Verbal politeness in Lysias: a study on the modal χρή
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Published
21-02-2022
Raquel Fornieles Fornieles Sánchez
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9252-4543
Abstract
The modal χρή expresses deontic modality, which includes the directive value for the expression of directive speech acts. This paper analyzes both the cases of directive deontic and non-directive deontic χρή. Special attention is paid to its behavior as a mechanism of verbal politeness.
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References
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Benardete, S., 1965, «Χρή and δεῖ in Plato and others», Glotta 43, 285-298.
Bolkestein, M., 1980, Problems in the Description of Modal Verbs, Assen: Van Gorcum.
Brown, P., & S. C. Levinson, 1987, Politeness. Some universals in Language usage, Cambridge: CUP.
Bybee, J., R. Perkins & W. Pagliuca, 1994, The Evolution of Grammar. Tense, Aspect and Modality in the Languages of the World, Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press.
Bybee, J., & S. Fleischman, 1995, Modality in Grammar and Discourse, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
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Coates, J., 1983, The Semantics of the Modal Auxiliaries, London: Croom Helm.
Coulthard, M., & A. Johnson, 2010, Handbook of Forensic Linguistics, London: Routledge.
Cornu, G., 2000, Linguistique Juridique, Paris: Montchrétien.
Crespo-Fernández, E., 2005, «Euphemistic strategies in politeness and face concerns», Pragmalingüística 13, 77-86.
Danet, B., 1980, «Language in the Legal Process», Law & Society Review, 14.3., 447-556.
Danet, B., 1985, «Legal Discourse», en: T. A. van Dijk (ed.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis (vol. 1), London: Academic Press, 273-291.
Denizot, C., 2011, Donner des orders en grec ancient: étude linguistique des forms de l’injonction, Mont-Saint-Aignan: Publications des Universités de Rouen et du Havre.
Edwards, M., & D. Spatharas (eds), 2019, Forensic Narratives in Athenian Courts, London, New York: Routledge.
Fernández-Galiano, M., 1953, Lisias. Discursos I, Madrid: CSIC.
Floristán Imízcoz, J. M., 2000, Lisias. Discursos III, Madrid: CSIC.
Fornieles Sánchez, R., 2020, «Sobre un mecanismo de (des)cortesía verbal entre Esquines y Demóstenes: la impersonalización con el pronombre indefinido τις», Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica 125.2, 131-151.
Fornieles Sánchez, R., 2021, «Impersonalization as a mechanism of impoliteness in Aeschines and Demosthenes: a study of οὐδείς and μηδείς», en: G. Giannakis, et al., Synchrony and Diachrony in Ancient Greek, Berlin: De Gruyter, 347-355.
Gibbons, J., 1994, Language and the Law, London: Longman.
Gibbons, J., 2003, Forensic Linguistics. An Introduction to Language in the Justice System, Oxford: Blackwell.
Gibbons, J., & M.ª T. Turell (eds.), 2008, Dimensions of Forensic Linguistics, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Gil, L., 1963, Lisias. Discursos II, Madrid: CSIC.
Goffman, E., 1967, Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face to Face Behavior, New York: Doubleday & Company.
Goodell, T. D., 1914, «Χρή and δεῖ», The Classical Quarterly 8.2, 91-102.
Goodwin, W. W., 1879, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb, Boston: Ginn and Company.
Haverkate, H., 1984, Speech Acts, Speakers and Hearers. Reference and Referential Strategies in Spanish, Amsterdam: John Benjamin.
Heydon, G., 2019, Researching Forensic Linguistic: Approaches and Applications, London: Routledge.
Kerbrat-Orecchioni, C., 2004, «¿Es universal la cortesía?», en: D. Bravo, A. Briz, Pragmática Sociocultural. Estudios sobre el discurso de cortesía en español, Ariel: Barcelona, 39-54.
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Kurzon, D., 1989, «Language of the Law and Legal Language», en: L. Christer, M. Nordman (eds.), Special Language: From Humans Thinking to Thinking Machines, Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters, 283-290.
Lakoff, R. T., 1989, «The Limits of Politeness: Therapeutic and Courtroom Discourse», Multilingua 8.2/3, 101-129.
Lyons, J., 1977, Semantics (vol.2), Cambridge: CUP.
Miller, C. W. E, 1892, «The Limitation of the Imperative in the Attic Orators», The American Journal of Philology 13.4, 399-436.
Montolío, E., 1999, «Las construcciones condicionales», en: I. Bosque, V. Demonte, Gramática Descriptiva de la Lengua Española (vol. 3), Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 3643-3758.
O’ Connell, P. A., 2019, «The story about the juror», en: M. Edwards, D. Spatharas (eds.), Forensic Narratives in Athenian Courts, London, New York: Routledge, 81-101.
Olsson, J., & J. Luchjenbroers, 2014, Forensic Linguistics, London: Bloomsbury.
Palashevskaya, I. V., V. V. Leontiev & E. A. Kurchenkova, 2017, «Status Positions of Courtroom Discourse Participants», Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 97, 209-213.
Palmer, F., 1986, Mood and Modality, Cambridge: CUP.
Perelman, Ch., & L. Olbrechts-Tyteca, 1989, Tratado de la argumentación. La nueva retórica, Madrid: Gredos.
Ramadhani, R., R. M. Amalia, L. M. Indrayani & S. Mahddi, 2019, «The Modality Systems in Lawyer and Witness’s Utterances on Courtroom Questioning of Legal Discourse», ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 2.3, 378-388.
Redard, G., 1953, Recherches sur χρή, χρῆσθαι. Étude sémantique, Paris: H. Champion.
Rodríguez Piedrabuena, S., 2020, «Χρή directivo en Eurípides», en: L. Conti et al., Δῶρα τά οἱ δίδομεν φιλέοντες. Homenaje al profesor Emilio Crespo, Madrid: UAM, 251-259.
Risselada, R., 1993, Imperative and other Directive Expressions in Latin, Amsterdam: Gieben.
Ruiz Yamuza, E., 2008, Tres verbos que significan “deber” en griego antiguo, Zaragoza: Pórtico.
Searle, J. R., 1975, «A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts», en: K. Gunderson (ed.), Language, Mind and Knowledge, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 344-369.
Todd, S., 2000, Lysias. Speeches, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Todd, S., 2007, A Commentary on Lysias. Speeches 1-11, Oxford: OUP.
Van Emde Boas, E., A. Rijksbaron, L. Huitink & M. de Bakker, 2019, The Cambridge Grammar of Classical Greek, Cambridge: CUP.
Villalba Ibáñez, C., 2016, Actividades de imagen, atenuación e impersonalidad en los juicios orales, Valencia (tesis doctoral).
Wakker, G., 1994, Conditions and Conditionals. An Investigation of Ancient Greek, Amsterdam: Gieben.
Benardete, S., 1965, «Χρή and δεῖ in Plato and others», Glotta 43, 285-298.
Bolkestein, M., 1980, Problems in the Description of Modal Verbs, Assen: Van Gorcum.
Brown, P., & S. C. Levinson, 1987, Politeness. Some universals in Language usage, Cambridge: CUP.
Bybee, J., R. Perkins & W. Pagliuca, 1994, The Evolution of Grammar. Tense, Aspect and Modality in the Languages of the World, Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press.
Bybee, J., & S. Fleischman, 1995, Modality in Grammar and Discourse, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Calvo Martínez, J. L., 1988, Lisias. Discursos I. Introducciones, traducción y notas, Madrid: Gredos.
Calvo Martínez, J. L., 1995, Lisias. Discursos II. Introducciones, traducción y notas, Madrid: Gredos.
Carey, C., 2007, Lysiae orationes cum fragmentis, Oxford: OUP.
Coates, J., 1983, The Semantics of the Modal Auxiliaries, London: Croom Helm.
Coulthard, M., & A. Johnson, 2010, Handbook of Forensic Linguistics, London: Routledge.
Cornu, G., 2000, Linguistique Juridique, Paris: Montchrétien.
Crespo-Fernández, E., 2005, «Euphemistic strategies in politeness and face concerns», Pragmalingüística 13, 77-86.
Danet, B., 1980, «Language in the Legal Process», Law & Society Review, 14.3., 447-556.
Danet, B., 1985, «Legal Discourse», en: T. A. van Dijk (ed.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis (vol. 1), London: Academic Press, 273-291.
Denizot, C., 2011, Donner des orders en grec ancient: étude linguistique des forms de l’injonction, Mont-Saint-Aignan: Publications des Universités de Rouen et du Havre.
Edwards, M., & D. Spatharas (eds), 2019, Forensic Narratives in Athenian Courts, London, New York: Routledge.
Fernández-Galiano, M., 1953, Lisias. Discursos I, Madrid: CSIC.
Floristán Imízcoz, J. M., 2000, Lisias. Discursos III, Madrid: CSIC.
Fornieles Sánchez, R., 2020, «Sobre un mecanismo de (des)cortesía verbal entre Esquines y Demóstenes: la impersonalización con el pronombre indefinido τις», Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica 125.2, 131-151.
Fornieles Sánchez, R., 2021, «Impersonalization as a mechanism of impoliteness in Aeschines and Demosthenes: a study of οὐδείς and μηδείς», en: G. Giannakis, et al., Synchrony and Diachrony in Ancient Greek, Berlin: De Gruyter, 347-355.
Gibbons, J., 1994, Language and the Law, London: Longman.
Gibbons, J., 2003, Forensic Linguistics. An Introduction to Language in the Justice System, Oxford: Blackwell.
Gibbons, J., & M.ª T. Turell (eds.), 2008, Dimensions of Forensic Linguistics, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Gil, L., 1963, Lisias. Discursos II, Madrid: CSIC.
Goffman, E., 1967, Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face to Face Behavior, New York: Doubleday & Company.
Goodell, T. D., 1914, «Χρή and δεῖ», The Classical Quarterly 8.2, 91-102.
Goodwin, W. W., 1879, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb, Boston: Ginn and Company.
Haverkate, H., 1984, Speech Acts, Speakers and Hearers. Reference and Referential Strategies in Spanish, Amsterdam: John Benjamin.
Heydon, G., 2019, Researching Forensic Linguistic: Approaches and Applications, London: Routledge.
Kerbrat-Orecchioni, C., 2004, «¿Es universal la cortesía?», en: D. Bravo, A. Briz, Pragmática Sociocultural. Estudios sobre el discurso de cortesía en español, Ariel: Barcelona, 39-54.
Kurzon, D., 1986, It is hereby performed… Explorations in Legal Speech Acts, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Kurzon, D., 1989, «Language of the Law and Legal Language», en: L. Christer, M. Nordman (eds.), Special Language: From Humans Thinking to Thinking Machines, Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters, 283-290.
Lakoff, R. T., 1989, «The Limits of Politeness: Therapeutic and Courtroom Discourse», Multilingua 8.2/3, 101-129.
Lyons, J., 1977, Semantics (vol.2), Cambridge: CUP.
Miller, C. W. E, 1892, «The Limitation of the Imperative in the Attic Orators», The American Journal of Philology 13.4, 399-436.
Montolío, E., 1999, «Las construcciones condicionales», en: I. Bosque, V. Demonte, Gramática Descriptiva de la Lengua Española (vol. 3), Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 3643-3758.
O’ Connell, P. A., 2019, «The story about the juror», en: M. Edwards, D. Spatharas (eds.), Forensic Narratives in Athenian Courts, London, New York: Routledge, 81-101.
Olsson, J., & J. Luchjenbroers, 2014, Forensic Linguistics, London: Bloomsbury.
Palashevskaya, I. V., V. V. Leontiev & E. A. Kurchenkova, 2017, «Status Positions of Courtroom Discourse Participants», Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 97, 209-213.
Palmer, F., 1986, Mood and Modality, Cambridge: CUP.
Perelman, Ch., & L. Olbrechts-Tyteca, 1989, Tratado de la argumentación. La nueva retórica, Madrid: Gredos.
Ramadhani, R., R. M. Amalia, L. M. Indrayani & S. Mahddi, 2019, «The Modality Systems in Lawyer and Witness’s Utterances on Courtroom Questioning of Legal Discourse», ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 2.3, 378-388.
Redard, G., 1953, Recherches sur χρή, χρῆσθαι. Étude sémantique, Paris: H. Champion.
Rodríguez Piedrabuena, S., 2020, «Χρή directivo en Eurípides», en: L. Conti et al., Δῶρα τά οἱ δίδομεν φιλέοντες. Homenaje al profesor Emilio Crespo, Madrid: UAM, 251-259.
Risselada, R., 1993, Imperative and other Directive Expressions in Latin, Amsterdam: Gieben.
Ruiz Yamuza, E., 2008, Tres verbos que significan “deber” en griego antiguo, Zaragoza: Pórtico.
Searle, J. R., 1975, «A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts», en: K. Gunderson (ed.), Language, Mind and Knowledge, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 344-369.
Todd, S., 2000, Lysias. Speeches, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Todd, S., 2007, A Commentary on Lysias. Speeches 1-11, Oxford: OUP.
Van Emde Boas, E., A. Rijksbaron, L. Huitink & M. de Bakker, 2019, The Cambridge Grammar of Classical Greek, Cambridge: CUP.
Villalba Ibáñez, C., 2016, Actividades de imagen, atenuación e impersonalidad en los juicios orales, Valencia (tesis doctoral).
Wakker, G., 1994, Conditions and Conditionals. An Investigation of Ancient Greek, Amsterdam: Gieben.
Section
"New Insights into Politeness and Impoliteness"
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