Bringing phonological oddities to the fore: The Basque sibilants
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Argitaratua
2025-01-29
Iván Igartua
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2774-4985
Laburpena
The contrast between apical and laminal articulations in Basque dento-alveolar sibilant consonants has traditionally attracted linguists’ attention. This distributedness distinction, as it has come to be known in the literature, was assumed to be very uncommon, a sort of typological oddity (perhaps the only one) of Basque consonantism, which, in all other respects, is not particularly remarkable in terms of its phonological characteristics. Many studies have been devoted to the articulatory and acoustic properties of sibilants in Standard Basque and several dialectal varieties. In this paper, written as a contribution to this well-deserved Festschrift in honor of José Ignacio Hualde, I compare the Basque system of sibilants and its features with other structurally more or less analogous systems, drawing on recent typological research, in order to gain a more nuanced understanding of the alleged uniqueness of the Basque sibilants.
Nola aipatu
Igartua, Iván. 2025. «Bringing Phonological Oddities to the Fore: The Basque Sibilants». Anuario Del Seminario De Filología Vasca "Julio De Urquijo" 57 ((1-2):495-513. https://doi.org/10.1387/asju.25965.
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References
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Butcher, Andrew. 2018. The special nature of Australian phonologies: Why auditory constraints on the sound systems of human languages are not universal. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144(3). 1939 (1-16). https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5068481.
Chirikba, Viacheslav. 2003. Abkhaz (Languages of the World/Materials No. 119). München & Newcastle: Lincom Europa.
Colarusso, John. 1988. The Northwest Caucasian languages. A phonological survey. New York: Garland.
Cresci, Michela. 2019. VN > V in Camuno: An alternative historical pathway to nasal loss. Italian Journal of Linguistics 31(1). 61-92.
Cysouw, Michael & Jan Wohlgemuth. 2010. The other end of universals: Theory and typology of rara. In Jan Wohlgemuth & Michael Cysouw (eds.), Rethinking universals: how rarities affect linguistic theory, 1-10. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter Mouton.
Dart, Sarah N. 1991. Articulatory and acoustic properties of apical and laminal articulations (UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 79). Los Angeles: UCLA.
Dixon, R. M. W. 2002. Australian languages. Their nature and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dixon, R. M. W. 2019. Australia’s original languages. An introduction. Sydney, Melbourne, Auckland & London: Allen & Unwin.
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2018. On the phonemic status of nasalized /h̃/ in Modern Zuberoan Basque. Linguistics 56(6). 1353-1367.
Egurtzegi, Ander & Christopher Carignan. 2020. An acoustic description of Mixean Basque. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147(1). 2791-2802. https://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0000996.
Emeneau, Murray B. 1984. Toda grammar and texts. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
Everett, Caleb. 2018. The similar rates of occurrence of consonants across the world’s languages: A quantitative analysis of phonetically transcribed word lists. Language Sciences 69. 125-135.
Fergus, Anelisa. 2019. Lend me your ears: Otitis media and aboriginal Australian languages. Ms. Yale University. https://ling.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Anelisa%20Fergus.pdf (19/12/2023).
Fletcher, Janet & Andrew Butcher. 2014. Sound patterns of Australian languages. In Harold Koch & Rachel Nordlinger (eds.), The languages and linguistics of Australia (The world of linguistics Vol. 3), 91-138. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Gafos, Adamantios I. 1999. The articulatory basis of locality in phonology. New York: Garland.
Gasser, Emily & Claire Bowern. 2014. Revisiting phonotactic generalization in Australian languages. Supplemental proceedings of the 2013 Annual Meeting on Phonology 1. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3765/amp.v1i1.17.
Gorrochategui, Joaquín. 1984. Onomástica indígena de Aquitania. Bilbao: UPV/EHU.
Gorrochategui, Joaquín. 1995. Basque and its neighbors in antiquity. In José Ignacio Hualde, Joseba A. Lakarra & Robert L. Trask (eds.), Towards a history of Basque, 31-63. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Gorrochategui, Joaquín. 2018 [1987]. Die vorrömische Onomastik Aquitaniens. In Blanca Urgell & José M. Vallejo (eds.), Opera selecta. I. Aquitanica / Akitaniera, 35-46. Vitoria-Gasteiz: UPV/EHU.
Gorrochategui, Joaquín. 2018 [2003]. Las placas votivas de plata de origen aquitano halladas en Hagenbach (Renania-Palatinado, Alemania). In Blanca Urgell & José M. Vallejo (eds.), Opera selecta. I. Aquitanica / Akitaniera, 165-200.Vitoria-Gasteiz: UPV/EHU.
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Hall, T. Alan. 1997. The phonology of coronals. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hewitt, George. 2013. Language. In George Hewitt (ed.), The Abkhazians: A handbook, 167-175. London: Routledge.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 1988. On Basque affricates. ASJU 22(2). 379-389.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 1991. Basque phonology. London: Routledge.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2003. Segmental phonology. In Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque, 15-65. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2010. Neutralización de sibilantes vascas y seseo en castellano. Oihenart 25. 89-116.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2015. Affective palatalization in Basque. In Peter O. Müller, Ingeborg Ohnheiser, Susan Olsen & Franz Rainer (eds.), Word formation. An international handbook of European languages, vol. 1, 517-523. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Hualde, José Ignacio & Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.). 2003. A grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hurch, Bernhard. 1988. Über Aspiration: ein Kapitel aus den natürlichen Phonologie. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
Ibabe, Alexander, Rosa Miren Pagola & Itziar Túrrez. 2021. Caracterización articulatoria de las fricativas sibilantes alveolares del euskera: primera parte. Loquens 7(2). e073. https://doi.org/10.3989/loquens.2020.e073.
Igartua, Iván. 2008. La aspiración de origen nasal en la evolución fonológica del euskera: un caso de rhinoglottophilia. ASJU 42(1). 171-189.
Igartua, Iván. 2015. Diachronic effects of rhinoglottophilia, symmetries in sound change, and the curious case of Basque. Studies in Language 39(3). 635-663.
Igartua, Iván. 2020. Basque among the world’s languages: A typological approach. In Ekaitz Santazilia, Dorota Krajewska, Eneko Zuloaga & Borja Ariztimuño (eds.), Fontes Linguae Vasconum 50 urte. Ekarpen berriak euskararen ikerketari. Nuevas aportaciones al estudio de la lengua vasca, 329-349. Pamplona: Government of Navarre.
Igartua, Iván. Forthcoming. Algunos rasgos de la onomástica vascónico-aquitana a la luz de la tipología lingüística. In Álvaro Arrizabalaga, Joaquín Gorrochategui & Estíbaliz Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), Entre el Ebro y el Garona. Espacios, sociedades y culturas durante la Prehistoria y la Antigüedad (Anejos de Veleia). Vitoria-Gasteiz: UPV/EHU.
Iglesias, Aitor, Iñaki Gaminde, Leire Gandarias & Lorea Unamuno. 2016. Euskararen txistukariak aztertzeko indize akustikoez. Euskalingua 28. 6-18.
Inchauspe, Emmanuel (Le chanoine). 1892. Le peuple basque, sa langue, son origine. In Association française pour l’avancement des sciences. Congrés de Pau, 1-19. Paris.
Iverson, Gregory K. & Miren Lourdes Oñederra. 1985. On Basque palatalization. Folia Linguistica 19. 51-61.
Jurado Noriega, Mirari. 2011. Caracterización de sibilantes fricativas vascas y su percepción en el sistema fonético español. ASJU 45(1). 81-137.
Kokkelmans, Joachim. 2021. The phonetics and phonology of sibilants. A synchronic and diachronic OT typology of sibilant inventories. Verona: University of Verona doctoral dissertation.
Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson. 1996. The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lakarra, Joseba A., Julen Manterola & Iñaki Segurola. 2019. Euskal hiztegi historiko-etimologikoa (EHHE-200). Bilbao: Euskaltzaindia.
Leite de Vasconcellos, João. 1900. Estudos de philologia mirandesa, vol. I. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional.
Lindblom, Björn & Ian Maddieson. 1988. Phonetic universals in consonant systems. In Charles Li & Larry M. Hyman (eds.), Language, speech and mind: studies in honour of Victoria A. Fromkin, 62-78. London: Routledge.
Maddieson, Ian. 1984. Patterns of sounds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Maddieson, Ian. 2013. Absence of common consonants. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://wals.info/chapter/18 (18/12/2023).
Maddieson, Ian & Kenneth VanBik. 2004. Apical and laminal articulations in Hakha Lai. In Marc Ettlinger, Nicholas Fleisher & Mischa Park-Doob (eds.), Proceedings of the thirtieth annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 232-243. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
Mai, Anna, Andrés Aguilar & Gabriela Caballero. 2019. Ja’a Kumiai. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 49(2). 231-244.
Michelena, Luis. 1950. De fonética vasca: la aspiración intervocálica. BAP 6. 443-459 (Repr. in OC 7, 3-20).
Michelena, Luis. 1954. De onomástica aquitana. Pirineos 10. 409-455 (Repr. in OC 5, 197-243).
Michelena, Luis. 1957. Las antiguas consonantes vascas. In Diego Catalán (ed.), Estructuralismo e historia: Miscelánea homenaje a André Martinet, vol. 1, 113-157. La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Repr. in OC 7, 57-91).
Michelena, Luis. 1977. Fonética histórica vasca. 2nd edn. San Sebastián: Gipuzkoa Provincial Council (1st edn., 1961; repr. in OC 6).
Michelena, Luis. 2011. Obras completas (Supplements of ASJU 54-68), 15 vol. San Sebastián & Vitoria-Gasteiz: “Julio Urkixo” Basque Philology Seminar, Gipuzkoa Provincial Council & UPV/EHU (ed. by Joseba A. Lakarra & Iñigo Ruiz Arzalluz).
Mielke, Jeff. 2008. The emergence of distinctive features. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moran, Steven & Daniel McCloy (eds.). 2019. PHOIBLE 2.0. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Muxika-Loitzate, Oihane. 2017. Sibilant merger in the variety of Basque spoken in Amorebieta-Etxano. Languages 2(25). 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages2040025.
Nikolaev, Dmitry. 2022. A typology of consonant-inventory gaps. Linguistic Typology 26(1). 161-186.
Ohala, John J. 1993. The phonetics of sound change. In Charles Jones (ed.), Historical linguistics. Problems and perspectives, 237-278. London & New York: Longman.
Oñederra, Miren Lourdes. 1990. Euskal fonologia: palatalizazioa. Asimilazioa eta hots sinbolismoa. Bilbao: University of the Basque Country Press.
Oñederra, Miren Lourdes. 2002. Palatalization revisited: bustidura adierazgarriaren estatusaz ohar batzuk. In Xabier Artiagoitia, Patxi Goenaga & Joseba A. Lakarra (eds.), Erramu boneta. Festschrift für Rudolf P. G. de Rijk, 499-509. Leioa: UPV/EHU.
Peust, Carsten. 2008. On consonant frequency in Egyptian and other languages. Lingua Aegyptia 16. 105-134.
Rebuschi, Georges. 2003. Basque. In Thorsten Roelcke (ed.), Variationstypologie. Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch der europäischen Sprachen in Geschichte und Gegenwart / Variation typology. A typological handbook of European languages past and present, 837-865. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Rothstein, Robert A. 1993. Polish. In Bernard Comrie & Greville G. Corbett (eds.), The Slavonic languages, 686-758. London: Routledge.
Trask, Robert L. 1997. The history of Basque. London: Routledge.
Trask, Robert L. 1998. The typological position of Basque: Then and now. Language Sciences 20(3). 313-324.
Vilain, Anne, Marjorie Dole, Hélène Lœvenbruck, Olivier Pascalis & Jean-Luc Schwartz. 2019. The role of production abilities in the perception of consonant category in infants. Developmental Science 22 (6). e12830. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12830.
Wang, Sheng-Fu. 2019. The organization of sound inventories: A study on obstruent gaps. Proceedings of the Society of Computation in Linguistics 2. 195-204. https://doi.org/10.7275/pbe-zf60.
Beristain, Ander. 2018. The acoustic realization of /s̺/ and /ts̻/ by L1 and L2 Basque speakers. In Lorea Unamuno, Asier Romero, Aintzane Etxebarria & Aitor Iglesias (eds.), Linguistic variation in the Basque language and education. Vol. III, 60-72. Bilbao: UPV/EHU.
Blevins, Juliette. 2018. Advances in Proto-Basque reconstruction with evidence for the Proto-Indo-European-Euskarian hypothesis. London: Routledge.
Butcher, Andrew. 2018. The special nature of Australian phonologies: Why auditory constraints on the sound systems of human languages are not universal. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144(3). 1939 (1-16). https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5068481.
Chirikba, Viacheslav. 2003. Abkhaz (Languages of the World/Materials No. 119). München & Newcastle: Lincom Europa.
Colarusso, John. 1988. The Northwest Caucasian languages. A phonological survey. New York: Garland.
Cresci, Michela. 2019. VN > V in Camuno: An alternative historical pathway to nasal loss. Italian Journal of Linguistics 31(1). 61-92.
Cysouw, Michael & Jan Wohlgemuth. 2010. The other end of universals: Theory and typology of rara. In Jan Wohlgemuth & Michael Cysouw (eds.), Rethinking universals: how rarities affect linguistic theory, 1-10. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter Mouton.
Dart, Sarah N. 1991. Articulatory and acoustic properties of apical and laminal articulations (UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 79). Los Angeles: UCLA.
Dixon, R. M. W. 2002. Australian languages. Their nature and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dixon, R. M. W. 2019. Australia’s original languages. An introduction. Sydney, Melbourne, Auckland & London: Allen & Unwin.
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2018. On the phonemic status of nasalized /h̃/ in Modern Zuberoan Basque. Linguistics 56(6). 1353-1367.
Egurtzegi, Ander & Christopher Carignan. 2020. An acoustic description of Mixean Basque. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147(1). 2791-2802. https://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0000996.
Emeneau, Murray B. 1984. Toda grammar and texts. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
Everett, Caleb. 2018. The similar rates of occurrence of consonants across the world’s languages: A quantitative analysis of phonetically transcribed word lists. Language Sciences 69. 125-135.
Fergus, Anelisa. 2019. Lend me your ears: Otitis media and aboriginal Australian languages. Ms. Yale University. https://ling.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Anelisa%20Fergus.pdf (19/12/2023).
Fletcher, Janet & Andrew Butcher. 2014. Sound patterns of Australian languages. In Harold Koch & Rachel Nordlinger (eds.), The languages and linguistics of Australia (The world of linguistics Vol. 3), 91-138. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Gafos, Adamantios I. 1999. The articulatory basis of locality in phonology. New York: Garland.
Gasser, Emily & Claire Bowern. 2014. Revisiting phonotactic generalization in Australian languages. Supplemental proceedings of the 2013 Annual Meeting on Phonology 1. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3765/amp.v1i1.17.
Gorrochategui, Joaquín. 1984. Onomástica indígena de Aquitania. Bilbao: UPV/EHU.
Gorrochategui, Joaquín. 1995. Basque and its neighbors in antiquity. In José Ignacio Hualde, Joseba A. Lakarra & Robert L. Trask (eds.), Towards a history of Basque, 31-63. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Gorrochategui, Joaquín. 2018 [1987]. Die vorrömische Onomastik Aquitaniens. In Blanca Urgell & José M. Vallejo (eds.), Opera selecta. I. Aquitanica / Akitaniera, 35-46. Vitoria-Gasteiz: UPV/EHU.
Gorrochategui, Joaquín. 2018 [2003]. Las placas votivas de plata de origen aquitano halladas en Hagenbach (Renania-Palatinado, Alemania). In Blanca Urgell & José M. Vallejo (eds.), Opera selecta. I. Aquitanica / Akitaniera, 165-200.Vitoria-Gasteiz: UPV/EHU.
Gorrochategui, Joaquín. 2022. The relationship between Aquitanian and Basque: Achievements and challenges of the comparative method in a context of poor documentation. In Thiago Acosta Chacon, Nala H. Lee & W. D. L. Silva (eds.), Language change and linguistic diversity. Studies in honour of Lyle Campbell, 105-129. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Hall, T. Alan. 1997. The phonology of coronals. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hewitt, George. 2013. Language. In George Hewitt (ed.), The Abkhazians: A handbook, 167-175. London: Routledge.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 1988. On Basque affricates. ASJU 22(2). 379-389.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 1991. Basque phonology. London: Routledge.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2003. Segmental phonology. In Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque, 15-65. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2010. Neutralización de sibilantes vascas y seseo en castellano. Oihenart 25. 89-116.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2015. Affective palatalization in Basque. In Peter O. Müller, Ingeborg Ohnheiser, Susan Olsen & Franz Rainer (eds.), Word formation. An international handbook of European languages, vol. 1, 517-523. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Hualde, José Ignacio & Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.). 2003. A grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hurch, Bernhard. 1988. Über Aspiration: ein Kapitel aus den natürlichen Phonologie. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
Ibabe, Alexander, Rosa Miren Pagola & Itziar Túrrez. 2021. Caracterización articulatoria de las fricativas sibilantes alveolares del euskera: primera parte. Loquens 7(2). e073. https://doi.org/10.3989/loquens.2020.e073.
Igartua, Iván. 2008. La aspiración de origen nasal en la evolución fonológica del euskera: un caso de rhinoglottophilia. ASJU 42(1). 171-189.
Igartua, Iván. 2015. Diachronic effects of rhinoglottophilia, symmetries in sound change, and the curious case of Basque. Studies in Language 39(3). 635-663.
Igartua, Iván. 2020. Basque among the world’s languages: A typological approach. In Ekaitz Santazilia, Dorota Krajewska, Eneko Zuloaga & Borja Ariztimuño (eds.), Fontes Linguae Vasconum 50 urte. Ekarpen berriak euskararen ikerketari. Nuevas aportaciones al estudio de la lengua vasca, 329-349. Pamplona: Government of Navarre.
Igartua, Iván. Forthcoming. Algunos rasgos de la onomástica vascónico-aquitana a la luz de la tipología lingüística. In Álvaro Arrizabalaga, Joaquín Gorrochategui & Estíbaliz Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), Entre el Ebro y el Garona. Espacios, sociedades y culturas durante la Prehistoria y la Antigüedad (Anejos de Veleia). Vitoria-Gasteiz: UPV/EHU.
Iglesias, Aitor, Iñaki Gaminde, Leire Gandarias & Lorea Unamuno. 2016. Euskararen txistukariak aztertzeko indize akustikoez. Euskalingua 28. 6-18.
Inchauspe, Emmanuel (Le chanoine). 1892. Le peuple basque, sa langue, son origine. In Association française pour l’avancement des sciences. Congrés de Pau, 1-19. Paris.
Iverson, Gregory K. & Miren Lourdes Oñederra. 1985. On Basque palatalization. Folia Linguistica 19. 51-61.
Jurado Noriega, Mirari. 2011. Caracterización de sibilantes fricativas vascas y su percepción en el sistema fonético español. ASJU 45(1). 81-137.
Kokkelmans, Joachim. 2021. The phonetics and phonology of sibilants. A synchronic and diachronic OT typology of sibilant inventories. Verona: University of Verona doctoral dissertation.
Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson. 1996. The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lakarra, Joseba A., Julen Manterola & Iñaki Segurola. 2019. Euskal hiztegi historiko-etimologikoa (EHHE-200). Bilbao: Euskaltzaindia.
Leite de Vasconcellos, João. 1900. Estudos de philologia mirandesa, vol. I. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional.
Lindblom, Björn & Ian Maddieson. 1988. Phonetic universals in consonant systems. In Charles Li & Larry M. Hyman (eds.), Language, speech and mind: studies in honour of Victoria A. Fromkin, 62-78. London: Routledge.
Maddieson, Ian. 1984. Patterns of sounds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Maddieson, Ian. 2013. Absence of common consonants. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://wals.info/chapter/18 (18/12/2023).
Maddieson, Ian & Kenneth VanBik. 2004. Apical and laminal articulations in Hakha Lai. In Marc Ettlinger, Nicholas Fleisher & Mischa Park-Doob (eds.), Proceedings of the thirtieth annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 232-243. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
Mai, Anna, Andrés Aguilar & Gabriela Caballero. 2019. Ja’a Kumiai. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 49(2). 231-244.
Michelena, Luis. 1950. De fonética vasca: la aspiración intervocálica. BAP 6. 443-459 (Repr. in OC 7, 3-20).
Michelena, Luis. 1954. De onomástica aquitana. Pirineos 10. 409-455 (Repr. in OC 5, 197-243).
Michelena, Luis. 1957. Las antiguas consonantes vascas. In Diego Catalán (ed.), Estructuralismo e historia: Miscelánea homenaje a André Martinet, vol. 1, 113-157. La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Repr. in OC 7, 57-91).
Michelena, Luis. 1977. Fonética histórica vasca. 2nd edn. San Sebastián: Gipuzkoa Provincial Council (1st edn., 1961; repr. in OC 6).
Michelena, Luis. 2011. Obras completas (Supplements of ASJU 54-68), 15 vol. San Sebastián & Vitoria-Gasteiz: “Julio Urkixo” Basque Philology Seminar, Gipuzkoa Provincial Council & UPV/EHU (ed. by Joseba A. Lakarra & Iñigo Ruiz Arzalluz).
Mielke, Jeff. 2008. The emergence of distinctive features. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moran, Steven & Daniel McCloy (eds.). 2019. PHOIBLE 2.0. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Muxika-Loitzate, Oihane. 2017. Sibilant merger in the variety of Basque spoken in Amorebieta-Etxano. Languages 2(25). 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages2040025.
Nikolaev, Dmitry. 2022. A typology of consonant-inventory gaps. Linguistic Typology 26(1). 161-186.
Ohala, John J. 1993. The phonetics of sound change. In Charles Jones (ed.), Historical linguistics. Problems and perspectives, 237-278. London & New York: Longman.
Oñederra, Miren Lourdes. 1990. Euskal fonologia: palatalizazioa. Asimilazioa eta hots sinbolismoa. Bilbao: University of the Basque Country Press.
Oñederra, Miren Lourdes. 2002. Palatalization revisited: bustidura adierazgarriaren estatusaz ohar batzuk. In Xabier Artiagoitia, Patxi Goenaga & Joseba A. Lakarra (eds.), Erramu boneta. Festschrift für Rudolf P. G. de Rijk, 499-509. Leioa: UPV/EHU.
Peust, Carsten. 2008. On consonant frequency in Egyptian and other languages. Lingua Aegyptia 16. 105-134.
Rebuschi, Georges. 2003. Basque. In Thorsten Roelcke (ed.), Variationstypologie. Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch der europäischen Sprachen in Geschichte und Gegenwart / Variation typology. A typological handbook of European languages past and present, 837-865. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Rothstein, Robert A. 1993. Polish. In Bernard Comrie & Greville G. Corbett (eds.), The Slavonic languages, 686-758. London: Routledge.
Trask, Robert L. 1997. The history of Basque. London: Routledge.
Trask, Robert L. 1998. The typological position of Basque: Then and now. Language Sciences 20(3). 313-324.
Vilain, Anne, Marjorie Dole, Hélène Lœvenbruck, Olivier Pascalis & Jean-Luc Schwartz. 2019. The role of production abilities in the perception of consonant category in infants. Developmental Science 22 (6). e12830. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12830.
Wang, Sheng-Fu. 2019. The organization of sound inventories: A study on obstruent gaps. Proceedings of the Society of Computation in Linguistics 2. 195-204. https://doi.org/10.7275/pbe-zf60.
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