Governing mobility: deportation and the possibility of life in Pequeño Haití, Santo Domingo
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Publiée
01-03-2020
Rodrigo Charafeddine Bulamah
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4734-7672
Résumé
On September 23, 2013, the Constitutional Court of the Dominican Republic ruled on the case of Juliana Dequis Pierre. Known simply as "la sentencia", the 168-13 ruling created a new deportability situation that Haitians and Dominicans started facing in 2015. Combining interviews and ethnographic fieldwork, I analyze the experience of these actors and how they conceived this new situation along with the political vocabulary they mobilized. Drawing from an anthropology of the state, I track how the Dominican government and its technologies and apparatus of counting and control operated a sort of cunning politics by not being clear about what was being conceived and planned in relation to a specific group considered as "in transit people". I argue that after the Constitutional Court ruling 168-13, the Dominican government took advantage of the moment to actually create an ambiguous spectacle of exclusion that selectively produced the "illegality" of subjects and at the same time promoted its own image, both nationally and internationally, as one of the most modern nations in the Caribbean, producing not only citizenship but life itself. How people managed to navigate this new situation through a political epistemology grounded in historical struggles constitutes the main theme of this article.
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References
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Bartlett, L., Jayaram, K., & Bonhomme, G. (2011). State literacies and inequality: managing Haitian immigrants in the Dominican Republic. International Journal of Educational Development, 31, 587-595.
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Bataille, G. (1991). The accursed share: an essay on general economy. Vols. II y III. New York: Zone Books.
Beckett, G. (2017). A dog's life: suffering humanitarianism in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. American Anthropologist, 119(1), 35-45.
Bonilla, Y. (2014). Remembering the songwriter: the life and Legacies of Michel-Rolph Trouillot. Cultural Dynamics, 26(2), 163-172.
Bulamah, R. C. (2015). Um lugar para os espíritos: os sentidos do movimento desde um povoado haitiano. Cadernos Pagu, 45, 79-110.
Bulamah, R. C.. (2018). Ruínas circulares: vida e história no norte do Haiti (Tesis doctoral inédita). Universidad Estadual de Campinas, Brasil, y École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Francia.
Coulange-Méroné, S. (2018). Elementos sociohistóricos para entender la migración haitiana a República Dominicana. Papeles de población, 97, 173-193.
Dalmaso, F. (2018). Heranças de família: terras, pessoas e espíritos no sul do Haiti. Mana, 24(3), 96-123.
Das, V. (1997). Critical events: an anthropological perspective on contemporary India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
De Genova, N. (2002). Migrant "illegality" and deportability in everyday life. Annual Review of Anthropology, 31, 419-447.
De Genova, N. (2010). The deportation regime: sovereignty, space, and the freedom of movement. En N. De Genova & N. Peutz (Eds.). The deportation regime: sovereignty, space, and the freedom of movement (pp. 33-65). Durham y London: Duke University Press.
De Genova, N. (2013). Spectacles of migrant 'illegality': the scene of exclusion, the obscene of inclusion. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(7), 1180-1198.
De Genova, N. (2016). The 'native's point of view' in the anthropology of migration. Anthropological Theory, 16(2-3), 227-240.
Derby, L. (2012). Haitians in the Dominican Republic: Race, Politics and Neoliberalism. En B. Reiter & Simmons, K. (Eds.). Afrodescendents, Identity and the Struggle for Development in the Americas (pp. 51-66). East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
Derby, L.. (2015). Imperial Idols: French and United States Revenants in Haitian Vodou. History of Religions, 54(4), 394-422.
Edkins, J. (2011). Introduction. En Missing: Persons and Politics (pp. 1-14). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
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Foucault, M. (2003). Lesson of 17 March 1976. En Society Must Be Defended (pp. 239-264). New York: Picador.
Glover, K. (2005). Exploiting the Undead: the Usefulness of the Zombie in Haitian Literature. Journal of Haitian Studies, 11(2), 105-121.
Gupta, A., & Ferguson, J. (1992). Beyond 'culture': space, identity, and the politics of difference. Cultural Anthropology, 7(1), 6-23.
Heredia, B. (2010). Política, família, comunidade. En B. Heredia & M. Palmeira (Eds.). Política ambígua (pp. 111-123). Rio de Janeiro: Relume Dumará; NUAP.
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James, E. (2012). Witchcraft, bureaucraft, and the social life of (US)aid in Haiti. Cultural Anthropology, 27(1), 50-75.
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Jayaram, K. (2014). Hitting the Books and Pounding the Pavement: Haitian Educational and Labor Migrants in the Dominican Republic (Tesis doctoral inédita). Columbia University, EE.UU.
Johnson, S. (2012). The fear of French negroes: transcolonial collaboration in the revolutionary Americas. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Joseph, H. (2015). Diáspora: As dinâmicas da mobilidade haitiana no Brasil, no Suriname e na Guiana Francesa (Tesis doctoral inédita). Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Khan, A. (2007). Rites and Rights of Passage: Seeking a Diasporic Consciousness. Cultural Dynamics, 19(2/3), 141-164.
Kivland, C. (2014). Becoming a Force in the Zone: Hedonopolitics, Masculinity, and the Quest for Respect on Haiti's Street. Cultural Anthropology, 29(4), 672-698.
Lowenthal, I. (1978). Ritual Performance and Religious Experience: A Service to the Gods in Southern Haiti. Journal of Anthropological Research, 39(3), 392-414.
Marcelin, L. (2012). In the name of the nation: blood symbolism and the political habitus of violence in Haiti. American Anthropologist, 114(2), 253-266.
Maríñez, S. (2016). On Traitors and Anti-Dominicans: The Other Price of the Human Rights Crisis in the Dominican Republic. Paper presented at the 41ª Conferencia Anual de la Asociación de Estudios Caribeños (CSA), Pétion-Ville, Haiti.
Martínez, S. (2003). Not a cockfight: rethinking Haitian-Dominican relations. Latin American Perspectives, 30(3), 80-101.
Martínez, S., & Wooding, B. (2017). El antihaitianismo en la República Dominicana: ¿un giro biopolítico? Migración y desarrollo, 28(15), 87-116.
McAlister, E. (2012). Slaves, cannibals, and infected hyper-whites: the race and religion of zombies. Anthropological quarterly, 85(2), 457-486.
Métraux, A. (1995 [1958]). Le Vaudou haïtien. Paris: Gallimard.
Mézié, N. (in press). Être haïtien en Haïti: nationalisme et citoyenneté dans les débats sur le Champ de Mars à Port-au-Prince. L'espace politique.
Mintz, S., & Wolf, E. (1957). Haciendas and plantations in Middle America and theAntilles. Social and Economic Studies, 6(3), 380-412.
Montinard, M. (2019). Pran wout la: dynamiques de la mobilité et des réseaux haïtiens (Tesis doctoral inédita). Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Moya Pons, F. (2013). La dominación haitiana, 1822-1844. Santo Domingo: Librería La Trinitária, 4th Edition.
Neiburg, F. (2019). Buscando a vida, na economia e na etnografia (Habilitation). Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Premawardhana, D. (2018). Faith in flux: pentecostalism and mobility in rural mobility. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Ramsey, K. (2011). The spirits and the law: vodou and power in Haiti. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Randeria, S. (2003). Cunning states and unaccountable international institutions: legal plurality, social movements and rights of local communities to common property resources. European Journal of Sociology, XLIV(I), 27-60.
Richman, K. (1984). From peasant to migratory farmworker: Haitian migrants in U.S. agriculture. Center for Latin American Studies, Occasional Paper, 3, Haitian Migration and the Haitian Economy, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Richman, K. (2005). Migration and Vodou. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
Thomaz, O. R. (2008). "Escravos sem dono": a experiência social dos campos de trabalho em Moçambique no período socialista. Revista de Antropologia, 51, 177-214.
Trouillot, M.-R. (2001). The anthropology of the state in the age of globalization: close encounters of the deceptive kind. Current Anthropology, 42(1), 125-138.
Trouillot, M.-R. (1995). Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of history. Boston: Beacon Press.
Turits, R. (2002). A world destroyed, a nation imposed. Hispanic American Historical Review, 82(3), 589-635.
Vieira, R. (2017). O governo da mobilidade haitiana no Brasil. Mana, 23(1), 229-254.
Weber, M. (1946). Bureaucracy. En H. H. Gerth & C. Wright Mills (Eds.). From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (pp. 196-244). New York: Oxford University Press.
Bartlett, L., Jayaram, K., & Bonhomme, G. (2011). State literacies and inequality: managing Haitian immigrants in the Dominican Republic. International Journal of Educational Development, 31, 587-595.
Bastien, R. (1951). La família rural Hhaitiana – Vale del Marbial. México, DF: Lira.
Bataille, G. (1991). The accursed share: an essay on general economy. Vols. II y III. New York: Zone Books.
Beckett, G. (2017). A dog's life: suffering humanitarianism in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. American Anthropologist, 119(1), 35-45.
Bonilla, Y. (2014). Remembering the songwriter: the life and Legacies of Michel-Rolph Trouillot. Cultural Dynamics, 26(2), 163-172.
Bulamah, R. C. (2015). Um lugar para os espíritos: os sentidos do movimento desde um povoado haitiano. Cadernos Pagu, 45, 79-110.
Bulamah, R. C.. (2018). Ruínas circulares: vida e história no norte do Haiti (Tesis doctoral inédita). Universidad Estadual de Campinas, Brasil, y École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Francia.
Coulange-Méroné, S. (2018). Elementos sociohistóricos para entender la migración haitiana a República Dominicana. Papeles de población, 97, 173-193.
Dalmaso, F. (2018). Heranças de família: terras, pessoas e espíritos no sul do Haiti. Mana, 24(3), 96-123.
Das, V. (1997). Critical events: an anthropological perspective on contemporary India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
De Genova, N. (2002). Migrant "illegality" and deportability in everyday life. Annual Review of Anthropology, 31, 419-447.
De Genova, N. (2010). The deportation regime: sovereignty, space, and the freedom of movement. En N. De Genova & N. Peutz (Eds.). The deportation regime: sovereignty, space, and the freedom of movement (pp. 33-65). Durham y London: Duke University Press.
De Genova, N. (2013). Spectacles of migrant 'illegality': the scene of exclusion, the obscene of inclusion. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(7), 1180-1198.
De Genova, N. (2016). The 'native's point of view' in the anthropology of migration. Anthropological Theory, 16(2-3), 227-240.
Derby, L. (2012). Haitians in the Dominican Republic: Race, Politics and Neoliberalism. En B. Reiter & Simmons, K. (Eds.). Afrodescendents, Identity and the Struggle for Development in the Americas (pp. 51-66). East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
Derby, L.. (2015). Imperial Idols: French and United States Revenants in Haitian Vodou. History of Religions, 54(4), 394-422.
Edkins, J. (2011). Introduction. En Missing: Persons and Politics (pp. 1-14). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Eller, A. (2016). We Dream Together: Dominican Independence, Haiti, and the Fight for Caribbean Freedom. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Fiod, A. (2019). Feitiço. En F. Neiburg (Ed.). Conversas etnográficas haitianas (pp. 193-228). Rio de Janeiro: Papéis Selvagens.
Foucault, M. (2003). Lesson of 17 March 1976. En Society Must Be Defended (pp. 239-264). New York: Picador.
Glover, K. (2005). Exploiting the Undead: the Usefulness of the Zombie in Haitian Literature. Journal of Haitian Studies, 11(2), 105-121.
Gupta, A., & Ferguson, J. (1992). Beyond 'culture': space, identity, and the politics of difference. Cultural Anthropology, 7(1), 6-23.
Heredia, B. (2010). Política, família, comunidade. En B. Heredia & M. Palmeira (Eds.). Política ambígua (pp. 111-123). Rio de Janeiro: Relume Dumará; NUAP.
Heredia, B., y Palmeira, M. (1993). Le temps de la politique. Études rurales, 131-132, 73-87.
Hintzen, A. (2014a). Extranjeros en tránsito: la evolución histórica de las políticas migratorias en la República Dominicana. En República Dominicana y Haití: el derecho de vivir (pp. 213-231). Santo Domingo, RD: Fundación Juan Bosch.
Hintzen, A. (2014b). Historical Forgetting and the Dominican Constitutional Tribunal. Journal of Haitian Studies, 20(1), 108-116.
James, E. (2012). Witchcraft, bureaucraft, and the social life of (US)aid in Haiti. Cultural Anthropology, 27(1), 50-75.
Jayaram, K. (2003). Immigration (Standard English). Chain, 10, 216-217.
Jayaram, K. (2014). Hitting the Books and Pounding the Pavement: Haitian Educational and Labor Migrants in the Dominican Republic (Tesis doctoral inédita). Columbia University, EE.UU.
Johnson, S. (2012). The fear of French negroes: transcolonial collaboration in the revolutionary Americas. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Joseph, H. (2015). Diáspora: As dinâmicas da mobilidade haitiana no Brasil, no Suriname e na Guiana Francesa (Tesis doctoral inédita). Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Khan, A. (2007). Rites and Rights of Passage: Seeking a Diasporic Consciousness. Cultural Dynamics, 19(2/3), 141-164.
Kivland, C. (2014). Becoming a Force in the Zone: Hedonopolitics, Masculinity, and the Quest for Respect on Haiti's Street. Cultural Anthropology, 29(4), 672-698.
Lowenthal, I. (1978). Ritual Performance and Religious Experience: A Service to the Gods in Southern Haiti. Journal of Anthropological Research, 39(3), 392-414.
Marcelin, L. (2012). In the name of the nation: blood symbolism and the political habitus of violence in Haiti. American Anthropologist, 114(2), 253-266.
Maríñez, S. (2016). On Traitors and Anti-Dominicans: The Other Price of the Human Rights Crisis in the Dominican Republic. Paper presented at the 41ª Conferencia Anual de la Asociación de Estudios Caribeños (CSA), Pétion-Ville, Haiti.
Martínez, S. (2003). Not a cockfight: rethinking Haitian-Dominican relations. Latin American Perspectives, 30(3), 80-101.
Martínez, S., & Wooding, B. (2017). El antihaitianismo en la República Dominicana: ¿un giro biopolítico? Migración y desarrollo, 28(15), 87-116.
McAlister, E. (2012). Slaves, cannibals, and infected hyper-whites: the race and religion of zombies. Anthropological quarterly, 85(2), 457-486.
Métraux, A. (1995 [1958]). Le Vaudou haïtien. Paris: Gallimard.
Mézié, N. (in press). Être haïtien en Haïti: nationalisme et citoyenneté dans les débats sur le Champ de Mars à Port-au-Prince. L'espace politique.
Mintz, S., & Wolf, E. (1957). Haciendas and plantations in Middle America and theAntilles. Social and Economic Studies, 6(3), 380-412.
Montinard, M. (2019). Pran wout la: dynamiques de la mobilité et des réseaux haïtiens (Tesis doctoral inédita). Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Moya Pons, F. (2013). La dominación haitiana, 1822-1844. Santo Domingo: Librería La Trinitária, 4th Edition.
Neiburg, F. (2019). Buscando a vida, na economia e na etnografia (Habilitation). Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Premawardhana, D. (2018). Faith in flux: pentecostalism and mobility in rural mobility. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Ramsey, K. (2011). The spirits and the law: vodou and power in Haiti. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Randeria, S. (2003). Cunning states and unaccountable international institutions: legal plurality, social movements and rights of local communities to common property resources. European Journal of Sociology, XLIV(I), 27-60.
Richman, K. (1984). From peasant to migratory farmworker: Haitian migrants in U.S. agriculture. Center for Latin American Studies, Occasional Paper, 3, Haitian Migration and the Haitian Economy, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Richman, K. (2005). Migration and Vodou. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
Thomaz, O. R. (2008). "Escravos sem dono": a experiência social dos campos de trabalho em Moçambique no período socialista. Revista de Antropologia, 51, 177-214.
Trouillot, M.-R. (2001). The anthropology of the state in the age of globalization: close encounters of the deceptive kind. Current Anthropology, 42(1), 125-138.
Trouillot, M.-R. (1995). Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of history. Boston: Beacon Press.
Turits, R. (2002). A world destroyed, a nation imposed. Hispanic American Historical Review, 82(3), 589-635.
Vieira, R. (2017). O governo da mobilidade haitiana no Brasil. Mana, 23(1), 229-254.
Weber, M. (1946). Bureaucracy. En H. H. Gerth & C. Wright Mills (Eds.). From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (pp. 196-244). New York: Oxford University Press.
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