J.H., 1971. Color in HTP Drawings by College Men and Women. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27 (4), 504-509.
Matlay, H., 2008. The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial outcomes”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12 (4), 627-43.
Matlay, H., 2005. Entrepreneurship education in UK business schools: conceptual, contextual and policy considerations, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15 (2), 382-96
McClelland, D.C., 1965. N achievement and entrepreneurship: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 14, 389–392
McGaffey, T.N. and Christy, R., 1975. Information processing capability as a predictor of entrepreneurial effectiveness, Academy of Management Journal, 18, 857-63.
Meyer, R.G., 1967. The Relationship of Blood Pressure Levels to the Chronic Inhibition of Aggression. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, MSU (East Lansing).
Miner, J., 1997. The Expanded Horizon for Achieving Entrepreneurial Success, Fortune, Winter, 54-67.
Mohamed., 2008. An exploration of the personality profile of small-scale business Bumiputra and non-Bumiputra Entrep, School of Foundation Studies, University Utara,
Malaysia research, available at http://mgv.mim.edu.my/MMR/9008/900804.Htm, dated. 18-12-2008.
Molla, A. and Licker, P.S., 2005. E-commerce adoption in developing countries: a model and instrument, Information & Management, 42, 877-899.
Moore, G.C. and Benbasat, I., 1991. Development of an instrument to measure the perceptions adopting an information technology innovation. Information Systems Research, 2 (3), 173-191.
Mueller, S. and Thomas, A. 2003. Culture and Entrepreneurial Potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness, Journal of Business Venturing, 16 (1), 51-75.
Ndubisi, N.O. and Kahraman, C., 2005. Malaysian women entrepreneurs: understanding the ICT usage behaviors and drivers. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 18 (8), 721-739.
Niehouse, D.L., 1984. Just who are these Entrepreneurs? Management World, 15 (8), 7-8.
Olson, H.Jr., 1969. Distributive Education Tender-coordinators: Relationship between Personality and Job Satisfaction. Delta pi Epsilon Journal 11 (3): 4-20.
Palmer, M., 1971. The application of psychological testing to entrepreneurial potential, California Management Review, 13 (3).
Popenoe, O., 1970. An analysis of the social background, careers and attitudes of the leading Malays Business in western Malaysia. Ph.D. thesis, London School of Economics, University of London, UK.
Rasheed, R.N., 1969. The Relationship between Factors of Personality and Academic Achievement in a Programme Learning Situation among College Students. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Auburn University.
Rogers, E. M., 1995. The Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press, New York, NY
Schumpeter, J. A., 1947. The Creative Response in Economic History, Journal of Economic History, 7 (2), 149-159.
Scott, W.R., 1995. Institutions and Organizations, Thousand Oaks, Sage, CA.
Seiichiro, Y., 1984. Entrepreneurships and Innovative Behavior of Kawasaki Steel: The Post World War II Period. Discussion Paper No.120 Institute of Business Research, Hitotsubashi University, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan.
Sexton, D.C. and Van Auken, P.M., 1982. Experiences in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall.
Sexton, D.L. and Bowman, N., 1983. Determining Entrepreneurial Potential of Students, Academy of Management Proceedings, 42, 408-412.
Sexton, D.L. and Bowman, N., 1984. Personality Inventory for Potential Entrepreneurs: Evaluation of a modified JPI/PRF-E test instrument. In Hornaday et al. (1984) Eds. Frontiers of Entrepreneurial Research, Wesley, MA: Centre for Entrepreneurial Studies, Babson College.
Sexton, D. and Smilor, R., 1986. The art and science of entrepreneurship, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Smyth, P., 2009. Cloud Computing, A Strategy Guide for Board Level Executives. Kynetix Technology, available at file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/syed%20shah%20alam/My%20Documents/Downloads/kynetixcloudcomputingstrategyguide.pdf
Stevenson, H.H. and Gumpert, D.E., 1991. The heart of entrepreneurship”, in Sahlman, W.A., Stevenson, H.H., Roberts, M.J., Bhidé, A. (Eds),The Entrepreneurial Venture, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
Still, L.V. and Timms, W., 2000. Women’s business: the flexible alternative work style for women, Women in Management Review, 15 (5/6), 272-83.
Straub, W.F., 1971. Personality Traits of College Football Players Who Participated at Different Levels of Competition. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 2 (1), 33-41.
Suyderhoud J.P., 1999. Malaysian Economic Development Challenge: Can Productivity Growth Co-exist With Income Redistribution? K.J. Luke Working Paper No. 00-15, Paper Presented to the Seventh Tun Abdul Razak International conference-Part Two, December 2-4, 1999, Penang, Malaysia, available at http://www2.hawaii.edu/~fima/Working_Papers/paper00-15.pdf, date 02-12-2008.
Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S., 2001. Using Multivariate Statistics, 4th Ed., London: A Pearson Education Company.
Tan, J., Tyler, K. and Manica, A. 2007. Business-to-Business adoption of eCommerce in China, Information and Management, 11, 32-351.
Thurik, A.R. and Wennekers, A.P.M. 2004. Entrepreneurship, small business and economic growth, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11 (1), 140-149.
Tornatzky, L.G. and Fleischer, M., 1990. The process of technological innovation, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA.
Wood, T., Cecchet, E., Ramakrishnan, K.K., Shenoy, P., Merwe, D.V.J. and Venkataramani, A., 2013. Disaster Recovery as a Cloud Service: Economic Benefits & Deployment Challenges, AT&TLabs – Research, Dallas, TX, United States of America.
Zhu, K. and Kraemer, K.L., 2005. Post-adoption variations in usage and value of E-Business by organizations: cross country evidence from the retail industry. Information System Research, 16 (1), 61-84.
Alam S.S., 2011. Entrepreneur’s traits and firm innovation capability: an empirical study in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 19 (1), 53-66.
Alam S.S. 2009. Adoption of Internet in Malaysian SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16 (2), 240-255.
Alam S.S., Khatibi, A., Ahmad, M.S.I, and Ismail, H.B., 2007. Factors affecting e-commerce adoption in the electronic manufacturing companies in Malaysia. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 17 (½), 125-139.
Aziz A., 1980. Malay Entrepreneurship, Problems in Development: A Comparative Empirical Analysis. Kuala Lumpur: Hang Press.
Barney J.B., 1991. Firm resources a sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99-120.
Begley T., 1995. Using Founder Status, Age of Firm, and Company Growth Rate as the Basis for Distinguishing Entrepreneurs From Managers of Smaller Businesses. Journal of Business Venturing, 10, 249-263.
Berl, A., Gelenbe, E., Girolamo, M.D., Giuliani, G., Meer, H.D, Dang, M.Q., and Pentikousis, K., 2009. Energy-Efficient Cloud Computing, The Computer Journal, 53 (7), 1045-1051.
Bloom C.B., 1987. Lending to Entrepreneurs. Commercial Lending Review, 2 (4), 15-20
Bowen D. and Hisrich R., 1988. The Female Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Winter, 26-41.
Bryman A. and Cramer D., 2001. Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS Release 10 for Windows: A Guide for Social Scientists, East Essex: Routledge.
Bygrave W., 1997. The Portable MBA in Entrepreneurship (second Ed). Wiley, New York.
Caired S., 1988. A review of methods of measuring enterprising attributes. University Business School, Durham,.
Carland J.W., Huy F., Boulton, W.R. and Carland, J.A.C., 1984. Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners: a conceptualization. Academy of Management Review 9 (2), 354-9.
Charlsworth H., 1974. Increasing the Supply of Bumiputra Entrepreneur, Research Report. Shah Alam, Selangor: MARA’s Institute of Technology.
Chatterjee D., Grewal R. and Sambamurthy V., 2002. Shaping up for e-commerce: institutional enablers of the organizational assimilation of web technologies, MIS Quarterly, 26 (2), 65-89.
Claycomb, C., Lyer, K. and Germain, R., 2005. Predicting the level of B2b e-Commerce in industrial organizations’, Industrial Marketing Management, 34 (3), 221-234.
Clayton D.E., 1970. The Relationship among Attitudes towards Physical Activity, Personality and Self-concept. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, UW Seattle.
Davis F., 1989. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and user acceptance o information technology, MIS Quarterly, 13 (3), 319-340.
DeCarlo J.F and Lyons, P.R., 1979. A Comparison of Selected Personality characteristics of minority and non-minority female entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 17, 22-28.
Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department. Eighth Malaysia Plan, 2001-2005. Kuala Lumpur: Government Printers, 2001
Fichman R.G. and Kemerer C.F., 1997. The assimilation of software process innovations: an organizational learning perspective, Management Science, 43 (10), 1345-63.
Gibbs J., Kraemer K.L. and Dedrick, J., 2003. Environment and policy factors shaping global e-Commerce diffusion: a cross-country comparison. The Information Society, 19, 5-18.
Givens P.R, Pinkard C.A. and Rich, T.A., 1967. Relationship of Personality Factors, Creativity, and Academic Achievements among High School Seniors. Honda Journal of Educational Research, 9, 45-56.
Gnyawali D. and Fogel D., 1994. Environments for Entrepreneurship Development: Key Dimensions and Research Implications. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Summer, 43-62.
Grande P.P., 1965. Rapport in the School Counseling Interview in Relation to Selected Personality Characteristics of Religious and Non-religious Counselors. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Notre Dame.
Grover V., Fiedler, K. and Teng, J., 1997. Empirical evidence on Swanson’s tri-core model of information systems innovation, Information Systems Research, 8 (3), 273-87.
Hair J.F., Anderson R.E., Tatham R.L. and Black W.C., 1998 Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th Ed., London: Prentice Hall.
Hall C. and Lindzay G., 1984. Introduction to Theories of Personality. New York: Wiley.
Hashim M.S., 1976. An Introduction to the Constitution of Malaysia, 2nd ed. Kuala Lumpur: Government Press. 291.
Hempel P.S. and Kwong Y.K., 2001. B2B e-Commerce in emerging economies: i-metal.com’s non-ferrous metals exchange in China’, Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 10, 335-355.
Henley, M.F., 1987. A Career Casebook: Good, Better, Best. Working Women. Dec. 12(12), 86-89.
Kitch M., 1988. Hollis E. Harrington Jr.: The Save Company for 30 years ... l am Something of a Dinosaur. New England Business, Annual Report.
Kleinbaum D. G., Kupper L. L., and Muller K. E., 1988. Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariate Methods, Boston: PWS.
Kshetri N. and Dholakia N., 2002. Determinants of the global diffusion of B2B E-commerce, Electronic Markets, 12 (2), 120-129.
Kuan K.K.J. and Chau P.Y.K., 2001. A perception-based model for EDI adoption in small businesses using a technology-organization-environment framework, Information & Management, 38 (8), 507.
Kuhn R.L., 1985. To Flourish Among Giants: Creative Management for Mid-sized Firms New York: John Wiley.
Lakhanpal B., 1994. Assessing the Factors Related to Microcomputer Usage by Middle Managers, International Journal of Information Management, 14 (1), 39-50.
Lawlls G.F., 1971. Motivational Factors Reflecting Employment Instability, Journal of Social Psychology, 84 (2), 215-223.
Marzolf S.S. and Kirchner J.H., 1971. Color in HTP Drawings by College Men and Women. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27 (4), 504-509.
Matlay, H., 2008. The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial outcomes”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12 (4), 627-43.
Matlay, H., 2005. Entrepreneurship education in UK business schools: conceptual, contextual and policy considerations, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15 (2), 382-96
McClelland, D.C., 1965. N achievement and entrepreneurship: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 14, 389–392
McGaffey, T.N. and Christy, R., 1975. Information processing capability as a predictor of entrepreneurial effectiveness, Academy of Management Journal, 18, 857-63.
Meyer, R.G., 1967. The Relationship of Blood Pressure Levels to the Chronic Inhibition of Aggression. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, MSU (East Lansing).
Miner, J., 1997. The Expanded Horizon for Achieving Entrepreneurial Success, Fortune, Winter, 54-67.
Mohamed., 2008. An exploration of the personality profile of small-scale business Bumiputra and non-Bumiputra Entrep, School of Foundation Studies, University Utara,
Malaysia research, available at http://mgv.mim.edu.my/MMR/9008/900804.Htm, dated. 18-12-2008.
Molla, A. and Licker, P.S., 2005. E-commerce adoption in developing countries: a model and instrument, Information & Management, 42, 877-899.
Moore, G.C. and Benbasat, I., 1991. Development of an instrument to measure the perceptions adopting an information technology innovation. Information Systems Research, 2 (3), 173-191.
Mueller, S. and Thomas, A. 2003. Culture and Entrepreneurial Potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness, Journal of Business Venturing, 16 (1), 51-75.
Ndubisi, N.O. and Kahraman, C., 2005. Malaysian women entrepreneurs: understanding the ICT usage behaviors and drivers. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 18 (8), 721-739.
Niehouse, D.L., 1984. Just who are these Entrepreneurs? Management World, 15 (8), 7-8.
Olson, H.Jr., 1969. Distributive Education Tender-coordinators: Relationship between Personality and Job Satisfaction. Delta pi Epsilon Journal 11 (3): 4-20.
Palmer, M., 1971. The application of psychological testing to entrepreneurial potential, California Management Review, 13 (3).
Popenoe, O., 1970. An analysis of the social background, careers and attitudes of the leading Malays Business in western Malaysia. Ph.D. thesis, London School of Economics, University of London, UK.
Rasheed, R.N., 1969. The Relationship between Factors of Personality and Academic Achievement in a Programme Learning Situation among College Students. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Auburn University.
Rogers, E. M., 1995. The Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press, New York, NY
Schumpeter, J. A., 1947. The Creative Response in Economic History, Journal of Economic History, 7 (2), 149-159.
Scott, W.R., 1995. Institutions and Organizations, Thousand Oaks, Sage, CA.
Seiichiro, Y., 1984. Entrepreneurships and Innovative Behavior of Kawasaki Steel: The Post World War II Period. Discussion Paper No.120 Institute of Business Research, Hitotsubashi University, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan.
Sexton, D.C. and Van Auken, P.M., 1982. Experiences in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall.
Sexton, D.L. and Bowman, N., 1983. Determining Entrepreneurial Potential of Students, Academy of Management Proceedings, 42, 408-412.
Sexton, D.L. and Bowman, N., 1984. Personality Inventory for Potential Entrepreneurs: Evaluation of a modified JPI/PRF-E test instrument. In Hornaday et al. (1984) Eds. Frontiers of Entrepreneurial Research, Wesley, MA: Centre for Entrepreneurial Studies, Babson College.
Sexton, D. and Smilor, R., 1986. The art and science of entrepreneurship, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Smyth, P., 2009. Cloud Computing, A Strategy Guide for Board Level Executives. Kynetix Technology, available at file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/syed%20shah%20alam/My%20Documents/Downloads/kynetixcloudcomputingstrategyguide.pdf
Stevenson, H.H. and Gumpert, D.E., 1991. The heart of entrepreneurship”, in Sahlman, W.A., Stevenson, H.H., Roberts, M.J., Bhidé, A. (Eds),The Entrepreneurial Venture, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
Still, L.V. and Timms, W., 2000. Women’s business: the flexible alternative work style for women, Women in Management Review, 15 (5/6), 272-83.
Straub, W.F., 1971. Personality Traits of College Football Players Who Participated at Different Levels of Competition. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 2 (1), 33-41.
Suyderhoud J.P., 1999. Malaysian Economic Development Challenge: Can Productivity Growth Co-exist With Income Redistribution? K.J. Luke Working Paper No. 00-15, Paper Presented to the Seventh Tun Abdul Razak International conference-Part Two, December 2-4, 1999, Penang, Malaysia, available at http://www2.hawaii.edu/~fima/Working_Papers/paper00-15.pdf, date 02-12-2008.
Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S., 2001. Using Multivariate Statistics, 4th Ed., London: A Pearson Education Company.
Tan, J., Tyler, K. and Manica, A. 2007. Business-to-Business adoption of eCommerce in China, Information and Management, 11, 32-351.
Thurik, A.R. and Wennekers, A.P.M. 2004. Entrepreneurship, small business and economic growth, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11 (1), 140-149.
Tornatzky, L.G. and Fleischer, M., 1990. The process of technological innovation, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA.
Wood, T., Cecchet, E., Ramakrishnan, K.K., Shenoy, P., Merwe, D.V.J. and Venkataramani, A., 2013. Disaster Recovery as a Cloud Service: Economic Benefits & Deployment Challenges, AT&TLabs – Research, Dallas, TX, United States of America.
Zhu, K. and Kraemer, K.L., 2005. Post-adoption variations in usage and value of E-Business by organizations: cross country evidence from the retail industry. Information System Research, 16 (1), 61-84.
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