Candida-ren Aurkako Txertaketa Estrategien Erronkak eta Aurrerapenak

Abstract

Candida species are common commensals, and endogenous colonization is the primary cause of infections, although exogenous transmission can also occur. Infections can range from superficial to invasive forms. Candidiasis, especially invasive candidiasis, poses a significant public health risk, with high mortality rates. In Spanish hospitals, candidiasis accounts for approximately 8% of nosocomial infections, and globally, it affects half a million people each year with candidemia (a severe bloodstream infection).

Treatment relies on antifungal drugs, but fungal resistance and drug toxicity pose significant challenges. In this context, immunization has emerged as a promising alternative, with both prophylactic vaccines and antibody-based immunization being explored. However, vaccine development presents a major challenge due to the morphological plasticity of C. albicans, immune tolerance, and species diversity.

Experimental vaccines are based on various strategies, including live attenuated cell vaccines, inactivated cell vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, peptide vaccines, and nanoparticles. These vaccination strategies offer innovative approaches to candidiasis control, as two vaccines, NDV-3A and PEV7, have reached the clinical trial phase. However, at present, no vaccine against Candida has been approved for human use and is available on the market.