Comparative Linguistics of Mesoamerican Languages Today
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Published
13-12-2016
Lyle Campbell
Abstract
This chapter examines the current state of comparative linguistics applied to the ten language families and isolates of Mesoamerica. The classification of the Mesoamerican languages is well established and the reconstruction of the proto-languages is advanced. Proposals of distant genetic relationship involving languages of Mesoamerica are evaluated. Remaining tasks and some issues are identified and discussed together with recommendations for future research.
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References
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Brown, C. H., S. Wichmann, and D. Beck, 2014, «Chitimacha: a Mesoamerican Language in the Lower Mississippi Valley», International Journal of American Linguistics 80, 425-474.
Brown, C. H., and S. R. Witkowski, 1979, «Aspects of the phonological history of Mayan-Zoquean», International Journal of American Linguistics 45, 34-47.
Campbell, L., 1972, «Mayan loan words in Xinca», International Journal of American Linguistics 38, 187-190.
Campbell, L., 1977, «Quichean prehistory: linguistic contributions», in N. C. England (ed.), Papers in Mayan linguistics, Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Studies in Mayan linguistics, 25-54.
Campbell, L., 1979, «Middle American languages», in L. Campbell and M. Mithun (eds.), The Languages of Native America: an Historical and Comparative Assessment, Austin: University of Texas Press, 902-1000.
Campbell, L., 1988, The Linguistics of Southeast Chiapas, Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation 51, Utah: Provo.
Campbell, L., 1997, American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Campbell, L., 2011, «La investigación histórica de las lenguas aisladas, o ¿es raro el vasco?», in J. A. Lakarra, J. Gorrochategui, and B. Urgell (eds.), II Congreso de la Cátedra Luis Michelena, Vitoria Gasteiz: Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco, 23-40.
Campbell, L., 2013, Historical Linguistics: an Introduction (3rd edition), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, and Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Campbell, L., in press, «History and reconstruction of the Mayan languages», in J. Aissen, N. C. England, and R. Zavala Maldonado (eds.), The Mayan Languages, London: Routledge.
Campbell, L., and T. Kaufman, 1976, «A linguistic look at the Olmecs», American Antiquity 41, 80-89.
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Campbell, L. and D. Oltrogge, 1980, «Proto-Tol (Jicaque)», International Journal of American Linguistics 46, 205-223.
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Hervás y Panduro, L., 1800-1805, Catálogo de las lenguas de las naciones conocidas y numeracion, division, y clases de estas segun la diversidad de sus idiomas y dialectos, volumen I (1800): Lenguas y naciones Americanas. Madrid: Administración del Real Arbitrio de Beneficencia.
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Hill, J. H., 2001, «Proto-Uto-Aztecan: a community of cultivators in central Mexico?», American Anthropologist 103, 913-914.
Hill, J. H., 2002, «Proto-Uto-Aztecan cultivation and the northern devolution», in P. Bellwood and C. Renfrew (eds.), Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 331-340.
Justeson, J. S. and T. Kaufman, 1993, «A Decipherment of Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing», Science 259, 1703-1711.
Kaufman, T., 1964, «Materiales lingüísticos para el estudio de las relaciones internas y externas de la familia de idiomas Mayanos», in E. Vogt (ed.), Desarrollo Cultural de los Mayas, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 81-136.
Kaufman, T., 1969, «Teco– a new Mayan language», International Journal of American Linguistics 35, 154-174.
Kaufman, T., 2002, Reconstructing Mayan morphology and syntax, Unpublished ms. University of Pittsburgh.
Kaufman, T., 2006, «Oto-Mangean Languages», in K. Brown (ed.), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd edition), Oxford: Elsevier, volume 9, 118-124.
Kaufman, T., with J. Justeson, 2003, A Preliminary Mayan Etymological Dictionary..
Kaufman, T., and J. Justeson, 2008, «The Epi-Olmec Language and its neighbors», in Ph. J. Arnold III and Ch. A. Pool (eds.), Classic Period Cultural Currents in Southern and Central Veracruz, Washington, D.C.: Dunbarton Oaks Researcy Library and Collection, 55-83.
Kaufman, T., and W. Norman, 1984, «An outline of Proto-Cholan phonology, morphology, and vocabulary», in J. S. Justeson and L. Campbell (ed.), Phoneticism in Maya Hieroglyphic Writing (Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, Publication 9). Albany: State University of New York, 77-166.
Law, D., 2014, Language contact, inherited similarity and social difference: the story of linguistic interaction in the Maya lowlands, Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lehmann, W., 1920, Zentral-Amerika, Berlin: Museum für Völkerkunde zu Berlin.
Lemley, H. V., 1949, «Three Tlapaneco stories from Tlacoapa, Guerrero», Tlalocan 3, 76-82.
Longacre, R. E., 1968, «Comparative Reconstruction of Indigenous languages», in Th. Sebeok (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, The Hague: Mouton, vol. 4, 320-360.
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McQuown, N. A., 1955, «The indigenous languages of Latin America», American Anthropologist 57, 501-569.
McQuown, N. A., 1956, «The classification of the Mayan languages», International Journal of American Linguistics 22, 191-195.
Mora-Marín, D. F., 2003, «Historical reconstruction of Mayan applicative and antidative constructions»,
International Journal of American Linguistics 69, 186-228.
McQuown, N. A., 2016, «Testing the Mayan-Mijesokean hypothesis», International Journal of American Linguistics, 82, 125-180.
Norman, W., 1978, «Advancement rules and syntactic change: the loss of instrumental voice in Mayan», Berkeley Linguistics Society 4, 458-476.
Norman, W. M. and L. Campbell, 1978, «Toward a Proto-Mayan syntax: a comparative perspective on grammar», N. C. England (ed.), Papers in Mayan linguistics (Studies in Mayan Linguistics, 2, Miscellaneous Publications in Anthropology, 6), Columbia, Missouri: Museum of Anthropology, University of Missouri, 136-156.
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Powell, J. W., 1891, Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico. Seventh annual report, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1-142. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office [Reprinted 1966, in F. Boas, Introduction to Handbook of American Indian languages; J. W. Powell, Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico, ed. by Preston Holder. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press].
Renfrew, C., 1994, «World linguistic diversity», Scientific American 270, 116-123.
Renfrew, C., 2000, «At the edge of knowability: towards a prehistory of languages», Cambridge Archaeological Journal 10.1, 7-34.
Rensch, C. R., 1976, Comparative Otomanguean phonology (Language Science Monograph 14), Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Rensch, C. R., 1977, «Classification of the Otomanguean languages and the position of Tlapanec», Two studies in Middle American comparative linguistics, 53-108 (SIL Publications in Linguistics, 55), Arlington: SIL and University of Texas at Arlington Press.
Robertson, J. S., 1992, The history of tense/aspect/mood/voice in the Mayan verbal complex, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Rogers, Ch., 2016, The use and development of the Xinkan languages, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Sapir, E., 1913-1919, «Southern Paiute and Nahuatl, a study in Uto-Aztecan», Journal de la Société des Américanistes 10, 379-425; 11, 443-488 (Also 1915, American Anthopologist 17, 98-120, 306-328).
Sapir, E., 1920, «The Hokan and Coahuiltecan languages», International Journal of American Linguistics 1, 280-290.
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Stark, L. R., 1972, «Maya-Yunga-Chipayan: a new linguistic alignment», International Journal of American Linguistics 38, 119-135.
Stoll, O., 1885, «Supplementary remarks to the grammar of the Cakchiquel language», in D. G. Brinton (ed.), Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 22, 255-268.
Stoll, O., 1912-1913, «Zur Psychologie der indianischen Hochlandsprachen von Guatemala», Festschrift der Geographisch-ethnographischen Gesellschaft in Zürich, 34-96.
Stubbs, B. D., 2011, Uto-Aztecan: a comparative vocabulary, Blanding: Rocky Mountain Books and Productions.
Suárez, J., 1975, Estudios Huaves (Colección Científica Lingüística, 22), México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Departamento de Lingüística.
Suárez, J., 1986, «Elementos gramaticales otomangues en tlapaneco», in B. Elson, Language in global perspective: papers in honor of the 50th anniversary of the SIL, 1935-1985, Dallas: SIL, 267-284.
Swadesh, M., 1966, «Porhé y Maya», Anales de Antropología 3, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 173-204.
Swadesh, M., 1967, «Lexicostatistic classification», in R. Wauchope, Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Linguistics, ed. by N. A. McQuown, Austin: University of Texas Press, 79-115.
Turner, P. R., 1969, «Proto-Chontal phonemes», International Journal of American Linguistics 35, 34-37.
Waterhouse, V., 1969, «Oaxaca Chontal in reference to Proto-Chontal», International Journal of American Linguistics 35, 231-233.
Weitlaner, R. J., 1939, «Notes on the Cuitlatec language», El México Antiguo 4, 363-373.
Wichmann, S., 1995, The Relationship Among the Mixe-Zoquean Languages of Mexico. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Arana Osnaya, E., 1958, «Afinidades lingüísticas del cuitlateco», International Congress of Americanists 33, 560-572.
Bellwood, P., 1997, «The prehistoric cultural explanations for the existence of widespread language families», in P. McConvell and N. Evans (eds.), Archaeology and linguistics: aboriginal Australia in global perspective, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 123-134.
Brinton, D. G., 1891, The American race, New York: D.C. Hodges.
Brown, C. H., D. Beck, G. Kondrak, J. K. Watters, and S. Wichmann, 2011, «Totozoquean», International Journal of American Linguistics 77, 323-372.
Brown, C. H., S. Wichmann, and D. Beck, 2014, «Chitimacha: a Mesoamerican Language in the Lower Mississippi Valley», International Journal of American Linguistics 80, 425-474.
Brown, C. H., and S. R. Witkowski, 1979, «Aspects of the phonological history of Mayan-Zoquean», International Journal of American Linguistics 45, 34-47.
Campbell, L., 1972, «Mayan loan words in Xinca», International Journal of American Linguistics 38, 187-190.
Campbell, L., 1977, «Quichean prehistory: linguistic contributions», in N. C. England (ed.), Papers in Mayan linguistics, Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Studies in Mayan linguistics, 25-54.
Campbell, L., 1979, «Middle American languages», in L. Campbell and M. Mithun (eds.), The Languages of Native America: an Historical and Comparative Assessment, Austin: University of Texas Press, 902-1000.
Campbell, L., 1988, The Linguistics of Southeast Chiapas, Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation 51, Utah: Provo.
Campbell, L., 1997, American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Campbell, L., 2011, «La investigación histórica de las lenguas aisladas, o ¿es raro el vasco?», in J. A. Lakarra, J. Gorrochategui, and B. Urgell (eds.), II Congreso de la Cátedra Luis Michelena, Vitoria Gasteiz: Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco, 23-40.
Campbell, L., 2013, Historical Linguistics: an Introduction (3rd edition), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, and Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Campbell, L., in press, «History and reconstruction of the Mayan languages», in J. Aissen, N. C. England, and R. Zavala Maldonado (eds.), The Mayan Languages, London: Routledge.
Campbell, L., and T. Kaufman, 1976, «A linguistic look at the Olmecs», American Antiquity 41, 80-89.
Campbell, L., and T. Kaufman, 1985, «Mayan Linguistics: where are we now?», Annual Review of Anthropology 14, 187-98.
Campbell, L., T. Kaufman, and Th. Smith-Stark, 1986, «Mesoamerica as a linguistic area», Language 62, 530-570.
Campbell, L., and R. Langacker, 1978, «Proto-Aztecan vowels: parts I, II, & III», International Journal of American Linguistics 44.2, 85-102; 44.3, 197-210; 44.4, 262-279.
Campbell, L. and D. Oltrogge, 1980, «Proto-Tol (Jicaque)», International Journal of American Linguistics 46, 205-223.
Campbell, L. and W. J. Poser, 2008, Language classification: history and method, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Charencey, Ch. F. H., Le Comte de, 1870, Notice sur quelques familles de langues du Mexique. Havre: Imprimerie Lepellatier.
Charencey, Ch. F. H., Le Comte de, 1872, Recherches sur les lois phonétiques dans les idiomes de la famille mame-huastèque, Paris: Maison-neuve.
Charencey, Ch. F. H., Le Comte de, 1883, Mélanges de philologie et de paléographie américaines, Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Delbrück, B., 1888, Altindische Syntax (Syntaktische Forschungen, no. 5.) Halle an der Saale: Niemeyer.
Delbrück, B., 1893-1900, Vergleichende Syntax der Indogermanischen Sprachen (Teil 3, K. Brugmann and B. Delbrück, 1900, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen), Strassburg: K.J. Trübner.
England, N. C., 1991, «Changes in basic word order in Mayan languages», International Journal of American Linguistics 57, 446-486.
Friedrich, P., 1971, «Dialectal variation in Tarascan phonology», International Journal of American Linguistics 37, 164-187.
Greenberg, J. H., 1987, Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Halpern, A. M., 1942, «A theory of Maya tš-sounds», Notes in Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1, 51-62.
Harvey, H. R., 1972, «The Relaciones Geográficas, 1579-1586: Native languages», in R. Waucope (general editor), Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 12: Ethnohistorical sources, ed. by H. Cline, Austin: University of Texas Press, 279-323.
Heaton, R., in press, «Language Isolates of Mesoamerica and Northern Mexico», in L. Campbell, Th. Dougherty, and A. Smith (eds.), Language isolates, London: Routledge.
Hervás y Panduro, L., 1800-1805, Catálogo de las lenguas de las naciones conocidas y numeracion, division, y clases de estas segun la diversidad de sus idiomas y dialectos, volumen I (1800): Lenguas y naciones Americanas. Madrid: Administración del Real Arbitrio de Beneficencia.
Hendrichs Pérez, P. R., 1947, «Breve informe del idioma cuitlateco», International Congress of Americanists 27, 289-295.
Hill, J. H., 2001, «Proto-Uto-Aztecan: a community of cultivators in central Mexico?», American Anthropologist 103, 913-914.
Hill, J. H., 2002, «Proto-Uto-Aztecan cultivation and the northern devolution», in P. Bellwood and C. Renfrew (eds.), Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 331-340.
Justeson, J. S. and T. Kaufman, 1993, «A Decipherment of Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing», Science 259, 1703-1711.
Kaufman, T., 1964, «Materiales lingüísticos para el estudio de las relaciones internas y externas de la familia de idiomas Mayanos», in E. Vogt (ed.), Desarrollo Cultural de los Mayas, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 81-136.
Kaufman, T., 1969, «Teco– a new Mayan language», International Journal of American Linguistics 35, 154-174.
Kaufman, T., 2002, Reconstructing Mayan morphology and syntax, Unpublished ms. University of Pittsburgh.
Kaufman, T., 2006, «Oto-Mangean Languages», in K. Brown (ed.), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd edition), Oxford: Elsevier, volume 9, 118-124.
Kaufman, T., with J. Justeson, 2003, A Preliminary Mayan Etymological Dictionary.
Kaufman, T., and J. Justeson, 2008, «The Epi-Olmec Language and its neighbors», in Ph. J. Arnold III and Ch. A. Pool (eds.), Classic Period Cultural Currents in Southern and Central Veracruz, Washington, D.C.: Dunbarton Oaks Researcy Library and Collection, 55-83.
Kaufman, T., and W. Norman, 1984, «An outline of Proto-Cholan phonology, morphology, and vocabulary», in J. S. Justeson and L. Campbell (ed.), Phoneticism in Maya Hieroglyphic Writing (Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, Publication 9). Albany: State University of New York, 77-166.
Law, D., 2014, Language contact, inherited similarity and social difference: the story of linguistic interaction in the Maya lowlands, Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lehmann, W., 1920, Zentral-Amerika, Berlin: Museum für Völkerkunde zu Berlin.
Lemley, H. V., 1949, «Three Tlapaneco stories from Tlacoapa, Guerrero», Tlalocan 3, 76-82.
Longacre, R. E., 1968, «Comparative Reconstruction of Indigenous languages», in Th. Sebeok (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, The Hague: Mouton, vol. 4, 320-360.
MacKay, C. J. and F. R. Trechsel, 2014, «Diagnósticos morfológicos para la clasificación de las lenguas totonaco-tepehuas. Lenguas, estructuras y hablantes», in R. Barriga Villanueva and E. Herrera Zendejas, Estudios en Homenaje a Thomas C. Smith Stark, México D.F.: Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Lingüísticos y Literarios, 843-870.
McQuown, N. A., 1942, «Una posible síntesis lingüística macro-mayance», Mayas y Olmecas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez: Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Reunión de Mesa Redonda sobre problemas antropológicos de México y Centro América, 37-38.
McQuown, N. A., 1955, «The indigenous languages of Latin America», American Anthropologist 57, 501-569.
McQuown, N. A., 1956, «The classification of the Mayan languages», International Journal of American Linguistics 22, 191-195.
Mora-Marín, D. F., 2003, «Historical reconstruction of Mayan applicative and antidative constructions»,
International Journal of American Linguistics 69, 186-228.
McQuown, N. A., 2016, «Testing the Mayan-Mijesokean hypothesis», International Journal of American Linguistics, 82, 125-180.
Norman, W., 1978, «Advancement rules and syntactic change: the loss of instrumental voice in Mayan», Berkeley Linguistics Society 4, 458-476.
Norman, W. M. and L. Campbell, 1978, «Toward a Proto-Mayan syntax: a comparative perspective on grammar», N. C. England (ed.), Papers in Mayan linguistics (Studies in Mayan Linguistics, 2, Miscellaneous Publications in Anthropology, 6), Columbia, Missouri: Museum of Anthropology, University of Missouri, 136-156.
Olson, R. D., 1964, «Mayan affinities with Chipaya of Bolivia I: Correspondences», International Journal of American Linguistics 30, 313-324.
Olson, R. D., 1965, «Mayan affinities with Chipaya of Bolivia II: Cognates», International Journal of American Linguistics 31, 29-38.
Powell, J. W., 1891, Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico. Seventh annual report, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1-142. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office [Reprinted 1966, in F. Boas, Introduction to Handbook of American Indian languages; J. W. Powell, Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico, ed. by Preston Holder. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press].
Renfrew, C., 1994, «World linguistic diversity», Scientific American 270, 116-123.
Renfrew, C., 2000, «At the edge of knowability: towards a prehistory of languages», Cambridge Archaeological Journal 10.1, 7-34.
Rensch, C. R., 1976, Comparative Otomanguean phonology (Language Science Monograph 14), Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Rensch, C. R., 1977, «Classification of the Otomanguean languages and the position of Tlapanec», Two studies in Middle American comparative linguistics, 53-108 (SIL Publications in Linguistics, 55), Arlington: SIL and University of Texas at Arlington Press.
Robertson, J. S., 1992, The history of tense/aspect/mood/voice in the Mayan verbal complex, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Rogers, Ch., 2016, The use and development of the Xinkan languages, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Sapir, E., 1913-1919, «Southern Paiute and Nahuatl, a study in Uto-Aztecan», Journal de la Société des Américanistes 10, 379-425; 11, 443-488 (Also 1915, American Anthopologist 17, 98-120, 306-328).
Sapir, E., 1920, «The Hokan and Coahuiltecan languages», International Journal of American Linguistics 1, 280-290.
Sapir, E., 1925, «The Hokan affinity of Subtiaba in Nicaragua», American Anthropologist 27, 402-35, 491-527.
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Stark, L. R., 1972, «Maya-Yunga-Chipayan: a new linguistic alignment», International Journal of American Linguistics 38, 119-135.
Stoll, O., 1885, «Supplementary remarks to the grammar of the Cakchiquel language», in D. G. Brinton (ed.), Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 22, 255-268.
Stoll, O., 1912-1913, «Zur Psychologie der indianischen Hochlandsprachen von Guatemala», Festschrift der Geographisch-ethnographischen Gesellschaft in Zürich, 34-96.
Stubbs, B. D., 2011, Uto-Aztecan: a comparative vocabulary, Blanding: Rocky Mountain Books and Productions.
Suárez, J., 1975, Estudios Huaves (Colección Científica Lingüística, 22), México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Departamento de Lingüística.
Suárez, J., 1986, «Elementos gramaticales otomangues en tlapaneco», in B. Elson, Language in global perspective: papers in honor of the 50th anniversary of the SIL, 1935-1985, Dallas: SIL, 267-284.
Swadesh, M., 1966, «Porhé y Maya», Anales de Antropología 3, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 173-204.
Swadesh, M., 1967, «Lexicostatistic classification», in R. Wauchope, Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Linguistics, ed. by N. A. McQuown, Austin: University of Texas Press, 79-115.
Turner, P. R., 1969, «Proto-Chontal phonemes», International Journal of American Linguistics 35, 34-37.
Waterhouse, V., 1969, «Oaxaca Chontal in reference to Proto-Chontal», International Journal of American Linguistics 35, 231-233.
Weitlaner, R. J., 1939, «Notes on the Cuitlatec language», El México Antiguo 4, 363-373.
Wichmann, S., 1995, The Relationship Among the Mixe-Zoquean Languages of Mexico. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Section
Dossier monográfico: Franz Bopp and his Comparative Grammar model (1816-2016)
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