Lingüística comparada de las lenguas de Mesoamérica hoy
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Publicado
13-12-2016
Lyle Campbell
Resumen
Este artículo examina el estado actual de la Lingüística Comparada aplicada a las diez familias lingüísticas y lenguas aisladas de Mesoamérica. La clasificación de las lenguas mesoamericanas está bien establecida y también está avanzada la reconstrucción de las protolenguas. Se evalúan algunas propuestas de relación genética distante que implican a lenguas de Mesoamérica. Se establecen y discuten las tareas pendientes, junto con las recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones.
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References
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Brown, C. H., S. Wichmann, and D. Beck, 2014, «Chitimacha: a Mesoamerican Language in the Lower Mississippi Valley», International Journal of American Linguistics 80, 425-474.
Brown, C. H., and S. R. Witkowski, 1979, «Aspects of the phonological history of Mayan-Zoquean», International Journal of American Linguistics 45, 34-47.
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Campbell, L., 1979, «Middle American languages», in L. Campbell and M. Mithun (eds.), The Languages of Native America: an Historical and Comparative Assessment, Austin: University of Texas Press, 902-1000.
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Campbell, L., 1997, American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Campbell, L., 2011, «La investigación histórica de las lenguas aisladas, o ¿es raro el vasco?», in J. A. Lakarra, J. Gorrochategui, and B. Urgell (eds.), II Congreso de la Cátedra Luis Michelena, Vitoria Gasteiz: Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco, 23-40.
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Campbell, L., and T. Kaufman, 1976, «A linguistic look at the Olmecs», American Antiquity 41, 80-89.
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Hill, J. H., 2002, «Proto-Uto-Aztecan cultivation and the northern devolution», in P. Bellwood and C. Renfrew (eds.), Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 331-340.
Justeson, J. S. and T. Kaufman, 1993, «A Decipherment of Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing», Science 259, 1703-1711.
Kaufman, T., 1964, «Materiales lingüísticos para el estudio de las relaciones internas y externas de la familia de idiomas Mayanos», in E. Vogt (ed.), Desarrollo Cultural de los Mayas, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 81-136.
Kaufman, T., 1969, «Teco– a new Mayan language», International Journal of American Linguistics 35, 154-174.
Kaufman, T., 2002, Reconstructing Mayan morphology and syntax, Unpublished ms. University of Pittsburgh.
Kaufman, T., 2006, «Oto-Mangean Languages», in K. Brown (ed.), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd edition), Oxford: Elsevier, volume 9, 118-124.
Kaufman, T., with J. Justeson, 2003, A Preliminary Mayan Etymological Dictionary..
Kaufman, T., and J. Justeson, 2008, «The Epi-Olmec Language and its neighbors», in Ph. J. Arnold III and Ch. A. Pool (eds.), Classic Period Cultural Currents in Southern and Central Veracruz, Washington, D.C.: Dunbarton Oaks Researcy Library and Collection, 55-83.
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McQuown, N. A., 1955, «The indigenous languages of Latin America», American Anthropologist 57, 501-569.
McQuown, N. A., 1956, «The classification of the Mayan languages», International Journal of American Linguistics 22, 191-195.
Mora-Marín, D. F., 2003, «Historical reconstruction of Mayan applicative and antidative constructions»,
International Journal of American Linguistics 69, 186-228.
McQuown, N. A., 2016, «Testing the Mayan-Mijesokean hypothesis», International Journal of American Linguistics, 82, 125-180.
Norman, W., 1978, «Advancement rules and syntactic change: the loss of instrumental voice in Mayan», Berkeley Linguistics Society 4, 458-476.
Norman, W. M. and L. Campbell, 1978, «Toward a Proto-Mayan syntax: a comparative perspective on grammar», N. C. England (ed.), Papers in Mayan linguistics (Studies in Mayan Linguistics, 2, Miscellaneous Publications in Anthropology, 6), Columbia, Missouri: Museum of Anthropology, University of Missouri, 136-156.
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Renfrew, C., 1994, «World linguistic diversity», Scientific American 270, 116-123.
Renfrew, C., 2000, «At the edge of knowability: towards a prehistory of languages», Cambridge Archaeological Journal 10.1, 7-34.
Rensch, C. R., 1976, Comparative Otomanguean phonology (Language Science Monograph 14), Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
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Robertson, J. S., 1992, The history of tense/aspect/mood/voice in the Mayan verbal complex, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Rogers, Ch., 2016, The use and development of the Xinkan languages, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Sapir, E., 1913-1919, «Southern Paiute and Nahuatl, a study in Uto-Aztecan», Journal de la Société des Américanistes 10, 379-425; 11, 443-488 (Also 1915, American Anthopologist 17, 98-120, 306-328).
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Stoll, O., 1885, «Supplementary remarks to the grammar of the Cakchiquel language», in D. G. Brinton (ed.), Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 22, 255-268.
Stoll, O., 1912-1913, «Zur Psychologie der indianischen Hochlandsprachen von Guatemala», Festschrift der Geographisch-ethnographischen Gesellschaft in Zürich, 34-96.
Stubbs, B. D., 2011, Uto-Aztecan: a comparative vocabulary, Blanding: Rocky Mountain Books and Productions.
Suárez, J., 1975, Estudios Huaves (Colección Científica Lingüística, 22), México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Departamento de Lingüística.
Suárez, J., 1986, «Elementos gramaticales otomangues en tlapaneco», in B. Elson, Language in global perspective: papers in honor of the 50th anniversary of the SIL, 1935-1985, Dallas: SIL, 267-284.
Swadesh, M., 1966, «Porhé y Maya», Anales de Antropología 3, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 173-204.
Swadesh, M., 1967, «Lexicostatistic classification», in R. Wauchope, Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Linguistics, ed. by N. A. McQuown, Austin: University of Texas Press, 79-115.
Turner, P. R., 1969, «Proto-Chontal phonemes», International Journal of American Linguistics 35, 34-37.
Waterhouse, V., 1969, «Oaxaca Chontal in reference to Proto-Chontal», International Journal of American Linguistics 35, 231-233.
Weitlaner, R. J., 1939, «Notes on the Cuitlatec language», El México Antiguo 4, 363-373.
Wichmann, S., 1995, The Relationship Among the Mixe-Zoquean Languages of Mexico. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Arana Osnaya, E., 1958, «Afinidades lingüísticas del cuitlateco», International Congress of Americanists 33, 560-572.
Bellwood, P., 1997, «The prehistoric cultural explanations for the existence of widespread language families», in P. McConvell and N. Evans (eds.), Archaeology and linguistics: aboriginal Australia in global perspective, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 123-134.
Brinton, D. G., 1891, The American race, New York: D.C. Hodges.
Brown, C. H., D. Beck, G. Kondrak, J. K. Watters, and S. Wichmann, 2011, «Totozoquean», International Journal of American Linguistics 77, 323-372.
Brown, C. H., S. Wichmann, and D. Beck, 2014, «Chitimacha: a Mesoamerican Language in the Lower Mississippi Valley», International Journal of American Linguistics 80, 425-474.
Brown, C. H., and S. R. Witkowski, 1979, «Aspects of the phonological history of Mayan-Zoquean», International Journal of American Linguistics 45, 34-47.
Campbell, L., 1972, «Mayan loan words in Xinca», International Journal of American Linguistics 38, 187-190.
Campbell, L., 1977, «Quichean prehistory: linguistic contributions», in N. C. England (ed.), Papers in Mayan linguistics, Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Studies in Mayan linguistics, 25-54.
Campbell, L., 1979, «Middle American languages», in L. Campbell and M. Mithun (eds.), The Languages of Native America: an Historical and Comparative Assessment, Austin: University of Texas Press, 902-1000.
Campbell, L., 1988, The Linguistics of Southeast Chiapas, Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation 51, Utah: Provo.
Campbell, L., 1997, American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Campbell, L., 2011, «La investigación histórica de las lenguas aisladas, o ¿es raro el vasco?», in J. A. Lakarra, J. Gorrochategui, and B. Urgell (eds.), II Congreso de la Cátedra Luis Michelena, Vitoria Gasteiz: Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco, 23-40.
Campbell, L., 2013, Historical Linguistics: an Introduction (3rd edition), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, and Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Campbell, L., in press, «History and reconstruction of the Mayan languages», in J. Aissen, N. C. England, and R. Zavala Maldonado (eds.), The Mayan Languages, London: Routledge.
Campbell, L., and T. Kaufman, 1976, «A linguistic look at the Olmecs», American Antiquity 41, 80-89.
Campbell, L., and T. Kaufman, 1985, «Mayan Linguistics: where are we now?», Annual Review of Anthropology 14, 187-98.
Campbell, L., T. Kaufman, and Th. Smith-Stark, 1986, «Mesoamerica as a linguistic area», Language 62, 530-570.
Campbell, L., and R. Langacker, 1978, «Proto-Aztecan vowels: parts I, II, & III», International Journal of American Linguistics 44.2, 85-102; 44.3, 197-210; 44.4, 262-279.
Campbell, L. and D. Oltrogge, 1980, «Proto-Tol (Jicaque)», International Journal of American Linguistics 46, 205-223.
Campbell, L. and W. J. Poser, 2008, Language classification: history and method, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Charencey, Ch. F. H., Le Comte de, 1870, Notice sur quelques familles de langues du Mexique. Havre: Imprimerie Lepellatier.
Charencey, Ch. F. H., Le Comte de, 1872, Recherches sur les lois phonétiques dans les idiomes de la famille mame-huastèque, Paris: Maison-neuve.
Charencey, Ch. F. H., Le Comte de, 1883, Mélanges de philologie et de paléographie américaines, Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Delbrück, B., 1888, Altindische Syntax (Syntaktische Forschungen, no. 5.) Halle an der Saale: Niemeyer.
Delbrück, B., 1893-1900, Vergleichende Syntax der Indogermanischen Sprachen (Teil 3, K. Brugmann and B. Delbrück, 1900, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen), Strassburg: K.J. Trübner.
England, N. C., 1991, «Changes in basic word order in Mayan languages», International Journal of American Linguistics 57, 446-486.
Friedrich, P., 1971, «Dialectal variation in Tarascan phonology», International Journal of American Linguistics 37, 164-187.
Greenberg, J. H., 1987, Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Halpern, A. M., 1942, «A theory of Maya tš-sounds», Notes in Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1, 51-62.
Harvey, H. R., 1972, «The Relaciones Geográficas, 1579-1586: Native languages», in R. Waucope (general editor), Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 12: Ethnohistorical sources, ed. by H. Cline, Austin: University of Texas Press, 279-323.
Heaton, R., in press, «Language Isolates of Mesoamerica and Northern Mexico», in L. Campbell, Th. Dougherty, and A. Smith (eds.), Language isolates, London: Routledge.
Hervás y Panduro, L., 1800-1805, Catálogo de las lenguas de las naciones conocidas y numeracion, division, y clases de estas segun la diversidad de sus idiomas y dialectos, volumen I (1800): Lenguas y naciones Americanas. Madrid: Administración del Real Arbitrio de Beneficencia.
Hendrichs Pérez, P. R., 1947, «Breve informe del idioma cuitlateco», International Congress of Americanists 27, 289-295.
Hill, J. H., 2001, «Proto-Uto-Aztecan: a community of cultivators in central Mexico?», American Anthropologist 103, 913-914.
Hill, J. H., 2002, «Proto-Uto-Aztecan cultivation and the northern devolution», in P. Bellwood and C. Renfrew (eds.), Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 331-340.
Justeson, J. S. and T. Kaufman, 1993, «A Decipherment of Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing», Science 259, 1703-1711.
Kaufman, T., 1964, «Materiales lingüísticos para el estudio de las relaciones internas y externas de la familia de idiomas Mayanos», in E. Vogt (ed.), Desarrollo Cultural de los Mayas, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 81-136.
Kaufman, T., 1969, «Teco– a new Mayan language», International Journal of American Linguistics 35, 154-174.
Kaufman, T., 2002, Reconstructing Mayan morphology and syntax, Unpublished ms. University of Pittsburgh.
Kaufman, T., 2006, «Oto-Mangean Languages», in K. Brown (ed.), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd edition), Oxford: Elsevier, volume 9, 118-124.
Kaufman, T., with J. Justeson, 2003, A Preliminary Mayan Etymological Dictionary.
Kaufman, T., and J. Justeson, 2008, «The Epi-Olmec Language and its neighbors», in Ph. J. Arnold III and Ch. A. Pool (eds.), Classic Period Cultural Currents in Southern and Central Veracruz, Washington, D.C.: Dunbarton Oaks Researcy Library and Collection, 55-83.
Kaufman, T., and W. Norman, 1984, «An outline of Proto-Cholan phonology, morphology, and vocabulary», in J. S. Justeson and L. Campbell (ed.), Phoneticism in Maya Hieroglyphic Writing (Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, Publication 9). Albany: State University of New York, 77-166.
Law, D., 2014, Language contact, inherited similarity and social difference: the story of linguistic interaction in the Maya lowlands, Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lehmann, W., 1920, Zentral-Amerika, Berlin: Museum für Völkerkunde zu Berlin.
Lemley, H. V., 1949, «Three Tlapaneco stories from Tlacoapa, Guerrero», Tlalocan 3, 76-82.
Longacre, R. E., 1968, «Comparative Reconstruction of Indigenous languages», in Th. Sebeok (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, The Hague: Mouton, vol. 4, 320-360.
MacKay, C. J. and F. R. Trechsel, 2014, «Diagnósticos morfológicos para la clasificación de las lenguas totonaco-tepehuas. Lenguas, estructuras y hablantes», in R. Barriga Villanueva and E. Herrera Zendejas, Estudios en Homenaje a Thomas C. Smith Stark, México D.F.: Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Lingüísticos y Literarios, 843-870.
McQuown, N. A., 1942, «Una posible síntesis lingüística macro-mayance», Mayas y Olmecas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez: Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Reunión de Mesa Redonda sobre problemas antropológicos de México y Centro América, 37-38.
McQuown, N. A., 1955, «The indigenous languages of Latin America», American Anthropologist 57, 501-569.
McQuown, N. A., 1956, «The classification of the Mayan languages», International Journal of American Linguistics 22, 191-195.
Mora-Marín, D. F., 2003, «Historical reconstruction of Mayan applicative and antidative constructions»,
International Journal of American Linguistics 69, 186-228.
McQuown, N. A., 2016, «Testing the Mayan-Mijesokean hypothesis», International Journal of American Linguistics, 82, 125-180.
Norman, W., 1978, «Advancement rules and syntactic change: the loss of instrumental voice in Mayan», Berkeley Linguistics Society 4, 458-476.
Norman, W. M. and L. Campbell, 1978, «Toward a Proto-Mayan syntax: a comparative perspective on grammar», N. C. England (ed.), Papers in Mayan linguistics (Studies in Mayan Linguistics, 2, Miscellaneous Publications in Anthropology, 6), Columbia, Missouri: Museum of Anthropology, University of Missouri, 136-156.
Olson, R. D., 1964, «Mayan affinities with Chipaya of Bolivia I: Correspondences», International Journal of American Linguistics 30, 313-324.
Olson, R. D., 1965, «Mayan affinities with Chipaya of Bolivia II: Cognates», International Journal of American Linguistics 31, 29-38.
Powell, J. W., 1891, Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico. Seventh annual report, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1-142. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office [Reprinted 1966, in F. Boas, Introduction to Handbook of American Indian languages; J. W. Powell, Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico, ed. by Preston Holder. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press].
Renfrew, C., 1994, «World linguistic diversity», Scientific American 270, 116-123.
Renfrew, C., 2000, «At the edge of knowability: towards a prehistory of languages», Cambridge Archaeological Journal 10.1, 7-34.
Rensch, C. R., 1976, Comparative Otomanguean phonology (Language Science Monograph 14), Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Rensch, C. R., 1977, «Classification of the Otomanguean languages and the position of Tlapanec», Two studies in Middle American comparative linguistics, 53-108 (SIL Publications in Linguistics, 55), Arlington: SIL and University of Texas at Arlington Press.
Robertson, J. S., 1992, The history of tense/aspect/mood/voice in the Mayan verbal complex, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Rogers, Ch., 2016, The use and development of the Xinkan languages, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Sapir, E., 1913-1919, «Southern Paiute and Nahuatl, a study in Uto-Aztecan», Journal de la Société des Américanistes 10, 379-425; 11, 443-488 (Also 1915, American Anthopologist 17, 98-120, 306-328).
Sapir, E., 1920, «The Hokan and Coahuiltecan languages», International Journal of American Linguistics 1, 280-290.
Sapir, E., 1925, «The Hokan affinity of Subtiaba in Nicaragua», American Anthropologist 27, 402-35, 491-527.
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Stoll, O., 1885, «Supplementary remarks to the grammar of the Cakchiquel language», in D. G. Brinton (ed.), Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 22, 255-268.
Stoll, O., 1912-1913, «Zur Psychologie der indianischen Hochlandsprachen von Guatemala», Festschrift der Geographisch-ethnographischen Gesellschaft in Zürich, 34-96.
Stubbs, B. D., 2011, Uto-Aztecan: a comparative vocabulary, Blanding: Rocky Mountain Books and Productions.
Suárez, J., 1975, Estudios Huaves (Colección Científica Lingüística, 22), México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Departamento de Lingüística.
Suárez, J., 1986, «Elementos gramaticales otomangues en tlapaneco», in B. Elson, Language in global perspective: papers in honor of the 50th anniversary of the SIL, 1935-1985, Dallas: SIL, 267-284.
Swadesh, M., 1966, «Porhé y Maya», Anales de Antropología 3, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 173-204.
Swadesh, M., 1967, «Lexicostatistic classification», in R. Wauchope, Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Linguistics, ed. by N. A. McQuown, Austin: University of Texas Press, 79-115.
Turner, P. R., 1969, «Proto-Chontal phonemes», International Journal of American Linguistics 35, 34-37.
Waterhouse, V., 1969, «Oaxaca Chontal in reference to Proto-Chontal», International Journal of American Linguistics 35, 231-233.
Weitlaner, R. J., 1939, «Notes on the Cuitlatec language», El México Antiguo 4, 363-373.
Wichmann, S., 1995, The Relationship Among the Mixe-Zoquean Languages of Mexico. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Sección
Dossier monográfico: Franz Bopp and his Comparative Grammar model (1816-2016)
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