Basque relativisation strategies: a look at the history
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Published
13-09-2021
Dorota Krajewska
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6909-985X
Abstract
This paper deals with Basque relativisation strategies: the prenominal and postnominal gapped relatives, appositive relatives, relatives with the prefix bait-, and pronominal zein ‘which’ relative clauses. The study is based on a corpus consisting of 16th to 19th centuries texts. The first goal is to analyse the competition between the constructions and describe the changes in frequency. The analysis of the corpus shows that the range of constructions appearing in texts starts to narrow since the second half of the 17th century, and that the prenominal construction eventually prevailed. The second goal is to compare the role and functions which each construction has or has had in the whole system. To that end, the following features are analysed: the range of arguments that can be relativised in each construction, the length of the subordinate clause, the impact of animacy on the choice of structure, and the function of the relative clause and its position of the subordinate clause in the main clause. The results show that, in general, construction which place the relative right to the head were employed mainly in special or marked contexts (e.g. to relativise arguments not possible in the prenominal construction or when the subordinate clause was especially long).
How to Cite
Krajewska, Dorota. 2021. “Basque Relativisation Strategies: A Look at the History”. Anuario Del Seminario De Filología Vasca "Julio De Urquijo" 50 (1/2):165-99. https://doi.org/10.1387/asju.22863.
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References
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Artiagoitia, Xabier. 1995. Verbal projections in Basque and minimal structure. Donostia: Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia.
Biguri, Koldo. 1994. Erdarazko erlatiboen itzulpenaz. Senez 15. 37-72.
Bilbao, Gidor, Ricardo Gómez-López, Joseba A. Lakarra, Julen Manterola, Céline Mounole & Blanca Urgell. 2020. Lazarraga Eskuizkribuaren edizioa eta azterketa, 2 lib. Bilbo: UPV/EHU.
Branigan, Holly P., Martin J. Pickering & Mikihiro Tanaka. 2008. Contributions of animacy to grammatical function assignment and word order during production. Lingua 118(2). 172-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.02.003.
Cid, Karlos. 1987. Euskal erlatibo motak. ASJU 21(2). 599-628.
Cid, Karlos. d. g. Perpaus erlatiboak. In Euskara Institutua (arg.), Sareko Euskal Gramatika. UPV/EHU. https://www.ehu.eus/seg/morf/5/20/4.
Comrie, Bernard. 1989. Language universals and linguistic typology: Syntax and morphology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dahl, Östen & Kari Fraurud. 1996. Animacy in grammar and discourse. In Thorstein Fretheim & Jeanette K. Gundel (arg.), Reference and referent accessibility, 47-64. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Estornés Lasa, José. 1984. Mendigatxa’k Azkueri kartak (1902-1916) eta Erronkari’ko uskaratik utzulpen ta goarpenak. FLV 43. 55-128.
Euskaltzaindia. 1999. Euskal Gramatika. Lehen urratsak-V. 1. lib. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia.
Fox, Barbara A. 1987. The noun phrase accessibility hierarchy reinterpreted: subject primacy or the absolutive hypothesis? Language 63(4). 856-870.
Gèze, Louis. 2010 [1873]. Éléments de grammaire basque: dialecte souletin, suivis d’un vocabulaire basque-français & français-basque. München: LINCOM Europa.
Givón, Talmy. 2012. Toward a diachronic typology of relative clause. In Bernard Comrie & Zarina Estrada Fernández (arg.), Relative clauses in languages of the Americas: A typological overview, 3-25. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hawkins, John A. 1994. A performance theory of order and constituency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hawkins, John A. 2004. Efficiency and complexity in grammars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hendery, Rachel. 2012. Relative clauses in time and space: a case study in the methods of diachronic typology. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hopper, Paul J. & Sandra A. Thompson. 1980. Transitivity in grammar and discourse. Language 56(2). 251-299.
Igartua, Iván. 2020. Basque among the world’s languages: a typological approach. In Ekaitz Santazilia, Dorota Krajewska, Eneko Zuloaga, & Borja Ariztimuño (arg.), Fontes Linguae Vasconum 50 urte: ekarpen berriak euskararen ikerketari, 329-349. Iruñea: Nafarroako Gobernua. https://doi.org/10.35462/fontes50urte.21.
Inchauspe, Abbé. 1979 [1858]. Le verbe basque. Donostia: Hordago.
Keenan, Edward L. & Bernard Comrie. 1977. Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar.
Linguistic Inquiry 8(1). 63-99.
Krajewska, Dorota. 2016. Euskarazko erlatiboen diakroniaz: testu zaharren azterketa. FLV 122. 463-488. https://doi.org/10.35462/flv122.7.
Krajewska, Dorota. 2017. Euskararen sintaxi diakronikorantz: egitura konplexuak / Towards a historical syntax of Basque: complex constructions. Gasteiz: UPV/EHUko doktore-tesia. https://hdl.handle.net/10810/26877.
Krajewska, Dorota. 2018. Zein erlatiboaren historiaz. ASJU 52(1/2). 411-435. https://doi.org/10.1387/asju.20211.
Krajewska, Dorota. 2020. Euskarazko erlatibo aposatuen azterketa diakronikoa. FLV 129. 117-140. https://doi.org/10.35462/FLV129.4.
Krajewska, Dorota, Eneko Zuloaga, Ekaitz Santazilia, Borja Ariztimuño, Oxel Uribe-Etxebarria & Urtzi Reguero. 2017. Esteve Materraren Do(c)trina christiana. Edizioa eta azterketa (Monumenta linguae Vasconum: Studia et Instrumenta 7). Bilbo: UPV/EHU & Euskaltzaindia (= ASJU 51).
Larramendi, Manuel. 1729. El imposible vencido. Salamanca: Antonio Joseph Villargordo Alcaraz.
Lehmann, Christian. 1984. Der Relativsatz: Typologie seiner Strukturen, Theorie seiner Funktionen, Kompendium seiner Grammatik. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
Lehmann, Christian. 1986. On the typology of relative clauses. Linguistics 24(4). 663-680. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1986.24.4.663.
MacDonald, Lorna. 1990. A grammar of Tauya. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Oyharçabal, Beñat. 1987. Etude descriptive de constructions complexes en basque, propositions relatives, temporelles, conditionelles et consessives. Paris: Université de Paris VIIko doktore-tesia.
Oyharçabal, Beñat. 2003. Relatives. In José Ignacio Hualde & Jon Ortiz de Urbina (arg.), A grammar of Basque, 762-821. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Padilla-Moyano, Manuel. prest. Oloroeko katixima: edizioa eta azterketa. Argitaratu gabeko lana.
Pagola, Rosa Miren, Juan Jose Iribar & Itziar Iribar (arg.). 1997a. Bonaparte ondareko eskuizkribuak: erronkariera. Bilbo: Deustuko Unibertsitatea.
Pagola, Rosa Miren, Juan Jose Iribar & Itziar Iribar (arg.). 1997b. Bonaparte ondareko eskuizkribuak: zuberera. Bilbo: Deustuko Unibertsitatea.
Rebuschi, Georges. 2003. Basque semi-free relative clauses and the structure of DPs. Lapurdum 8. 457-478. https://doi.org/10.4000/lapurdum.1172.
Rebuschi, Georges. 2009a. Basque correlatives and their kin in the history of Northern Basque. In Anikó Lipták (arg.), Correlatives cross-linguistically, 81-130. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Rebuschi, Georges. 2009b. Position du Basque dans la typologie des relatives corrélatives. Langages 2. 25-38.
Rijk, Rudolf P. G. de. 1972a [1998]. Relative clauses in Basque: A guided tour. In De lingua vasconum: selected writings, 55-69. Bilbo: UPV/EHU.
Rijk, Rudolf P. G. de. 1972b [1998]. Studies in Basque syntax: relative clauses. In De lingua vasconum: selected writings, 71-149. Bilbo: UPV/EHU.
Rijk, Rudolf P. G. de. 1980. Erlatiboak idazle zaharrengan. Euskera 25(2). 525-536.
Romaine, Suzanne. 1980. The relative clause marker in Scots English: Diffusion, complexity, and style as dimensions of syntactic change. Language in Society 9(2). 221-247.
Romaine, Suzanne. 1982. Socio-historical linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ros, Idoia, Mikel Santesteban, Kumiko Fukumura & Itziar Laka. 2015. Aiming at shorter dependencies: the role of agreement morphology. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 30(9). 1156-1174. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2014.994009.
Santazilia, Ekaitz. 2019. Animacy effects in inflectional morphology: a typological survey. Vitoria-Gasteiz: UPV/EHUko doktore-tesia. https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/37384.
Stark, Elisabeth. 2016. Relative clauses. In Adam Ledgeway & Maiden Martin (arg.), The Oxford guide to the Romance languages, 1029-1040. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Trask, Robert. L. 1984. Synchronic and diachronic studies in the grammar of Basque. Londres: School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London)-eko doktore-tesia. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339723.
Ulibarri, Koldo. 2010. Viva Jesus dotrina: edizioa eta azterketa. ASJU 44(2). 41-154.
Wasow, Thomas. 1997. Remarks on grammatical weight. Language Variation and Change 9(1). 81-105.
Yamamoto, Mutsumi. 1999. Animacy and reference: a cognitive approach to corpus linguistics. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2014. Euskalkiak. Donostia: Elkar.
Artiagoitia, Xabier. 1995. Verbal projections in Basque and minimal structure. Donostia: Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia.
Biguri, Koldo. 1994. Erdarazko erlatiboen itzulpenaz. Senez 15. 37-72.
Bilbao, Gidor, Ricardo Gómez-López, Joseba A. Lakarra, Julen Manterola, Céline Mounole & Blanca Urgell. 2020. Lazarraga Eskuizkribuaren edizioa eta azterketa, 2 lib. Bilbo: UPV/EHU.
Branigan, Holly P., Martin J. Pickering & Mikihiro Tanaka. 2008. Contributions of animacy to grammatical function assignment and word order during production. Lingua 118(2). 172-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.02.003.
Cid, Karlos. 1987. Euskal erlatibo motak. ASJU 21(2). 599-628.
Cid, Karlos. d. g. Perpaus erlatiboak. In Euskara Institutua (arg.), Sareko Euskal Gramatika. UPV/EHU. https://www.ehu.eus/seg/morf/5/20/4.
Comrie, Bernard. 1989. Language universals and linguistic typology: Syntax and morphology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dahl, Östen & Kari Fraurud. 1996. Animacy in grammar and discourse. In Thorstein Fretheim & Jeanette K. Gundel (arg.), Reference and referent accessibility, 47-64. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Estornés Lasa, José. 1984. Mendigatxa’k Azkueri kartak (1902-1916) eta Erronkari’ko uskaratik utzulpen ta goarpenak. FLV 43. 55-128.
Euskaltzaindia. 1999. Euskal Gramatika. Lehen urratsak-V. 1. lib. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia.
Fox, Barbara A. 1987. The noun phrase accessibility hierarchy reinterpreted: subject primacy or the absolutive hypothesis? Language 63(4). 856-870.
Gèze, Louis. 2010 [1873]. Éléments de grammaire basque: dialecte souletin, suivis d’un vocabulaire basque-français & français-basque. München: LINCOM Europa.
Givón, Talmy. 2012. Toward a diachronic typology of relative clause. In Bernard Comrie & Zarina Estrada Fernández (arg.), Relative clauses in languages of the Americas: A typological overview, 3-25. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hawkins, John A. 1994. A performance theory of order and constituency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hawkins, John A. 2004. Efficiency and complexity in grammars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hendery, Rachel. 2012. Relative clauses in time and space: a case study in the methods of diachronic typology. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hopper, Paul J. & Sandra A. Thompson. 1980. Transitivity in grammar and discourse. Language 56(2). 251-299.
Igartua, Iván. 2020. Basque among the world’s languages: a typological approach. In Ekaitz Santazilia, Dorota Krajewska, Eneko Zuloaga, & Borja Ariztimuño (arg.), Fontes Linguae Vasconum 50 urte: ekarpen berriak euskararen ikerketari, 329-349. Iruñea: Nafarroako Gobernua. https://doi.org/10.35462/fontes50urte.21.
Inchauspe, Abbé. 1979 [1858]. Le verbe basque. Donostia: Hordago.
Keenan, Edward L. & Bernard Comrie. 1977. Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar.
Linguistic Inquiry 8(1). 63-99.
Krajewska, Dorota. 2016. Euskarazko erlatiboen diakroniaz: testu zaharren azterketa. FLV 122. 463-488. https://doi.org/10.35462/flv122.7.
Krajewska, Dorota. 2017. Euskararen sintaxi diakronikorantz: egitura konplexuak / Towards a historical syntax of Basque: complex constructions. Gasteiz: UPV/EHUko doktore-tesia. https://hdl.handle.net/10810/26877.
Krajewska, Dorota. 2018. Zein erlatiboaren historiaz. ASJU 52(1/2). 411-435. https://doi.org/10.1387/asju.20211.
Krajewska, Dorota. 2020. Euskarazko erlatibo aposatuen azterketa diakronikoa. FLV 129. 117-140. https://doi.org/10.35462/FLV129.4.
Krajewska, Dorota, Eneko Zuloaga, Ekaitz Santazilia, Borja Ariztimuño, Oxel Uribe-Etxebarria & Urtzi Reguero. 2017. Esteve Materraren Do(c)trina christiana. Edizioa eta azterketa (Monumenta linguae Vasconum: Studia et Instrumenta 7). Bilbo: UPV/EHU & Euskaltzaindia (= ASJU 51).
Larramendi, Manuel. 1729. El imposible vencido. Salamanca: Antonio Joseph Villargordo Alcaraz.
Lehmann, Christian. 1984. Der Relativsatz: Typologie seiner Strukturen, Theorie seiner Funktionen, Kompendium seiner Grammatik. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
Lehmann, Christian. 1986. On the typology of relative clauses. Linguistics 24(4). 663-680. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1986.24.4.663.
MacDonald, Lorna. 1990. A grammar of Tauya. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Oyharçabal, Beñat. 1987. Etude descriptive de constructions complexes en basque, propositions relatives, temporelles, conditionelles et consessives. Paris: Université de Paris VIIko doktore-tesia.
Oyharçabal, Beñat. 2003. Relatives. In José Ignacio Hualde & Jon Ortiz de Urbina (arg.), A grammar of Basque, 762-821. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Padilla-Moyano, Manuel. prest. Oloroeko katixima: edizioa eta azterketa. Argitaratu gabeko lana.
Pagola, Rosa Miren, Juan Jose Iribar & Itziar Iribar (arg.). 1997a. Bonaparte ondareko eskuizkribuak: erronkariera. Bilbo: Deustuko Unibertsitatea.
Pagola, Rosa Miren, Juan Jose Iribar & Itziar Iribar (arg.). 1997b. Bonaparte ondareko eskuizkribuak: zuberera. Bilbo: Deustuko Unibertsitatea.
Rebuschi, Georges. 2003. Basque semi-free relative clauses and the structure of DPs. Lapurdum 8. 457-478. https://doi.org/10.4000/lapurdum.1172.
Rebuschi, Georges. 2009a. Basque correlatives and their kin in the history of Northern Basque. In Anikó Lipták (arg.), Correlatives cross-linguistically, 81-130. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Rebuschi, Georges. 2009b. Position du Basque dans la typologie des relatives corrélatives. Langages 2. 25-38.
Rijk, Rudolf P. G. de. 1972a [1998]. Relative clauses in Basque: A guided tour. In De lingua vasconum: selected writings, 55-69. Bilbo: UPV/EHU.
Rijk, Rudolf P. G. de. 1972b [1998]. Studies in Basque syntax: relative clauses. In De lingua vasconum: selected writings, 71-149. Bilbo: UPV/EHU.
Rijk, Rudolf P. G. de. 1980. Erlatiboak idazle zaharrengan. Euskera 25(2). 525-536.
Romaine, Suzanne. 1980. The relative clause marker in Scots English: Diffusion, complexity, and style as dimensions of syntactic change. Language in Society 9(2). 221-247.
Romaine, Suzanne. 1982. Socio-historical linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ros, Idoia, Mikel Santesteban, Kumiko Fukumura & Itziar Laka. 2015. Aiming at shorter dependencies: the role of agreement morphology. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 30(9). 1156-1174. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2014.994009.
Santazilia, Ekaitz. 2019. Animacy effects in inflectional morphology: a typological survey. Vitoria-Gasteiz: UPV/EHUko doktore-tesia. https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/37384.
Stark, Elisabeth. 2016. Relative clauses. In Adam Ledgeway & Maiden Martin (arg.), The Oxford guide to the Romance languages, 1029-1040. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Trask, Robert. L. 1984. Synchronic and diachronic studies in the grammar of Basque. Londres: School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London)-eko doktore-tesia. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339723.
Ulibarri, Koldo. 2010. Viva Jesus dotrina: edizioa eta azterketa. ASJU 44(2). 41-154.
Wasow, Thomas. 1997. Remarks on grammatical weight. Language Variation and Change 9(1). 81-105.
Yamamoto, Mutsumi. 1999. Animacy and reference: a cognitive approach to corpus linguistics. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2014. Euskalkiak. Donostia: Elkar.
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