Redefining Beauty: The Impact of TikTok Influencers on Young Women's Self-Esteem and Body Image
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Published
16-12-2024
Daniela Paz Vegas Arenas
Isabel Rodríguez-de-Dios
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2223-2515
Isabel Rodríguez-de-Dios
Abstract
This research examines how the physical appearance of TikTok influencers affects the self-esteem and body image of young women. An online experiment was conducted with three experimental groups: a normative body, a non-normative body, and a control group. The results show that the influencers’ physical appearance does not directly impact users' self-perception but does so indirectly. Young women tend to identify more with influencers who have non-normative bodies, which in turn enhances their self-esteem and body satisfaction. This study highlights the importance of promoting body diversity on social media.
How to Cite
Vegas Arenas, D. P., & Rodríguez-de-Dios, I. (2024). Redefining Beauty: The Impact of TikTok Influencers on Young Women’s Self-Esteem and Body Image. ZER - Journal of Communication Studies, 29(57), 127–146. https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.26781
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Keywords
Influencer, Social media, Self-esteem, Body satisfaction, Experiment
References
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Bell, B. T., & Dittmar, H. (2011). Does media type matter? The role of identification in adolescent girls’ media consumption and the impact of different thin-ideal media on body image. Sex Roles, 65(7-8), 478-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9964-x
Bissonette Mink, D., & Szymanski, D. M. (2022). TikTok use and body dissatisfaction: Examining direct, indirect, and moderated relations. Body Image, 43, 205-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.09.006
Brown, Z., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). Attractive celebrity and peer images on Instagram: Effect on women’s mood and body image. Body Image, 19, 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.08.007
Castellanos Silva, R., & Steins, G. (2023). Social media and body dissatisfaction in young adults: An experimental investigation of the effects of different image content and influencing constructs. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1037932. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1037932
Chekh, E. L. (2019, septiembre 6). El 84% de las mujeres no está conforme con su cuerpo. La Tercera. Recuperado de https://www.latercera.com/que-pasa/noticia/el-84-de-las-mujeres-no-esta-conforme-con-su-cuerpo/811279/
Contrera, L., & Moreno, M. L. (2022). Cuadernillo de sensibilización sobre temáticas de diversidad corporal gorda. Buenos Aires: Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: W.H.Freeman.
Dalla-Pria, L., & Rodríguez-de-Dios, I. (2022). CSR communication on social media: The impact of source and framing on message credibility, corporate reputation and WOM. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 27(3), 543-557. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-09-2021-0097
Dhadly, P. K., Kinnear, A., & Bodell, L. P. (2023). #BoPo: Does viewing body positive TikTok content improve body satisfaction and mood? Eating Behaviors, 50, 101747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101747
Durántez-Estolle, P., Martínez-Sanz, R., & Rodríguez-de-Dios, I. (2022). Effects of narrative-persuasive frames on Twitter regarding blood donation: Pride versus empathy and people versus numbers. Profesional de La Informacion, 31(4), e310415. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.jul.15
Eckler, P., Kalyango, Y., & Paasch, E. (2017). Facebook use and negative body image among U.S. college women. Women & Health, 57(2), 249-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2016.1159268
Fanjul Peyró, C., & González Oñate, C. (2011). La influencia de modelos somáticos publicitarios en la vigorexia masculina: Un estudio experimental en adolescentes. ZER - Revista de Estudios de Comunicación, 16(31), 265-284.
Fernández Prada, A. R., Ramírez Sánchez, L., & Chávez Pacheco, R. (2022). #MeReclamoMía: Representaciones y narrativas en torno al cuerpo femenino de instagrammers #BodyPositive. Clepsydra. Revista de Estudios de Género y Teoría Feminista, (23), 195-223. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.clepsydra.2022.23.11
Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Ceragioli, G., & Casale, S. (2022). How the exposure to beauty ideals on social networking sites influences body image: A systematic review of experimental studies. Adolescent Research Review, 7(3), 419-458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press.
Hoffner, C., & Buchanan, M. (2005). Young adults’ wishful identification with television characters: The role of perceived similarity and character attributes. Media Psychology, 7(4), 325-351. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0704_2
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Igartua, J.-J., & Barrios, I. (2012). Changing real-world beliefs with controversial movies: Processes and mechanisms of narrative persuasion. Journal of Communication, 62(3), 514-531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01640.x
Igartua, J.-J., González-Vázquez, A., & Arcila-Calderón, C. (2024). The effect of similarity to a transitional role model of an entertainment–education narrative designed to improve attitudes toward immigrants: evidence from three European countries. Media Psychology, 27(2), 211-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2023.2235574
Igartua, J.-J., Guerrero-Martín, I., Cachón-Ramón, D., & Rodríguez-de-Dios, I. (2017). Efecto de la similitud con el protagonista de narraciones contra el racismo en las actitudes hacia la inmigración. El rol mediador de la identificación con el protagonista. Anuario electrónico de estudios en Comunicación Social «Disertaciones», 11(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/disertaciones/a.5272
Janssen, L., Schouten, A. P., & Croes, E. A. J. (2022). Influencer advertising on Instagram: Product-influencer fit and number of followers affect advertising outcomes and influencer evaluations via credibility and identification. International Journal of Advertising, 41(1), 101-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2021.1994205
Jarman, H. K., Marques, M. D., McLean, S. A., Slater, A., & Paxton, S. J. (2021). Social media, body satisfaction and well-being among adolescents: A mediation model of appearance-ideal internalization and comparison. Body Image, 36, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.005
Joiner, R., Mizen, E., Pinnell, B., Siddique, L., Bradley, A., & Trevalyen, S. (2023). The effect of different types of TikTok dance challenge videos on young women’s body satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 147, 107856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107856
Jung, J., Barron, D., Lee, Y.-A., & Swami, V. (2022). Social media usage and body image: Examining the mediating roles of internalization of appearance ideals and social comparisons in young women. Computers in Human Behavior, 135, 107357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107357
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Mancin, P., Cerea, S., Bottesi, G., & Ghisi, M. (2024). Instagram use and negative and positive body image: The relationship with following accounts and content and filter use among female students. Current Psychology, 43(12), 10669-10681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05204-w
Meng, J. (2023). TikTok usage on body image and satisfaction. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 22, 298-305. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v22i.12453
Montag, C., Yang, H., & Elhai, J. D. (2021). On the psychology of TikTok use: A first glimpse from empirical findings. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 641673. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.641673
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Muñoz Parralo, M., & Gómez Bujedo, J. (2023). Efecto de la exposición a fotos editadas de Instagram en la imagen corporal: Una replicación sistemática en jóvenes universitarias españolas. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 49(179). https://doi.org/10.33776/amc.v49i179.7577
Parsons, C. A., Alden, L. E., & Biesanz, J. C. (2021). Influencing emotion: Social anxiety and comparisons on Instagram. Emotion, 21(7), 1427-1437. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001044
Perloff, R. M. (2014). Social media effects on young women’s body image concerns: theoretical perspectives and an agenda for research. Sex Roles, 71(11-12), 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0384-6
Prichard, I., Taylor, B., & Tiggemann, M. (2023). Comparing and self-objectifying: The effect of sexualized imagery posted by Instagram Influencers on women’s body image. Body Image, 46, 347-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.002
Quiroz, N. (2021, noviembre 18). Autoestima en la Mujeres: Encuesta reveló que el 88% de la chilenas desearía valorarse más a sí misma. ADN Radio. Recuperado de https://www.adnradio.cl/nacional/2021/11/18/autoestima-en-la-mujeres-encuesta-revelo-que-el-88-de-la-chilenas-desearia-valorarse-mas-a-si-misma.html
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Rodríguez-Suárez, B., Caperos, J. M., & Martínez-Huertas, J. Á. (2022). Efecto de la exposición a ideales de delgadez en las redes sociales sobre la autoestima y la ansiedad. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 30(3), 677-691. https://doi.org/10.51668/bp.8322305s
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Samson, L., & Zaitsoff, S. L. (2023). Appearance comparison on Instagram: The impact of fitspiration and transformation imagery on young women’s body satisfaction. Eating Behaviors, 51, 101812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101812
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Bell, B. T., & Dittmar, H. (2011). Does media type matter? The role of identification in adolescent girls’ media consumption and the impact of different thin-ideal media on body image. Sex Roles, 65(7-8), 478-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9964-x
Bissonette Mink, D., & Szymanski, D. M. (2022). TikTok use and body dissatisfaction: Examining direct, indirect, and moderated relations. Body Image, 43, 205-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.09.006
Brown, Z., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). Attractive celebrity and peer images on Instagram: Effect on women’s mood and body image. Body Image, 19, 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.08.007
Castellanos Silva, R., & Steins, G. (2023). Social media and body dissatisfaction in young adults: An experimental investigation of the effects of different image content and influencing constructs. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1037932. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1037932
Chekh, E. L. (2019, septiembre 6). El 84% de las mujeres no está conforme con su cuerpo. La Tercera. Recuperado de https://www.latercera.com/que-pasa/noticia/el-84-de-las-mujeres-no-esta-conforme-con-su-cuerpo/811279/
Contrera, L., & Moreno, M. L. (2022). Cuadernillo de sensibilización sobre temáticas de diversidad corporal gorda. Buenos Aires: Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: W.H.Freeman.
Dalla-Pria, L., & Rodríguez-de-Dios, I. (2022). CSR communication on social media: The impact of source and framing on message credibility, corporate reputation and WOM. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 27(3), 543-557. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-09-2021-0097
Dhadly, P. K., Kinnear, A., & Bodell, L. P. (2023). #BoPo: Does viewing body positive TikTok content improve body satisfaction and mood? Eating Behaviors, 50, 101747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101747
Durántez-Estolle, P., Martínez-Sanz, R., & Rodríguez-de-Dios, I. (2022). Effects of narrative-persuasive frames on Twitter regarding blood donation: Pride versus empathy and people versus numbers. Profesional de La Informacion, 31(4), e310415. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.jul.15
Eckler, P., Kalyango, Y., & Paasch, E. (2017). Facebook use and negative body image among U.S. college women. Women & Health, 57(2), 249-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2016.1159268
Fanjul Peyró, C., & González Oñate, C. (2011). La influencia de modelos somáticos publicitarios en la vigorexia masculina: Un estudio experimental en adolescentes. ZER - Revista de Estudios de Comunicación, 16(31), 265-284.
Fernández Prada, A. R., Ramírez Sánchez, L., & Chávez Pacheco, R. (2022). #MeReclamoMía: Representaciones y narrativas en torno al cuerpo femenino de instagrammers #BodyPositive. Clepsydra. Revista de Estudios de Género y Teoría Feminista, (23), 195-223. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.clepsydra.2022.23.11
Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Ceragioli, G., & Casale, S. (2022). How the exposure to beauty ideals on social networking sites influences body image: A systematic review of experimental studies. Adolescent Research Review, 7(3), 419-458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press.
Hoffner, C., & Buchanan, M. (2005). Young adults’ wishful identification with television characters: The role of perceived similarity and character attributes. Media Psychology, 7(4), 325-351. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0704_2
Howarth, J. (2024, junio 12). TikTok User Age, Gender, & Demographics (2024). Recuperado 11 de julio de 2024, de Exploding Topics website: https://explodingtopics.com/blog/tiktok-demographics
Igartua, J.-J., & Barrios, I. (2012). Changing real-world beliefs with controversial movies: Processes and mechanisms of narrative persuasion. Journal of Communication, 62(3), 514-531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01640.x
Igartua, J.-J., González-Vázquez, A., & Arcila-Calderón, C. (2024). The effect of similarity to a transitional role model of an entertainment–education narrative designed to improve attitudes toward immigrants: evidence from three European countries. Media Psychology, 27(2), 211-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2023.2235574
Igartua, J.-J., Guerrero-Martín, I., Cachón-Ramón, D., & Rodríguez-de-Dios, I. (2017). Efecto de la similitud con el protagonista de narraciones contra el racismo en las actitudes hacia la inmigración. El rol mediador de la identificación con el protagonista. Anuario electrónico de estudios en Comunicación Social «Disertaciones», 11(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/disertaciones/a.5272
Janssen, L., Schouten, A. P., & Croes, E. A. J. (2022). Influencer advertising on Instagram: Product-influencer fit and number of followers affect advertising outcomes and influencer evaluations via credibility and identification. International Journal of Advertising, 41(1), 101-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2021.1994205
Jarman, H. K., Marques, M. D., McLean, S. A., Slater, A., & Paxton, S. J. (2021). Social media, body satisfaction and well-being among adolescents: A mediation model of appearance-ideal internalization and comparison. Body Image, 36, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.005
Joiner, R., Mizen, E., Pinnell, B., Siddique, L., Bradley, A., & Trevalyen, S. (2023). The effect of different types of TikTok dance challenge videos on young women’s body satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 147, 107856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107856
Jung, J., Barron, D., Lee, Y.-A., & Swami, V. (2022). Social media usage and body image: Examining the mediating roles of internalization of appearance ideals and social comparisons in young women. Computers in Human Behavior, 135, 107357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107357
Kling, J., Kwakkenbos, L., Diedrichs, P. C., Rumsey, N., Frisén, A., Brandão, M. P., … Fitzgerald, A. (2019). Systematic review of body image measures. Body Image, 30, 170-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.06.006
Leavitt, N. (2021, marzo 23). Eating disorders, disordered eating, and body image within college students and media. Recuperado 11 de julio de 2024, de Illinois State University News website: https://news.illinoisstate.edu/2021/03/eating-disorders-disordered-eating-and-body-image-within-college-students-and-media/
Lluch Rubio, N., Martorell Castellano, C., & Serra Folch, C. (2023). La representación de la mujer en los spots publicitarios españoles (2006-2021). ¿Podemos hablar de femvertising? ZER - Revista de Estudios de Comunicación, 28(55), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.24775
López, A., & Ibáñez, N. (2024, julio 10). «Nuestra cabeza puede ser una jaula»: Cuando la presión sobre los cuerpos convierten al verano en un reto. El Confidencial. Recuperado de https://www.elconfidencial.com/alma-corazon-vida/2024-07-10/verano-cuerpo-autoestima-tca-salud-mental-mujeres_3916251/
Lukman, F. A., Muis, I., & Hamid, A. N. (2023). The effect of social media use intensity on body image dissatisfaction in early adult women. Indigenous: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 8(3), 314-324. https://doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v8i3.2587
Mancin, P., Cerea, S., Bottesi, G., & Ghisi, M. (2024). Instagram use and negative and positive body image: The relationship with following accounts and content and filter use among female students. Current Psychology, 43(12), 10669-10681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05204-w
Meng, J. (2023). TikTok usage on body image and satisfaction. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 22, 298-305. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v22i.12453
Montag, C., Yang, H., & Elhai, J. D. (2021). On the psychology of TikTok use: A first glimpse from empirical findings. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 641673. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.641673
Montes, C. (2023, marzo 16). Angustia, estrés y depresión: El 84% de las chilenas no se siente conforme con su cuerpo. La Tercera. Recuperado de https://www.latercera.com/que-pasa/noticia/angustia-estres-y-depresion-el-84-de-las-chilenas-no-se-siente-conforme-con-su-cuerpo
Muñoz Parralo, M., & Gómez Bujedo, J. (2023). Efecto de la exposición a fotos editadas de Instagram en la imagen corporal: Una replicación sistemática en jóvenes universitarias españolas. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 49(179). https://doi.org/10.33776/amc.v49i179.7577
Parsons, C. A., Alden, L. E., & Biesanz, J. C. (2021). Influencing emotion: Social anxiety and comparisons on Instagram. Emotion, 21(7), 1427-1437. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001044
Perloff, R. M. (2014). Social media effects on young women’s body image concerns: theoretical perspectives and an agenda for research. Sex Roles, 71(11-12), 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0384-6
Prichard, I., Taylor, B., & Tiggemann, M. (2023). Comparing and self-objectifying: The effect of sexualized imagery posted by Instagram Influencers on women’s body image. Body Image, 46, 347-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.002
Quiroz, N. (2021, noviembre 18). Autoestima en la Mujeres: Encuesta reveló que el 88% de la chilenas desearía valorarse más a sí misma. ADN Radio. Recuperado de https://www.adnradio.cl/nacional/2021/11/18/autoestima-en-la-mujeres-encuesta-revelo-que-el-88-de-la-chilenas-desearia-valorarse-mas-a-si-misma.html
Real Academia Española. (2024, enero 19). «influencer». Recuperado 12 de julio de 2024, de Real Academia Española website: https://www.rae.es/observatorio-de-palabras/influencer
Rodríguez-De-Dios, I., Igartua, J.-J., & d’Haenens, L. (2021). Narrative persuasion in a mobile environment: effectiveness of a mobile application for promoting digital skills and coping strategies in adolescents. International Journal of Communication, 15, 1637-1658.
Rodríguez-Suárez, B., Caperos, J. M., & Martínez-Huertas, J. Á. (2022). Efecto de la exposición a ideales de delgadez en las redes sociales sobre la autoestima y la ansiedad. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 30(3), 677-691. https://doi.org/10.51668/bp.8322305s
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